Harvard University : Emerson Hall id 1901-1902 may 30 - Dictafler Philasophy We returned from Europe in the fall of 1878, after a stay of four years. That autumn we came down to Bar Harbor and chose the sito for our Oldfarm Home upon land my father had already purchased and planned upon our return to build upon. A new life began for us all, centering round this home out of which sprang the National Park and much besides. Living for four years abroad in the midst of historio scenes and reading much with my father about the human interests connected with them, I came back with a mind full of questions as to the whys and wherefores and bent toward the study of philosophy. But my aim was practical; not the study of dialectics and past systems of thought leading nowhere but to got light on human hature and the problems of existance. Reading along these lines, I became a member of the Harvard Alumni Visiting Committee on the department of touch philosophy which brought me into/with the work that was being done there and the men who were doing it. William James's father had been an old family friend and W1111am and Henry had been familiar figures at our house while I was growing up; John Fisko I know through my aunt, my-father's sister, who had sent abroad when I was a boy to get a first hand knowledge of Herbert Spencer and the new philosophy; and Josiah Royce was giving lectures on Spinoza and I arranged to read with him privately and talk Spinoza system over which had raised many questions in my mind and led me far baok into the Middle Ages for its origin. The Visiting Committee on philosophy at the time I went an it WK8 an interesting one, no less than the Faculty. Brooks Adams, younger brother of Charles Frances and Henry, was its chairman and its members all were really interesting both in the subject and the work. I stayed on the Visiting Committee for years and presently became its Chairman, taking part as such in the raising a fund for experimental sp psychology, a new subject then, and ultimately in the building of a hall for philosophy, which hitherto had been housed about the yard as space could be found for it and lecture hours fitted in with lectures upon other subjects. Education, a new subject then in Academic circles, ***/ was given place by President Elliot till independent standing could be gigen it, in the department of philosophy. And this brought me into contact with the work that was being done to raise Hall 3. its standard and with its teacher, Prof. Hanus, who had many troubles. One evening in , Prof. Royce came in to see me at our home in Boston to toll me of difficulties he had got into over the building of a new house on land he had purchased alongside of William James on Irving place, part of the old Norton property at Shady Hill which had been recently opened for development. The building of the house then well under way was coating much more than he anticipated and he had no funds to meet the additional expense. What X66 was he to do about it. I took it under consideration and told my mother, who offered a very practical solution; sek she would organisw some lectures for him on the history of philosophy, its men and problems, to be given in different private houses in Boston, the sponsoring by whose owners of them would give them standing and command attention. It was an admirable sohome providing means if it succeeded for Prof. Royoe to meet its obligations without borrowing and the burden of an idebtedness hanging over him. For a brief moment he questioned; could he give such a course of lectures and make them popular without lowering the dignity of his subject.- Philosophy. The houses The houses were obtained, the tickets sold, Royce wrote his lectures and the whole went off with much ocal. Another course was organized for the following autumn, followed by yet another in New York. The lectures were put into book form and published, and the book was dedicated gratefully to my mother, she had solved his problem. After that he used to come down and stay with us at Oldfarm with other friends each summer that he could get away, having long talks with my mother and widening his horizon. Professor Royce, a born philosopher, was a remarkable man. Born in a mining town among the mountains of California, he worked his way along through the University of California, were Prof. LaConto befriended him and thence went out to Germany to study philosophy, getting a place as instructor at Harvard on his retunn, had a quaint and homely personality. He had a head like Socrates, a slow, drawling speech, and a gift of humor all his own. His memory was remarkable. I remember one night when we were returning home after dining out, in my little open buckboard and were passing a meadow lit by a misty, waning moon, he started in his slow drawling utterance quoting what I had 5. what I had never ohanced to have read or heard before, Edgar Allen Poe's poom Walname which just fitted the hour and the scene and which he quoted from beginning to end without the loss of a word --- (find the poom) Mr. Dorr make quotation. J I rember his once telling me speaking of the limitation to the imagination to things one has seen or experienced, that born as he was in the little mining town among the mountains of California and knowing no other scene he had road of the ocean and longed to see it. Ho dreamed of it but never in his dreams could he picture it as other than a big miner's pond. Big he could make it but it had to be no other than what he knew. He loved musio of the symphonic type, understanding how it was built up, and he loved Browning who combined poetry with religion and philosophic speculation. One morning, when our house was full at Oldfarm, he came down to breakfast from the cottage on the hill where we kept rooms open always to overflow into, complained bitterly that Dr. Hodgdon, in a boisterous and mood, and had made themselves so disagreeable about - I forget precisely what now - some favorite poem of poet of his that he was going home. He would not stand it! But breakfast over he was feeling better and by noon had forgotten it - which shows philosophers too are but human after all. No had a very interesting group of younger people - friends of my own - who came to stay with us every summer in those days, climbing the mountains and going off on all-day tramps, with older people mingled and ever enchanging group, bringing now thought and interests. And we. kept open house without formality// no dinner parties,but teas and suppers only and no dress suit, no tolophone as yet, nor electric lights, my mother still the center of it all until the last, interested in the younger generation, interested in people. her face was turned always to the sunrise, hot to the setting. My father had passed on the winter following our return from Egypt, along with Bishop Brooks, the greatest preacher I have over heard who left all dootrine behind to ? to the heart of things, And our friend and neighbor, Col. John Markoo of Philadelphia, 18ap a very gallent gentleman and soldier of the Civil Wtr. Those were the closing years of a period that went back with little outward change to the end of the Civil Max, the water was flowing fast the while beneath the bridge and a new world was in the making. In 1897 or thereabouts I got a pamphlet from a younger friend of mine at Harvard, Thoodore William Richards, a chemist of the now school which mingled experimental higher px1 older/chemistry with/mathematics, outlining a new idea of his, a continuously pulsating Atom which I read, so far as I could follow%ve/ it with interest and went to talk it over with him. It had won him famo, I learned, and the offer of a chair one of the Bamous old Universities of Germany which he was at that time considering the acceptance of though Harvard hold him, but the offer of a full professorship the atom of the older schoolof ohomists had always been a mystery to me and I was interested. His atom I Bound was a certain portion of space defined by the possesssion of certain characteristic energy -- for this was still the time when men conceived the world as made op of distinot, indestructible elements. What makes your atom expand?, I said, 'The self- repulsion of the space within it', he answered. "And what makes it contract?", I asked. 'The kick-back of external space, he answered, resisting the expansion. Then somewhere in space, I said, there must be a point of resistance equal to the force of expansion 'Yes, I he said, 'but that you can place as far off as you will. "It means however, that a stream of energy, incaluably straight, is always going out into space and never returning. " It does, I he said, I but that dows not enter into my calculation. For them all I need is mathematical space, space that I can deal with after the method of geometry S Frankly, I have no use for matter. 