Harvard University: Everson Hall 1904-1906 LEARNED HAND, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, 25 NORTH PEARL STREET. between 93. Don Esq Albany, Hera york, June 19,1901 DEAR sir I am very glad that Happened to better first subscriber to the proposed building for Philosophy in Cambridger and Jam only more substantial. It is a project which sorry that my contribution could nother much, as take it, to Haward and is very in partant to me and would to mean the whole community which Haward committee may be success ful in gitting influrners. Vean only wish that the Enough money to build a suitable building, is caufi dunt of being able to grt the sum, Professor min studing writes our that he whole 4150000; suffose he has sour means of knowing With his many prosprets. thanks for your bived letter of Very sincerely yours, breined # and HUA. Harvard University. Sub scription Records: 4 for Emerson Hall. 1901-1905.01 Philosophy Wikipedia Extract. 8/14/2021. Hand's study of philosophy at Harvard left a lasting imprint on his thought. As a student, he lost his faith in God, and from that point on he became a skeptic.[156] Hand's view of the world has been identified as relativistic; in the words of scholar Kathryn Griffith, "[i]t was his devotion to a concept of relative values that prompted him to question opinions of the Supreme Court which appeared to place one value absolutely above the others, whether the value was that of individual freedom or equality or the protection of young people from obscene literature."[157] Hand instead sought objective standards in constitutional law, most famously in obscenity and civil liberties cases. [158] Pragmatic philosopher He saw the Constitution and the law as William James was one of compromises to resolve conflicting interests, Hand's teachers at Harvard possessing no moral force of their own. [159] This College. denial that any divine or natural rights are embodied in the Constitution led Hand to a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand 23/42 8/14/2021 Learned Hand - Wikipedia positivistic view of the Bill of Rights. [160] In this approach, provisions of the Constitution, such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, and equal protection, should be interpreted through their wording and in the light of historical analysis rather than as "guides on concrete occasions" [161] For Hand, moral values were a product of their times and a matter of taste. [157] Hand's civil instincts were at odds with the duty of a judge to stay aloof from politics. [162] As a judge he respected even bad laws; as a member of society he felt free to question the decisions behind legislation. In his opinion, members of a democratic society should be involved in legislative decision-making. [163] He therefore regarded toleration as a prerequisite of civil liberty. In practice, this even meant that those who wish to promote ideas repugnant to the majority should be free to do so, within broad limits. [164] Hand's skepticism extended to his political philosophy: he once described himself as "a conservative among liberals, and a liberal among conservatives" [165] As early as 1898, he rejected his family's Jeffersonian Democratic tradition. [166] His thoughts on liberty, collected in The Spirit of Liberty (1952), began by recalling the political philosophies of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. [167] Jefferson believed that each individual has a right to freedom, and that government, though necessary, threatens that freedom. In contrast, Hamilton argued that freedom depends on government: too much freedom leads to anarchy and the tyranny of the mob. [168] Hand, who believed, following Thomas Hobbes, that the rule of law is the only alternative to the rule of brutality, 169 leaned towards Hamilton. Since the freedom granted to the American pioneers was no longer feasible, [171] he accepted that individual liberty should be moderated by society's norms. [172] He nevertheless saw the liberty to create and to choose as vital to peoples' humanity and entitled to legal protection. He assumed the goal of human beings to be the "good life", defined as each individual chooses. [173] Between 1910 and 1916, Hand tried to translate his political philosophy into political action. Having read Croly's The Promise of American Life and its anti- Jeffersonian plea for government intervention in economic and social issues, he joined the Progressive Party. [174] He discovered that party politicking was incompatible not only with his role as a judge but with his philosophical objectivity. The pragmatic philosophy Hand had imbibed from William James at Harvard required each issue to be individually judged on its merits, without partiality. In contrast, political action required particanship and a choice https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand 24/42 8/14/2021 Learned Hand - Wikipedia between values. [174] After 1916, Hand preferred to retreat from party politics into a detached skepticism. His belief in central planning resurfaced during the 1000s in his growing approval of D. Recsevelt's New Deal, as he once gain-though this time as an observer-endorsed a program of government intervention [175] also interventionist or U.S. involvement in both world wars, diadnined isolationism. 