1 I cannot imagine it in itself but only by its action upon other similar source-points of energy. Give me a point to work from, lines for measurement and an equation and I have all I want.' This, cradely stated, was the substance of his theody and it was a theory that worked so well that it brought him honor and advancement but it was not long afterward that the new roantgen rays were discovered and stop by step the old atomic theory gave way before now theories of matter, equally incom- prehensible reducced all to motion but cannot tell what it is that moves, or why or how. This is now nearly forty years ago and the mystory only deepons. More 9. than ever it is wise xp not to dognutiye Our knowledge is founded on our senses and our senses tell us only about things that have been useful to man, his preservation and development to the point he has now obtained. We are in the presence of forces that we cannot estimate, and of others which doubtless we are yet unconscious of / Nonetheless make part of ourselves and our environment. Faith, the evidence of things unseen, tolla us nothing surely about facts; about principals I feel it does toll pt us of eternal truth and that on it we can surely build. HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 1 F Your Account Start Over Help Comments Full Catalog Journals Reserves E-Resources HOLLIS CATALOC Previous Searches | Results List Display Options Harvard University Search Expanded Search Command Search Harvard Libraries Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Save/Mail Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view I Short view MARC Record 1 out of 1 Author : Harvard University. Title : Subscriptions records: subscription for Emerson Hall, 1901-1905 (inclusive). Locations/Orders : Availability Location : Harvard Archives i UAI15.1380 Holdings Availability Description : 1 container Summary : Consists of letters to George B Dorr relating to the subscription for Emerson Hall. Notes : Access may be restricted. Details available at the repository. Subject : Dorr, George B. (George Bucknam), 1853-1944. Subject : Harvard University. Emerson Hall (Cambridge, Mass.) Keyword Subject : Harvard University -- Fund raising. HOLLIS Number : 001724477 SEARCH: FULL CATALOG Browse an Alphabetical List: Browse for: Author (last name first) Browse Clear Keywords from: Search for: Keywords anywhere Search Clear Copyright c 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College CT285PK9E3MJV9M9TB3NXDYABDMJE5E913BHIMG6SM1VASH6HX-00357?func=fil/2/20 Amer. Landscape and Arch. Design: Harvard Bldgs Page 1 of 7 American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920 Harvard University Buildings Introduction Chronology University Life Bibliography Introduction (-TOP-) Harvard University comprises a unique and diverse collection of historic buildings representing three hundred years of architectural styles. Additionally, the University often employed prominent American architects, including Ware & Van Brunt, Henry Hobson Richardson, Richard Morris Hunt and McKim Mead & White. As members of Harvard, the students at the Graduate School of Design had the benefit of the campus buildings for study and inspiration. For these reasons, the environment of Harvard comprises a large portion of the teaching collection of the GSD. Through the lantern slide medium, we can view the architectural history of the University as well as the past environment of the students and faculty who lived and worked there. Harvard Yard They presently reached the irregular group of heterogeneous buildings-chapels, dormitories, libraries, halls-which, scattered among the slender trees, over a space reserved by means of a low rustic fence, rather than enclosed (for Harvard knows nothing either of jealousy or the dignity of high walls and guarded gateways), constitutes the great university of Massachusetts. The yard, or college-precinct is traversed by a number of straight little paths over Harvard Yard which at certain hours of the day, a thousand undergraduates with books under their arm and youth in their step, flit from one school to another. -Henry James, The Bostonians, 1886 (1. James, p.229) In 1636, The Great and General Court of Massachusetts passed legislation establishing the first university in the North American colonies. Within the next two years, the overseers of the college bought a house and nine acres of land from among the cow yards of Cambridge (then called Newetowne). Although Harvard University continued to grow throughout the next two hundred years, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, most of this land originally purchased by the college still remained unused. The entire area east of University Hall only contained a brew house, a wood yard and outhouses. John Thorton Kirkland, president of the University from 1810-1828, was dismayed by the state of the yard. He initiated a program to improve the area, planting lawns, laying out paths, and adding elms and a pine grove. Despite these improvements, by the late nineteenth century, the yard had lost favor as a place to live. Freshmen were still required to live on campus but upperclassmen moved to private dormitories, mainly on Mt. Auburn Street. The College Yard remained unpopular until a movement to improve the student housing in the early part of the twentieth century. At about this time, the college also began closing itself off from Harvard Square and the Cambridge Common. The cloistering of the Yard began with the construction of buildings all along the perimeter of the college precinct. The segregation became most profound in 1902 when the architectural firm, McKim, Mead and White, designed the Memorial fence to connect entrance gates to the college and enclose the campus. (2. Morrison) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/mhsdhtml/harvardbldgs.html 4/18/2003 Amer. Landscape and Arch. Design: Harvard Bldgs Page 2 of 7 Chronology of Harvard Buildings, 1850-1920 (-TOP-) 1830/40s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1830s/1840s Gore Hall,1838-1841, Richard Bond (metal stacks 1878 Ware and Van Brunt) This edifice, a diminished copy of the chapel of King's College, at the greater Cambridge is a rich and impressive institution; and as he stood there in the bright heated stillness, which seemed infused with the odor of old print and old bindings, and looked up into the high, light vaults that hung over quiet book laden galleries, alcoves and tables, and glazed Gore Hall cases where rarer treasures gleamed more vaguely, over busts of benefactors and portraits of worthies, bowed heads of working students and the gentle creek of passing messengers -Henry James, The Bostonians, 1886 (3. James, p.230) Gore Hall, the college library from 1838-1913, was for years the symbol of Harvard University, and remains on the seal of the city of Cambridge. It was modeled on the fifteenth century King's College Chapel in Cambridge, England and was the first building at Harvard to be used solely as a library. In 1764, a fire had destroyed 5,000 of Harvard's books, almost the entire collection of the University. For this reason, the designers were greatly concerned with minimizing the threat of fire. Only one furnace heated the entire structure and no artificial light was used in the library until the invention of the electric lamp. Due to the problems of illumination and heat, the Library closed each day as soon as night fell. As a further measure against fire, Gore Hall was the first library to contain metal stacks, which were housed in an addition designed by Ware and Van Brunt in 1874. Despite the added wing, the college collections outgrew the building by 1913, when Gore Hall was demolished to make room for Widener Library. 1850s The two most notable buildings from this decade are both the work of the German architect Paul Shulze. They were unusual as Harvard buildings for that time because of their use of stone rather than the traditional brick. They also deviated stylistically from the eighteenth century Georgian buildings. Built in 1856 in a combination of Romanesque and Colonial styles, Appleton Chapel stood out in the yard as the only sandstone building. It was funded by a donation from Samuel Appleton of Boston and served for the college religious services until it was demolished and replaced by Memorial Chapel in 1931. Appleton Chapel, 1856, Paul Schulze Constructed one year after Appleton Chapel, Boylston was also made of stone rather than brick, although in this case the designers used granite. The building was financed with a bequest from Ward Nicholas Boylston of Boston and was the first building at Harvard built expressly for the sciences. It served as a chemistry and physics laboratory, and as a museum of anatomy, anthropology and mineralogy. In 1871 it was altered with the addition of a third story http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/mhsdhtml/harvardbldgs.html 4/18/2003 Amer. Landscape and Arch. Design: Harvard Bldgs Page 3 of 7 Boylston Hall, 1857, Paul housed within a mansard roof. Schulze 1860s The 1860s saw great changes at Harvard, both architecturally and educationally. Charles Eliot, University President from 1869-1909, not only liberalized the curriculum, but also encouraged funding for new university facilities and buildings. His era left the most visible stamp upon the architecture of the college. He thought there was rather too much brick about it, but it was buttressed, cloistered, turreted, dedicated, superscribed, as he had never seen anything; though it didn't look old, it looked significant; it covered a large area, and it sprang majestic into the winter air. It was detached from the rest of the collegiate group, and it stood in a grassy triangle of its own. They went up the low steps and passed into the tall doors. The Memorial Hall of Harvard consists of three main divisions: one of them a theater, for academic ceremonies; another a vast refectory, covered with a timbered roof, hung about with portraits and lighted by stained windows, like the halls of the colleges of Oxford; and the third, the most interesting, a chamber high, dim and severe, consecrated to the sons of the university who fell in the long Civil War. Henry James, The Bostonians, 1886 (4. James, p.231-2) Memorial Hall(view 1,vie2,vie 3) During the late 1860s, the architectural firm, Ware & Van Brunt, designed two important additions to the campus. Their most impressive work is Memorial Hall, built to commemorate the students of Harvard who lost their lives during the American Civil War. Sitting on the Delta north of the Yard, the monumental edifice was built in the Ruskonian Gothic style. It was restored in the 1970s and remains much like it was originally intended, although without the clock tower that was destroyed by fire in 1956. Weld Hall, 1870, Ware & Van Brunt The second Ware & Van Brunt building on the Harvard Campus is a dormitory built in 1870. It was a gift of William Fletcher Weld in memory of his brother Stephen Minot Weld. Weld Hall represents a new trend toward picturesque silhouettes that became important to American domestic architecture of the later nineteenth century, and can be seen in the Queen Anne style, which was popular during the Weld Hall same period. (5. Bunting) 1870s Sever Hall, 1878, H.H. Richardson http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/mhsdhtml/harvardbldgs.html 4/18/2003 Amer. Landscape and Arch. Design: Harvard Bldgs Page 4 of 7 Henry Hobson Richardson graduated from Harvard in 1859. He studied at the Ecole Beaux Arts before returning to New England as an architect. He designed two buildings for his undergraduate college during the late 1870s and early 1880s. Sever Hall, begun in 833 1878, was built to house new classrooms. Sever Hall 1880s Austin Hall, 1881-1884, H.H. Richardson Austin Hall, a Richardsonian Romanesque building replaced Dane Hall as the building for Harvard's Law School. It was funded with a gift from Edward Austin and given in memory of his brother, Samuel Austin. Austin Hall 1890s Hunt Hall, 1893, R.M. Hunt The old Fogg Museum was the first building to house and display Harvard's art collections. It's name was changed to that of its architect, Richard Morris Hunt, when the University's collections were moved to new buildings in 1926. Hunt Hall housed the Graduate School of Design from 1928-1969. It was demolished in 1973 to make space for a new dormitory. Hunt Hall 1900s Gates/Memorial Fence, 1901-1930, McKim, Mead & White The architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White designed a number of important structures at Harvard during the first years of the twentieth century. Beginning in 1901, they designed the Memorial Fence that encloses and defines Harvard Yard. The fence connected pre-existing gateways and included new ones. The cost of the structure was covered by alumni donations, the class years of which Gates/Memorial Fence decorate sections of the fence. Johnson Gate, also designed by McKim, Mead & White in 1890, was the most elaborate of these gates. Leading between Harvard and Massachusetts Halls, it serves as the main entrance to the college. Stadium, 1902, McKim, Mead & White The Harvard Stadium, designed by Charles McKim and George Bruno de Gersdorff, was erected in 1902-03, across the Charles River on Soldier's Field Road. It was notable as the largest reinforced concrete structure of its time. The stadium's appearance was meant to evoke the ideal of classical amphitheaters and Stadia. The Harvard Classics department capitalized upon this connection in Harvard Stadium 1906 when they used the stadium for their production of Aeschylus' Agamemnon. (6. Bunting) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/mhsdhtml/harvardbldgs.html 4/18/2003 OLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 1 E Your Account Start Over Help Comments Full Catalog Journals Reserves E-Resources HOLLIS CATALOG Previous Searches I Results List Display Options Harvard University Search I Expanded Search Command Search Harvard Libraries Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Save/Mail Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view I Short view MARC Record 1 out of 1 Author : Harvard University. Title : Subscriptions records: subscription for Emerson Hall, 1901-1905 (inclusive). Locations/Orders : Availability Location : Harvard Archives i UAI15.1380 Holdings Availability Description : 1 container Summary : Consists of letters to George B. Dorr relating to the subscription for Emerson Hall. Notes : Access may be restricted. Details available at the repository. Subject : Dorr, George B. (George Bucknam), 1853-1944. Subject : Harvard University. Emerson Hall (Cambridge, Mass.) Keyword Subject : Harvard University -- Fund raising. HOLLIS Number : 001724477 SEARCH: FULL CATALOG Browse an Alphabetical List: Browse for: Author (last name first) Browse Clear Keywords from: Search for: Keywords anywhere Search Clear Copyright © 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College /ET285PK9E3MJV9M9TB3NXDYABDMJE5E913BHIMG6SM1VASH6HX-00357?func=ful/2/2004 2 Berkeley St. Cambridge: Fer. 14, 6902 . Dear th. Dorr: / queatly fear that I shall be wath to attend the meet in in behalf of Hall this afternoon That this community and th which a will all to it that fitting Country, mammal is nased Lamer Ca's freahest seen, post and uplifte, there can be no doubt. No other Country has produced in one century a Emerson and a Luicolus. Very try gums, S.B.Dorn Ey [ww. Thayer] 5/10/2020 Learned Hand - Wikipedia WIKIPEDIA See also: The Tercentenary of Harvard Learned Hand College, Halp., 1937. Pp. 233-238 Billings Learned Hand (/'l3:rnid/; January 27, 1872 - August 18, 1961) Learned Hand was an American judge and judicial philosopher. He served on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and later the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Hand has been quoted more often by legal scholars and by the Supreme Court of the United States than any other lower-court judge. [1] Born and raised in Albany, New York, Hand majored in philosophy at Harvard College and graduated with honors from Harvard Law School. After a short career as a lawyer in Albany and New York City, he was appointed at the age of 37 as a Federal District Judge in Manhattan in 1909. The profession suited his detached and open-minded temperament, and his decisions soon won him a reputation for craftsmanship and authority. Between 1909 and 1914, under the influence of Herbert Croly's social theories, Hand supported New Nationalism. He ran unsuccessfully as the Progressive Party's candidate for Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1913, but withdrew from active politics shortly afterwards. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge promoted Hand to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which he went Senior Judge of the United States on to lead as the Senior Circuit Judge (later retitled Chief Judge) from 1939 Court of Appeals for the Second until his semi-retirement in 1951. Scholars have recognized the Second Circuit Circuit under Hand as one of the finest appeals courts in the country's history. In office Friends and admirers often lobbied for Hand's promotion to the Supreme June 1, 1951 - August 18, 1961 Court, but circumstances and his political past conspired against his Chief Judge of the United States appointment. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Hand possessed a gift for the English language, and his writings are admired as legal literature. [2] He rose to fame outside the legal profession in 1944 In office during World War II after giving a short address in Central Park that struck a September 1, 1948 - June 1, 1951 popular chord in its appeal for tolerance. During a period when a hysterical Preceded by Office established fear of subversion divided the nation, Hand was viewed as a liberal defender Succeeded by Thomas Walter of civil liberties. A collection of Hand's papers and addresses, published in Swan 1952 as The Spirit of Liberty, sold well and won him new admirers. Even after he criticized the civil-rights activism of the 1950s Warren Court, Hand Judge of the United States Court retained his popularity. of Appeals for the Second Circuit In office Hand is also remembered as a pioneer of modern approaches to statutory December 20, 1924 - June 1, 1951 interpretation. His decisions in specialist fields, such as patents, torts, Appointed by Calvin Coolidge admiralty law, and antitrust law, set lasting standards for craftsmanship and clarity. On constitutional matters, he was both a political progressive and an Preceded by Julius Marshuetz advocate of judicial restraint. He believed in the protection of free speech and Mayer in bold legislation to address social and economic problems. He argued that Succeeded by Harold Medina the United States Constitution does not empower courts to overrule the Judge of the United States District legislation of elected bodies, except in extreme circumstances. Instead, he Court for the Southern District of advocated the "combination of toleration and imagination that to me is the New York epitome of all good government". [3] In office April 26, 1909 - December 29, 1924 Appointed by William Howard Contents Taft Early life Preceded by Seat established by 35 Stat. 685 Harvard Albany legal practice Succeeded by Thomas D. Thacher Marriage and New York LEARNED HAND, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, 25 NORTH PEARL STREET. Albany, New Yeayr 93. Don esq Dear sir I am very glad that Haffruid to better first subscriber to the proposed building for more substantial It is a project which sorry that my contribution could nother Philosophy in Cambridger and Iam only much, as I take it, to Haward and the is very in part ant to me and would to mean whole community which Howard committee may be success ful in getting influences. Vean only wish that the Enough money to build a suitable building is coufi dunt of being able to gro the every Professor min studing writes one that he whole 4150000; suffose he has omer means of knowing With his many prosprets. thanks for your mind letter of Very sincerely yours, breamed # and HUA. Harvard University. Subscription Records for Emerson Hall. 1901-1905.2 1/14/04 Harvard University Archives (HUA) 4UA [Pusey Library] July 14,2004 Notes. UA I 15.1.380 Subscription Papers Emeisn Hall - letter to G-B Dora 1901-05. - letter of 4/28/01 - "President Eliot is deleted c our Emecom plan - ready to bring tup at Conseverent: - Wm.Jam of 5/1/03 "Dea George "is Solicitations "My other frictives don't bleed well." # I of 3 letters I WJ. - Undaes Newstalig letter is scheduling Speakers 1st the Pages, Janest Palmer - Oliver W. Hills 4/6/02 decides not to fork out for th phonosoph department" nor well he ash other to contribute to what his not days neurous - it would lash "a little queer." Several letter in eay Febuu 1902 declar attend "an merty in basely of Ensure Hall" # schedule ta H afternoon of Feb 1902. See Request f William R. Theyer, 81, Ed to of Harvard graduate Magazum (4/25/02) to GRD for a "report in Even Have throughout Chall Eliot seat check I May 103 to 6BD "for Emerson Hall." From gA. Peobody H. wife give $100, (5/8/03) Paulive Show Perkins St, Janaice Plain develop on "lla Day" $ 1,000, letter st suppat Photocopied letter plea 18 others in file. HUG 300 Dorr, george B. (1874) file has record ( my copy tad) of 4 year x understand t and 1883-89, 1889-90, 1870-91 year of graduate work. Also indicates S.M. (Hon.) u of Maine, 1924. 4/25/02 See originals for addition Royce corresp. c MGWD to 6BD. IMSU Note: No commission Bowder Coly Notes in Uol 3 (1894-95) of 6/13/05 Huward Graduates' Magazue 1896: DorriBizelno, + Dava 1897 KISTE r. 9. p.603 (Five 10001 1898, 1900+1901 V.10 pa.649 (Few 1902) 18971599 Board of Overseers Reports in tax, Visiting Converttees for 1902. W.S. Bigela Dana, + OA Depts. J.B worner For the Courses of Instructor join Dorr. Photosophy G.B Dorr, R.C. Cabot, In 1904 Same for R.C. 1903 Joseph Lee, T.W. ward, R.H.Dana Robbns added. C. Note:- P. Bowditch on on Divinig School Unitz Camete-and Peaboof Museum 596 vol. 2 1 Pg. 590- Pransel Eliot Twhilee, learch 20, 70th b-dg. Jone, 1904. Tab images 1853 /1869. Committee Note: Boesseur of.Uisitor In 1905 Photogy ha W.R. Warren up law T.W.Ward. Sam comn. for 1906. Sam in 1907. vol.14 RfDec. 1905 : Facy Inge "Emersing Hell" opposite The Solad Satisfaction nf Life, address by c.w.slit et stoward Union, 10/3/05. Visitors Committee: 1896-1907. Dorn clenof 91. X No reports theafth First Year reported in H.C u. Beginny of Committee? no enderce in Dec. 97 good Seology gropyy Report 5 W.M.Dair] '69 of GBD going Davis, Shaler, to Smyth Forsettes, to Boutwell in Rock mtingion Vit 4 (1895-96) : Rg. 378. Hitty later of Hasty Polding C. lub's Centernal," RP 378 - -399 Wat rel. long on Philosoph (246-247) is metra it facility need llargaret Hienslerberg. HUGO MÜNSTERBERG histure PHILOSOPHERS AND STATESMEN Harvard University voted work, of the gradual creation of Emerson Hall, ac- CAMBRIDGE, MASS. count shall be given in the following chapter. Nov. 15, 1901 My DEAR PROFESSOR MÜNSTERBERG: Although psychology was housed in too narrow quarters, I regret to say that I have a long standing arrange- it was nevertheless expanding rapidly. Münsterberg, as ment to go away this evening at seven o'clock to spend Sunday, Director, was assisted by two especially gifted and devoted and must miss the meeting of our Department. I need not assure young scholars, Dr. Holt and Dr. Yerkes. Both were you of my eager sympathy with your hopes. It is a daily in- convenience and regret to me that I am obliged to lecture under more than assistants: they were young friends, not only in conditions unsuggestive of my subject and its ideals; and quite the laboratory, but in the psychologist's house. Dr. Yerkes beyond any personal concern I appreciate the significance for became an expert in animal psychology and later super- the study of Philosophy which such a building as you propose vised the laboratory for animal psychology in Emerson would give. Pray count on me for any possible cooperation in Hall. the undertaking. Cordially yours, That the Harvard Psychological laboratory was con- FRANCIS G. PEABODY sidered one of the first in the land was proved by the frequency with which Münsterberg's advice was solicited The plan found favor with Harvard's President and Cor- both here and abroad. Professor Cattell, the psychologist poration, and as early as December, 1901, President Eliot of Columbia, asked Münsterberg's cooperation when he wrote to Münsterberg that he might ask an architect if he started the Journal of Psychology in 1898. :would like to make sketches for Emerson Hall, "on the From England, William McDougall, who became one chance of the Department's finding money to build it." of the greatest psychologists at Oxford and is at the time Münsterberg spared no effort to insure this necessary of the present writing Münsterberg's successor at Har- condition of the enterprise. In the fall of 1901 he made a vard, wrote to ask his "advice as to the course of study speech in Boston in behalf of Emerson Hall and this speech that I should follow in order to prepare myself to be a fell on good ground. At the Harvard Commencement he worker and teacher in experimental psychology. You are, addressed the Alumni with a plea for his darling project. of course, aware that in this country experimental psychol- Professor Palmer, in the summer of 1902, made a speech in ogy is in a very backward state, that we have but very few the interest of Emerson Hall at the dinner of the Phi Beta workers and very inferior laboratories. I am anxious to Kappa, and this, too, promised to bear good fruit. In 1902 do something to remove this reproach from us and mean a committee with George R. Dorr as Chairman and Richard to devote myself to the advancement of this branch of H. Dana, Dr. Richard Cabot, Joseph Lee, D. Ward and science. With the French psychologist Janet, Mün- Reginald C. Robbins undertook active work in stimulating sterberg had pleasant relations, as will be shown in con- and gathering subscriptions. With Mr. Dorr, Münster- nection with the Congress at Paris. But, above all, Mün- berg was in constant communication; he himself composed sterberg enjoyed the friendship of his colleagues at home. a circular setting forth the needs of and plans for Emer- In the work of the young psychologist, Arthur Pierce, and son Hall, which was sent to the Harvard Alumni. of the philosopher, H. Norman Gardiner, both at Smith Of the response to these circulars, of the committee's de- College, he took a warm interest, and especially in the ca- 74 75 HUGO MÜNSTERBERG PHILOSOPHERS AND STATESMEN reer of the distinguished psychologist, Mary Whiton Calkins. and Palmer, the old cordial spirit prevailed. Here is a Miss Calkins, it will be remembered, was anxious to study letter from James, exiled on account of his poor health, with Münsterberg in the Harvard laboratory. Since women from the academic life at home. at that time were not admitted to any department of Har- vard, according to the decision of the President and Fel-\ OUCHY, June 18, 1900. lows, she had been invited to work in the laboratory as a DEAR MUNSTERBERG: guest of the University, where she proved herself a guest I continue to be greatly flattered at the notion of your of distinction. When Miss Calkins had brilliantly passed dedicating your new volume to me. My "reputation" needs the examinations and met the requirements, the Harvard all the contributions it can get from benevolent well-wishers, in the present state of decay of my organism. I feel a certain department recommended her for the degree of Doctor of compunction, however, on the score of imperfect sympathy with Philosophy, and Münsterberg, as her champion, tried to some of your theoretic conclusions. The rule in dedications is secure for her this degree which was denied to her because that they should express either intellectual indebtedness or in- she was a woman. His efforts failed, however, for the Cor- dicate Geistesverwandtschaft; yet, as it turns out, there is hardly a distinction made in your psychology and life, of which I poration decided in the negative. There remained only the wouldn't make a different systematic use from the what you do. possibility that Radcliffe College, as the women's college If, as I suppose, this book is a more technical statement of the equivalent to Harvard, with only Harvard instructors on theses of that one, it may find in me one of its worst enemies its faculty, should confer the degree of philosophy on her And how will that comport with the dedication? Can I then criticize it openly, if the devil tempts me so to doi And if I who had won it within the Harvard walls. Not until May, do, won't you feel as if you had thrown a good dedication away ? 1902, when three other women had also passed their Doc- -pearls before swine, etc. I state this frankly, because now tor's examinations, was it decided that the Radcliffe PH.D. is the time to make sure there shall be no misunderstandings. was actually the form of the Harvard degree for women, For my own part, dear M., I am as much pleased by your desire and Münsterberg did his best to persuade Miss Calkins, to dedicate the book to me, as I should be by the dedication- for the most precious thing about it is the manifestation of per- who was at that time traveling abroad, to accept her well sonal regard. Whether the more intellectual aspect of the mat- earned honor in this form. He wrote: "We are all very ter ought not, however, to prevail, is a thing which I think you anxious that you do so, as just by the cooperation of you" ought now at the last moment to reconsider, and possibly to con- four prominent women with you as acknowledged leader, clude not to carry out a plan made many years ago in a less evolved state of the cosmos, merely in order that you may remain the new degree would command at once highest respect in unerschutterlich consequent. You see my main object is to set the whole academic world, certainly superior to the you entirely free from the past, and to have you act in the light degree or similar degrees. It will be the Harvard degree. of purely present conditions. If then, as a new-born resolve, Of course it is too late for correspondence. You you still think me to be the worthiest being now living on the must cable a word to Radcliffe; be sure and cable: "Yes!" surface of the globe for the honor of such a dedication, in spite of the unaccountable hardening of my heart toward many of your Miss Calkins, however, remained firm and answered "No"; beliefs, Heaven knows I shall be gratified enough. But I shall she would have the Harvard degree or none at all! not be in any way made miserable, or accuse you of being a With Münsterberg's Harvard colleagues James, Royce, promise-breaker, if on opening the volume, I see no dedication, 76 or else some entirely unknown name! Don't write anything about 77 HUGO MÜNSTERBERG PHILOSOPHERS AND STATESMEN this now, but let me wait to see what I shall see!-when the volume comes out. It will be a riddle and communicate a zest to how natural kindness is to you and how much refreshment you life. In any case I hope that you will succeed in getting the always seem to derive from it I should condemn Mrs. Palmer's proofs corrected this summer, though it will doubtless be hard exposure of my advancing years as a cruel mistake. But I have work. Shall you go to the Paris Congress? no heart for condemnation after 80 much enjoyment. I can only I much enjoyed reading the Atlantic article. I think it is feel a tightening of ties that always have been dear and a desire to the cleverest thing you have written 80 far, and the English be more like the person my friends generously imagined me to be. absolutely idiomatic. It will doubtless have a great effect. It "You flatter me. But please continue" said the French lady. is possible to interpret it as a document in favor of the elective So I will say. system: If a curriculum which so many persons condemn, can Sincerely and gratefully yours, produce such good results merely because it is well taught, why G. H. PALMER attribute such importance to the curriculum? Anything will suffice, if only the teaching be in good hands-I must say that is It was less than a year later that news came from Pro- largely my own opinion. fessor Palmer at Paris, which cast a shadow not only on the social life at Cambridge, but on a wide circle outside- With best regards from both of us, and wishes for a happy German summer to you all, especially to the girls, news of the death of Alice Freeman Palmer. As enthusi- I am as ever astic educator and pioneer in the field of women's collegiate Affectionately yours, education, as the wise and youthful President of Wellesley WM. JAMES College, and finally as the devoted companion of the Har- Address: Brown, Shipley & Co., London, S. are un- vard philosopher, she had been greatly beloved and was certain for the next fortnight. now mourned profoundly. To Münsterberg and his wife A letter from Professor Palmer, as a response to a sur- who were warm friends and admirers of Mrs. Palmer her prise on his birthday, is characteristic. passing meant a keen loss. 11 Quincy St. Intimately bound up as Münsterberg was with the life March 20 of Harvard, he was nevertheless not a "Harvard man" in the technical sense, as he had spent his student days else- DEAR DR. MUNSTERBERG : I was so overwhelmed last night with what you brought where. To remedy this circumstance, the Corporation me that I am sure I did not adequately express my sense of resolved to bestow upon him an honorary degree of Master gratitude for the thought and labor that brought it all about. It of Arts, to make him a "son of the house." So at Com- must have been an enormous task to communicate so suddenly mencement in June, 1901, he received this courtesy which with all my graduate students, to arrange for obtaining their set upon him the stamp of a "Harvard man." photographs, and to present the results in such exquisite form. Nothing could please me more. And I am especially thankful Although the interests of scholarship and the affairs of that no gift from you, my colleagues, was attempted. And yet Harvard in particular absorbed the greater part of Müns- it makes me sore to think that this work should have fallen on terberg's day, his sympathies extended beyond the aca- you, just when you should have been resting yourself after the demic pale. One friendship he valued especially at this toils undertaken in another public interest. If I did not know 78 time and drew from it great inspiration-friendship with 79 7/17/2017 In the early years of this century, Harvard Yard boasted probably as distinguished a Harvard Yard in the Golden Age group of great teachers and renowned thinkers as have ever been seen at any university before or since. In a series of sharp, incisive portraits which recapture the nostalgic flavor of that golden era at Harvard, Rollo Walter Brown tells the story of these famous educators. Here are President Eliot, first to intro- ducc "electives" to the college curriculum; ROLLO WALTER BROWN William James, profound thinker and popular toucher; "Copey," beloved by all Harvard men for his famous readings; George Santayana, noted for his elegance and grace of both thought and expression; George P. Baker and his renowned "47 Workshop"; George Lyman Kittredge, one of the world's leading Shakespearean scholars and a character of awe-inspiring neademic dignity and reputation. Dean Briggs, Josiah Royce, Hugo Munsterberg, Charles Eliot Norton, George Herbert Palmer, and Professor Nathaniel Shaler are other outstanding figures to come alive in the pages of HARVARD YARD IN THE GOLDEN AGE. To these men we owe much of our eul- tural heritage. Rollo Walter Brown, who knew this galaxy of brilliant men person- ally, has written a mellow and rewarding CURRENT BOOKS, INC. A. A. WYN, PUBLISHER book. NEW YORK 1948 the Mersonal Shop THE RISE OF AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1860-1930 Bruce Kuklick rvard philosophers about 1908. Left to right: Josiah Royce, Hugo Münsterberg, I lerbert Palmer, William James. This photograph was made by Winifred Rieber ration for a portrait she was to do of the four men. The portrait-of three hers-is now on display in Emerson Hall. There is no truth to the legend that berg was "painted out" of the portrait. When the artist would not put him ter, as Münsterberg desired for "aesthetic reasons," the painting was done without : the Harvard Alumni Bulletin, vol. 58, no. 9 (18 February 1950), p. 384. New Haven and London Yale University Press 1977 CONTENTS Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction X PART 1: SCOTTISH REALISM AND THE EVOLUTIONARY CONTROVERSY 1. Currents of Thought in Nineteenth-Century Cambridge 2. Francis Bowen and Unitarian Orthodoxy 2 3. Amateur Philosophizing 4 4. Chauncey Wright: Defender of Science and of Religion 6 5. Fiske and Abbot: Professorial Failures 8 6. Charles Sanders Peirce 10 PART 2: THE GOLDEN AGE AT HARVARD (I) 12 7. Philosophy Rejuvenated, 1869-1889 12 8. Royce and the Argument for the Absolute, 1875-1892 14 9. William James: The Psychologist as Philosopher, 1869-1889 15 10. Psychology at Harvard, 1890-1900 18 11. Hugo Münsterberg 19 12. George Herbert Palmer and Self-Realization Ethics at Harvard 21 PART 3: THE GOLDEN AGE AT HARVARD (II) 22 13. Building a Graduate School, 1890-1912 23 14. James, Royce, and Pragmatism, 1898-1907 25 15. The Battle of the Absolute, 1899-1910 27 16. James and Royce: Public Philosophy, 1902-1912 29 1x N 3 Contents THE RISE OF AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY 17. Jamesean Metaphysics, 1904-1910 315 CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, 1860-1930 18. Ralph Perry and Nco-Realism 338 BRUCE KUKLICK 19, George Santayana 351 20, Royce's Later Work: Logic, Pluralism, and The Problem The 1978 Ralph Waldo Emerson Award for studies of the intellectual of Christianity 370 and cultural condition of man was given to Bruce Kuklick for The Rise of American Philosophy. Of it the Award Committee stated: "This splendid PART 4: HARVARD PHILOSOPHY AT MID-CAREER 403 book analyzes, in a clear and graceful manner, the changing conceptions 21. The Crisis of 1912-1920 of American philosophy during a period in which academic philosophy in 405 the United States came almost to be equated with Harvard. It is a superb 22. Edwin Bissell Holt and Philosophical Behaviorism 417 piece of intellectual history in which basic philosophic ideas are spelled 23. Philosophers at War 435 out and analyzed. Furthermore, the book goes beyond a concern with ideas to an inquiry into the societal, and particularly the academic, con- PART 5: PHILOSOPHY AS A PROFESSION text from which they emerged." 449 24. The Professional Mentality, 1920-1930 "Kuklick has inquired into the files of private correspondence of Har- 451 vard's philosophers and traced their enthusiasms, animosities, and 25. Ernest Hocking 481 philosophical careers from the post-Civil War years through the post- 26. Harvard Moral Philosophy, 1875-1926 496 World War I era. His book is probably the most thorough history of an 27. Alfred North Whitehead American academic department that has ever been written."-Lewis S. 516 28. Clarence Lewis Feuer, The Chronicle of Higher Education 533 "Absolutely first class. It is a fascinating book, for the ideas them- Conclusion: The Triumph of Professionalism 565 selves, for its extraordinary figures (Peirce, James, Royce, Whitehead, C.I. Lewis), but most of all for the story it tells."-The New Republic Appendixes 573 "One of the more analytically rigorous, historically sensitive, and well- 1. The Separation of History and Philosophy integrated books ever addressed to American philosophy."~-Journal - of 575 American History 2. Harvard Philosophy after Lewis 577 Bruce Kuklick is professor of history at the University of Pennsylvania 3. Harvard Doctorates in Philosophy 581 and editor of the American Quarterly. 4. Women Philosophers at Harvard 590 Notes 595 Key to Citations and Abbreviations 596 YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS ammay on Sources 639 ndex NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 653 Front cover: The Harvard Department of Philosophy in 1929. Front row, left to right: Ralph Perry, Alfred North Whitehead, James Houghton Woods, James W. Miller (instructor), John Wild (instructor), Henry Sheffer. Back row, left to right: Clarence Lewis, Kerby Sinclair Miller (instructor), Ralph M. Blake (visitor), Ralph Eaton, Ernest Hocking. ISBN 0-300-02413-4 HUGO MÜNSTERBERG as the tide receded and where the great surf thundered and little white caps tumbled in sport. Of this walk he never tired and he came to be a familiar figure against the de- CHAPTER VII serted stretch of beach, pacing slowly, in deep thought. Though he preferred solitude during his walks, peopled as PHILOSOPHERS AND STATESMEN it was with a throng of ideas, he was nevertheless a gay (October, 1899-1902) companion to his family. The landscape painting of his wife he followed with critical judgment and took a whole- MÜNSTERBERG was made Chairman of the Philosophical souled interest in his children's work and play. While Department at Harvard. This office exacted many labor- they were not yet in their teens, he read to them history, ious administrative duties, but he discharged them with poetry, and plays. Many quiet summer evenings especially energy and enthusiasm, for he had the life and growth of were given over to thrilling historical dramas. the Department much at heart. The work of the Psycho- It was in the summer, in this happy seclusion, that his logical Laboratory went on under his direction in the rather imagination once more peopled the sea with mermaids and inadequate quarters of the little building called Dane Hall, the shore with legendary folk, such as he had known in his now no longer in existence. Lectures on philosophy and childhood. In the summer of 1898 he wrote a play in verse, psychology were given in halls in the Harvard yard that wrote it actually on the beach, to the rhythm of the surf. harbored lectures on all subjects. More and more the The setting of the play is mediaval and fantastic, a fairy- need arose for philosophy and its kindred studies to have tale, but the theme, symbolical rather than allegorical, be- a house of their own. No one was more eager to see this trays the philosopher behind the poet. desire fulfilled than Münsterberg, who together with the To those who think of the psychologist as one who other members of the Philosophical Department began in habitually dissects the souls of his fellow men, it may be the academic year 1900-1901 to arouse interest among pos- said that in his private life Munsterberg, though always sible donors for the erection of a house devoted to philoso- the philosopher, was far more poet than scientist. In phy. This building, to his mind, was to be not merely a friendly intercourse he left psychology behind, and his in- convenient shelter for various professors of philosophy and terpretation of human motives often bordered on the ro- their classes, it should be more-nothing less than an out- mantic.¹ ward symbol of the inner unity of all philosophical studies. 1 For literature written during the period covered by this chap- Gathered under one roof, the logician and metaphysician; ter see Appendix, pages 308-316. the teachers of ethics and of asthetics should have their quiet, secluded studies as well as lecture rooms, the psy- chologist should have his laboratory, the scholar in Christ- ian ethics and sociology the facilities that suited his needs; and each and all should feel that, however diversified their separate pursuits, they were nevertheless all servants of Philosophy. Professor George Herbert Palmer suggested 69 HUGO MÜNSTERBERG that this house commemorate some tradition peculiar to Harvard and New England. Who other than the Sage of Concord, whose hundredth birthday was near, could aptly characterize the New England tradition and give an appro- priate name to the home of philosophy at Harvard! So he proposed to name the desired building Ralph Waldo Emer- son Hall. The need of such a hall was expressed in a letter from Münsterberg as Chairman of the Philosophical Depart- ment to the Visiting Committee. This was in part: To the Visiting Committee of the Philosophical Division in Harvard University GENTLEMEN The philosophical work in Harvard has in the last twenty years gone through an inner development which has met with a hearty response alike on the part of the University and of the students. The students have attended the courses in constantly growing numbers, the Governing Boards have provided the Division amply with new teachers, steadily increasing the number of professors, instructors, and assistants. The outer growth of the Division has corresponded thus most fortunately to the internal development, by an harmonious cooperation of the administration, the teachers, and the students of the University. And yet there remains one other factor as an essential condition for the healthy life of the department, a factor which cannot be provided by the University itself and for which the help must come from without. Our work needs a dignified home where under one roof all the varied philosophical work now carried on. at Harvard may be united. The need has been urgently felt for many years, but only with the recent growth has the situation become intolerable. It is therefore tbe unanimous opinion of the department that we must ask the public for the funds to build at Harvard a "School of Philosophy," in the interest of the students and of the teachers, in the interest of the department and of the University, in the interest of culture and of scholarship. The present work of the Philosophical Division can be indicated by a few figures. It is easy of course at once to say that the truth of a metaphysical thought does not depend upon the room 70 PHILOSOPHERS AND STATESMEN in which it is taught, and that the philosopher is not like a physicist or chemist dependent upon outer equipments. But this is but half true and the half of the statement which is false is of great importance. The dependence upon outer conditions is perhaps clearest in the case of psychology which has been for the last twenty-five years an objective science with all the paraphernalia of an ex- perimental study: the psychologist of to-day no less than the physicist needs a well equipped laboratory. Harvard has given the fullest acknowledgment to this modern demand and has spent large sums to provide the university with the instruments of an excellent psychological laboratory; the one thing which we miss is room, simply elbowroom. Thus what we need is clear. We need a worthy monumental building at a quiet central spot of the Harvard yard, Such a home would give us firstly of course the room and the external opportunities for work on every plane, it would give us also the dignity and the repose, the unity and the comradeship of a philosophical academy. It would give us the inspiration result- ing from the mutual assistance of the different parts of philos- ophy, which in spite of their apparent separation are still to-day parts of one philosophy only. All this would henefit the students of philosophy themselves, but not less good would come to the University as a whole. The specialization of our age has brought it about that in the organization of a university even philosophy, or rather, each of the philosophical branches, has become an iso- lated study coordinated with others. The average student looks to psychology as to physics or botany; he thinks of ethics as he thinks of economics or history; he hears about logic as coordi- nated with mathematics and so on. The University has some- what lost sight of the unity of all philosophical subjects and has above all forgotten that this united philosophy is more than one science among other sciences, that it is indeed the central science which alone has the power to give inner unity to the whole uni- versity work. Every year our universities reward our most ad- vanced young scholars of philology and history, of literature and economics, of physics and chemistry, of mathematics and biology with the degree of PH.D., that is of Doctor Philosophia, sym- bolically thus expressing that all the special sciences are ulti- mately only branches of philosophy, but the truth of this symbol has faded away from the consciousness of the academic com- munity. All knowledge appears there as a disconnected mass of 71 HUGO MÜNSTERBERG PHILOSOPHERS AND STATESMEN A scattered information and the fact that they all have once been the world but that they themselves as young Americans ought to parts of philosophy, till one after the other has been dismissed help the growth of philosophical thought. It ought to be a Har- from the mother arms, has been forgotten. A school of phil- vard man-a man whose memory deserves that his name be daily osophy as a visible unity in the midst of the yard will renew this on the lips of our students, and whose character and whose writing truth and thus give once more to the overwhelming multitude of will remain a fountain of inspiration. Only one man fulfills intellectual efforts of our university a real unity and inner con- all these demands perfectly: Ralph Waldo Emerson. It is our nection; the external connection of administration will be reen- wish and hope that the new, dignified, beautiful home of philos- forced by the inner unity of logical interdependence. ophy may soon rise as the moral and intellectual center of Har- vard University and that over its doors we shall see the name: The beautiful building which we see in our minds should not be Emerson Hall-School of Philosophy. devoted to a single system of philosophy. In its hall we hope to Respectfully yours, see as greeting for every student the busts of Plato the Idealist HUGO MUNSTERBERG, and Aristotle the Realist, of Descartes and Spinoza, of Bacon Chairman of the Philosophical Division and Hobbes, of Locke and Hume and Berkeley, of Kant and Fichte and Hegel, of Comte and Spencer, of Helmholtz and Dar- Harvard University win. The School of Philosophy will be wide open to all serious March 20, 1901. thought as indeed the members of the department to-day repre- sent the most various opinions and convictions. This ought never The reception of this idea may be illustrated by the to be changed; it is the life-condition of true philosophy. Yet response of two colleagues. Professor Norton wrote: there is one keynote in all our work: a serious, critical, lofty idealismi which forms the background of the whole department and colors our teaching from the elementary introductions to the SHADY HILL, 20 April, 1901 researches of our candidates for the doctor's degree. All the My DEAR PROFESSOR MUNSTERBERG: public utterances which have come from the department in recent I am greatly obliged to you for sending me a copy of the years are filled with this idealism, in spite of the greatest possible letter of the Philosophical Department to the Visiting Com- variety of special subjects and special modes of treatment. Here mittee. The importance of the Department in the University, belong The Will to Believe and the Talks to Teachers by William its present strength and success, and the pressing need of proper James, the Noble Lectures and the Glory of the Imperfect by accomodation for it, are set forth in the letter with convincing George Palmer, Poetry and Religion by George Santayana, The force and ability. Principles of Psychology and Psychology and Life by Hugo I trust that the desire of the Department will speedily be ful- Münsterberg, Jesus Christ and the Social Question by Francis filled, and that an Emerson Hall may soon be added to the great Peabody, Educational Aims and Educational Values by Paul Halls of instruction of the University, and be dedicated as you so Hanus, Shaftesbury by Benjamin Rand, the Conception of God excellently suggest on the one hundredth anniversary of Emerson's and The World and the Individual by Josiah Royce. birthday. We have sought whose name might give symbolic expression Quam venerationem illis praeceptoribus generis humani debe- to this underlying sentiment of idealism and might thus properly mus, a quibus tanti boni initia fluxerent. be connected with the whole building. It cannot be a technical These words of Seneca's which I happened to be reading to-day philosopher. Such a name would indicate a prejudice for a came to my mind as I read your paper. special system of philosophy while we want above all freedom of Very sincerely yours, thought. It ought to be an American, to remind the young genera- C. E. NORTON tion that they do not live up to the hopes of the School of Phil- osophy if they simply learn thoughts imported from other parts of 73 72 WORLD'S SCHOLARS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR 5 was laid for Emerson Hall. An Emerson Memorial, spread over the week before the anniversary, was held at the university in the form of lectures, readings, and a ser- CHAPTER VIII mon. On Monday, May 18, Münsterberg spoke to a large audience on "Emerson as a Philosopher," on the follow- THE WORLD'S SCHOLARS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR ing Wednesday Mr. C. J. Copeland, so beloved by the stu- dents for his eccentricities, his humor, his excellent reading (October, 1902-October, 1905) and his extraordinary gift for inspiring others, read from Emerson's poetry and prose. On Friday Professor San- THE years between October, 1902, and October, 1905, tayana, himself a poet-philosopher, spoke on "Emerson as which are to be chronicled in this chapter, were rich in a Poet." On Sunday, Professor Francis Peabody preached events, fruitful and, it may well be said, characteristic in Appleton Chapel on "Emerson as a Religious Teacher" years-years characteristic of Münsterberg's varied yet and on Monday, the day of the anniversay, Dickinson Mil- harmonious, fields of activity. ler lectured on "Emerson as an American." First; the interest nearest home, that is, the plan for a fit On that day Munsterberg spoke in Concord, Massa- habitation for his daily work and that of his colleagues chusetts, the hallowed ground of the noblest New England and students was growing encouragingly. By the time tradition. The occasion was a banquet given by the his- of the celebration of Emerson's hundredth birthday, on toric Social Circle of Concord, about which Ralph Waldo May 25, 1903, enough donations had been collected to Emerson had written to a friend in December 17, 1844: make possible the building of Emerson Hall. The gifts ranged from Alfred J. White's $50,000 and Andrew Carne- "Much the best society I have ever known is a club in Concord gie's $12,000 to one and two dollars from "Lover of called the Social Circle, consisting always of twenty-five of our Emerson" and other enthusiasts. It was natural, of citizens, doctor, lawyer, farmer, trader, miller, mechanic, etc., course, that Bostonians should be prominent on the list solidest of men, who yield the solidest of gossip. Harvard Uni- of contributors toward the memorial to the Sage of Con- versity is a wafer compared to the solid land which my friends represent." cord. Special provision was made by Mr. White for the equipment of the Department of Social Ethics under Münsterberg was susceptible to the charm of Concord, Professor Francis Peabody. Two years later, when Emer- that gentle stronghold of idealism and veneration for the son Hall was already built, the important gift of the thought treasures of the past. The Colonial houses with Robbins Library was made by Reginald C. Robbins, that their simple dignity, the drowsy gardens, the beautiful is, of a fund by which Emerson Hall was provided with graveyard "Sleepy Hollow" with many honored graves, a philosophical library, containing chiefly books on meta- the historic houses, "The Old Manse," the "Grape Vine physics. Cottage" where the Alcotts used to live, the "Wayside" On Monday, May 25, 1903, the hundredth anniversary with the garret where Hawthorne wrote looking down on of the Concord philosopher's birthday, the corner-stone 91 90 HUGO MÜNSTERBERG WORLD'S SCHOLARS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR a restful grove of pines-all this had an aroma quite of Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Clark, and the University of its own. Pennsylvania, Münsterberg was in frequent communica- With the son of the Concord philosopher, Dr. Edward tion. With Professor Cattell of Columbia, for whom he Emerson, Münsterberg had a very pleasant acquaintance, always had a high regard, his relations were most cordial. as will be shown in the following chapter, and it was There were various joint enterprises at that time which, natural, of course, that Dr. Emerson should take the keen- though they have lost their immediate importance when est interest in the growth of Emerson Hall. looked back upon years later, were nevertheless valuable That the larger educated public of New England might factors in the promotion of specialized intercourse among understand the deeper inner relation between the new scientific minds-intercourse that by its stimulus must Harvard home for philosophy and the teachings of the ultimately be fruitful of new ideas. Thus, in the spring Concord sage, the address that Münsterberg delivered at and summer of 1904 there was lively correspondence be- the Harvard celebration appeared a few days later in tween Münsterberg and colleagues from Yale and Colum- the Boston Transcript, and was called "Emerson the Phi- bia in regard to the best way of publishing the reports, losopher-a Plea for a, Revival of Idealism." hitherto too scattered, of the research work done in the While plans were growing for the new habitation of different American psychological laboratories, as a series philosophy, daily work was going on in the old, narrow of monographs under one editorship, possibly under the quarters. Psychological problems, moreover, were often supervision of the American Psychological Association. carried beyond the frontiers of the University. Indeed, Half a year earlier, in the winter of 1903-04, the Journal the years from the winter of 1902 to the winter of 1905 of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Method was called may well be called years of scientific congresses for Mün- into being, of which Professor Cattell, who was widely sterberg. Not only did the great international Congress, experienced in the managment of scientific priodicals, which shall be given chief attention in this chapter, ab- was editor. In December, 1903, Professor Cattell wrote sorb a large part of his time, energy, and enthusiasm, but to Münsterberg: he found it worth while also to attend the meetings of the I am much indebted to you for your letter and for the en- Psychological Association for several consecutive years. couragement that you gave. It will be a great privilege to In December, 1902, the psychologists met at Washington; begin the new journal with an article by you. Woodbridge and in 1903, just before the opening of the World's Fair, at St. I discussed your suggestion of the title "The Journal of Phi- Louis; and in 1904, at Philadelphia. There Münsterberg losophy and Science" and nearly adopted it. It, however, seemed rather too inclusive, promising more than could be given. It is delivered two lectures very different from each other, one intended to be a trade journal for students of philosophy, psy- of interest to specialists, on the acoustic theory, the other chology, and the principles of science, and this is indicated by with a broad, philosophic significance on the "System of the title proposed. Values" own system of philosophy, which he was con- In the second half of the college year 1903-04 Münster- stantly perfecting. berg did not confine even his academic teaching to his own With the psychologists of Yale, Columbia, Princeton, University, but, in response to an invitation from Profes- 92 93 of HUGO MÜNSTERBERG WORLD'S SCHOLARS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR sor Cattell, gave a course of lectures on experimental psy- representative scholars that was to take place a few months chology at Columbia University. later. The "Washington University Alumni Day" was Not only the eastern universities claimed Münsterberg's kept as part of the World's Fair festivities. The addresses services and interest; those of the Middle West invited him, on that afternoon were "by Hugo Münsterberg, PH.D., and he was eager to grow acquainted with their lives and Professor of Psychology in Harvard University; Hon. problems. With President James of the University of D. R. Francis, A.B., class of '70; W. S. Chaplin, LL.D., Illinois he had very pleasant relations and enjoyed his Chancellor of the University; C. M. Woodward, PH.D., hospitality during visits to the typical middle western col- Dean of the School of Engineering and Architecture." lege town Champaign-Urbana, where Münsterberg also At the commencement ceremonies in the morning, Dean knew members of the faculty. In February, 1905, he Woodward spoke thus: delivered lectures at the Illinois State University and car- ried home with him a more thorough understanding of the MR. CHANCELLOR: special vocation of the Western state universities with I have the honor in behalf of my associates to present for the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, Professor Hugo Münster- their coeducation, the prominence given to practical arts berg of Harvard University. I do this with the greater pleasure and studies, the limitations imposed by the state legisla- inasmuch as he represents not only a great Nation across the sea, tures and the advantages of vigorous, ambitious student but a great University across our own land. Professor Münsterberg received the degree of Doctor of Phi- material. losophy at Leipzie, the degree of Doctor of Medicine at Heidel- It was in June, 1904, that Münsterberg responded to an berg. He is thus familiar with the best that Germany has to invitation from the University of Kansas in Lawrence, give. Kansas, to give the commencement address at the graduat- For twelve years he has filled with distinguished honor the chair ing exercises. A visit to the great prairie state attracted of Psychology at Harvard University. As a writer he has served the Harvard philosopher and he found it a most congenial both continents. He has given us a truer insight and a more in- timate knowledge of Germans and of Germany. In turn the task to address the graduating class and the assembled Germans and Germany are indebted to him for a better knowl- alumni of the Western seat of learning, to join in its edge of America and Americans. He has won an international festivities, and to receive its hearty hospitality. reputation as a teacher and expounder of philosophy. American It was in the same June at St. Louis, at the animated education and American scholarship are indebted to him for emi- nent service. time of the great World's Fair, that Washington Univer- We welcome him to St. Louis to-day. This University will sity bestowed upon Münsterberg the honorary degree of honor itself in conferring upon him its highest title, the degree of Doctor of Laws. That this distinction should be offered Doctor of Laws. him by Washington University, in the midst of the Louisi- In order to understand the importance of Münsterberg's ana Purchase Exposition, had for him a most gratifying relation to the St. Louis Exposition, it is necessary to significance, because it harmonized with and, in a certain measure, crowned his devoted work for the supplementing trace completely the history of the great international con- gress of scholars in September, 1904. and perfecting of the Exposition through the concourse of 95 94 57 Emerson Hall . West facade ( 6 Lawell, 1900) HUA : HUV 51 (1-4). B Bunting Harvard HUP, 1985