8/14/2021 Learned Hand - Wikipedia 144. Gunther 1994, p. 586 145. Lochner V. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905) 146. Brown V. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) 147. Gunther 1994, pp. 654-657; Carrington 1999, pp. 141-143 148. Gunther 1994, pp. 662-664; Carrington 1999, pp. 141-143; Griffith 1973, p. 109 149. Vanessa Grigoriadis (January 29, 2010). "Searching for J.D. Salinger: A Writer's New Hampshire Quest" (https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture news/searching-for-j-d-salinger-a-writers-new-hampshire-quest-252341/). Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 26, 2018. 150. Slawenski, Kenneth (2010). J. D. Salinger: A Life (https://books.google.com/ books?id=WLxFJ3If0CUC&pg=PA281). Random House. pp. 281-282. ISBN 9781611299052. Retrieved December 26, 2018. 151. Gunther 1994, p. 674 152. Gunther 1994, p. 676 153. Gunther 1994, p. 677 154. Gunther 1994, p. 679 155. Grondahl, Paul (December 5, 2013). "Learned Hand (1872-1961): Judicial eminence, '10th man on the U.S. Supreme Court'' (http://www.timesunion.co m/local/article/Learned-Hand-1872-1961-Judicial-eminence-4983725.php). Albany Times-Union. Retrieved January 11, 2016. 156. "Skepticism is my only gospel, but I don't want to make a dogma out of it." Qtd. in Lewis F. Powell, "Foreword", Gunther 1994, p. X 157. Griffith 1973, p. vii 158. Gunther 1994, p. 405 159. Schick 1970, p. 165; Dworkin 1996, p. 12 160. Griffith 1973, p. 192; Dworkin 1996, p. 342 161. Griffith 1973, pp. 131-140; White 2007, pp. 217-218 162. Schick 1970, p. 186 163. Griffith 1973, pp. 57-58; Dworkin 1996, pp. 342-343 164. "The limits Hand placed on choice are similar to those John Stuart Mill placed upon freedom when he denied the freedom to destroy liberty or the social and political structure which protected it." Griffith 1973, p. 60 165. Carrington 1999, p. 138; Polenberg 1995, pp. 296-301 166. Gunther 1994, pp. 62-63 167. Gunther 1994, pp. 193-194 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand 36/42 8/14/2021 Learned Hand - Wikipedia 168. Griffith 1973, p. 65 169. Wyzanski 1964, p. vi 170. Griffith 1973, p. 86. "Hamilton thought government consisted of combinations based on self-interest and that liberty did not rest on anarchy. Man required an ordered society, which included not only individual concerns but collective interests and which permitted human life to rise above that of the savage and made possible joint efforts and thus more comfort, security, and leisure for a better life. He believed that while Jacobins cried for liberty what they really wanted was to exercise their own tyranny over the mob. It appeared to Hand that history had proved Hamilton right." 171. Gunther 1994, p. 193 172. Griffith 1973, p. 67 173. Griffith 1973, p. 190 174. Griffith 1973, pp. 56-57,60-63 175. Gunther 1994, p. 453 176. Gunther 1994, pp. 368, 535 177. Schick 1970, p. 191 178. Griffith 1973, p. 83 179. Dworkin 1996, p. 412 180. Wyzanski 1964, p. viii 181. Gunther 1994, pp. 118-123 182. Griffith 1973, pp. 18-19 183. Horwitz 1995, p. 264; Schick 1970, pp. 162-163; Gunther 1994, p. 122 184. Griffith 1973, pp. 109, 211 185. Carrington 1999, p. 141 186. Griffith 1973, pp. 219-222 187. Schick 1970, p. 164 188. White 2007, p. 235 189. Griffith 1973, p. 112 190. Griffith 1973, pp. 112-113 191. Griffith 1973, pp. 107-108 192. Qtd. in Griffith 1973, p. 144 193. Gunther 1994, pp. 604-605; Stone 2004, pp. 399-400 194. Griffith 1973, pp. 146-153 195. Irons 1999, p. 380; Schick 1970, pp. 180-181; Stone 2004, p. 400 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand 37/42 8/14/2021 Learned Hand - Wikipedia 216. Griffith 1973, pp. 32-34; Schick 1970, pp. 170-171, 188; United States V. Aluminium Company of America, 148 F.2d 416 (2nd Cir. 1945). In this case, the Second Circuit took the place of the Supreme Court under a special statute, enacted after the Supreme Court lacked quorum in the case because of recusals. Hand's opinion set the standard for future rulings. 217. Schick 1970, p. 188 218. Griffith 1973, pp. 43-44; Gunther 1994, pp. 410-414 219. Mattachine Review, Issue No. 4, July-August 1955, cover and p. 2. 220. Schick 1970, p. 189 221. Qtd. in Gunther 1994, p. 574 222. Gunther 1994, p. 550 223. Schick 1970, p. 12 224. Schick 1970, pp. 154, 187 225. Schick 1970, p. 355; Auerbach 1977, p. 259 226. Origin of a Hero, in Auchincloss, Louis (1979), Life, Law, and Letters: Essays and Sketches (https://archive.org/details/lifelawletters00auch),Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-28151-2 Sources Auerbach, Jerold S. (1977), Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America(https://archive.org/details/unequaljusticela0000auer), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-502170-7. Boudin, Michael; Gunther, Gerald (January 1995), "The Master Craftsman", Stanford Law Review, 47 (2): 363-386, doi:10.2307/1229231 (https://doi.org/ 10.2307%2F1229231), JSTOR 1229231 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/122923 1). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Boyer, Paul S. (2002), Purity in Print: Book Censorship in America from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age (https://archive.org/details/purityinprintboo0 Oboye) (2nd ed.), Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0- 299-17584-9 Carrington, Paul (1999), Stewards of Democracy: Law as Public Profession (https://archive.org/details/stewardsofdemocr00paul), New York: Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-8133-6832-0. Chirelstein, Marvin (January 1968), "Learned Hand's Contribution to the Law of Tax Avoidance" (https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/4554), Yale Law Journal, 77 (3): 440-474, doi:10.2307/794940 (https://doi.org/10.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand 39/42 8/14/2021 Learned Hand - Wikipedia 307%2F794940), JSTOR 794940 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/794940). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Dworkin, Ronald (1996), Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19- 826470-5. Griffith, Kathryn (1973), Judge Learned Hand and the Role of the Federal Judiciary (https://archive.org/details/judgelearnedhand0000grif),Norman: Oklahoma University Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-1071-4. Gunther, Gerald (1994), Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge (https://arch ive.org/details/learnedhandmanan00gunt), New York: Knopf, ISBN 978-0- 394-58807-0. Hand, Learned (1977), Dilliard, Irving (ed.), The Spirit of Liberty, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-31544-4. Horwitz, Morton J. (1995), The Transformation of American Law 1870-1960 https://archive.org/details/transfo_hor_ 1992 00 8220), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-507024-8. Irons, Peter (1999), A People's History of the Supreme Court (https://archive. org/details/peopleshistoryof00iron), New York: Viking Penguin, ISBN 978-0- 670-87006-6. Judd, Orrin (February 1947), "Judge Learned Hand and the Criminal Law", Harvard Law Review, 60 (3): 405-422, JSTOR 1335328 (https://www.jstor.or g/stable/1335328). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Polenberg, Richard (June 1995), "'A Conservative among Liberals, and a Liberal among Conservatives': The Life of Learned Hand", Reviews in American History, 23 (2): 296-301, doi:10.1353/rah.1995.0051 (https://doi.or g/10.1353%2Frah.1995.0051), JSTOR 2702701 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl e/2702701), S2CID 144180175 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14 4180175). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Oakes, James (January 1995), "The Master Craftsman", Stanford Law Review, 47 (2): 387-394, doi:10.2307/1229232 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1 229232), JSTOR 1229232 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229232) (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Posner, Richard; Gunther, Gerald (November 1994), "The Learned Hand Biography and the Question of Judicial Greatness" (https://digitalcommons.la w.yale.edu/ylj/vol104/iss2/5), The Yale Law Journal, 104 (2): 511-540, doi:10.2307/797010 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F797010), JSTOR 797010 (ht tps://www.jstor.org/stable/797010) (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand 40/42 8/14/2021 Learned Hand - Wikipedia Rabban, David M. (1999), Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years, 1870-1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65537-8. Richardson, Elliot L. (January 1995), "Book Review: The Spirit of Liberty Is Skeptical, a Review of Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge, By Gerald Gunther", Boston University Law Review, 75: 231. Schick, Marvin (1970), Learned Hand's Court (https://archive.org/details/lear nedhandscour0000schi), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0-8018- 1214-9. Shanks, Hershel, ed. (1968), The Art and Craft of Judging: The Decisions of Judge Learned Hand, New York: Macmillan, OCLC 436539 (https://www.worl dcat.org/oclc/436539) Stettner, Edward A. (1993), Shaping Modern Liberalism: Herbert Croly and Progressive Thought, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978- 0-7006-0580-4. Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004), Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (https://archive.org/details/p eriloustimesfre00ston), New York: Norton., ISBN 978-0-393-05880-2. Vile, John R., ed. (2003), Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia, 1, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-989-8. Weinrib, Ernest J. (1995), The Idea of Private Law (https://archive.org/detail s/ideaofprivatelaw0000wein), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44212-2. Westbrook, Robert B. (1993), John Dewey and American Democracy (http s://archive.org/details/johndeweyamerica0000west), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-8111-6. White, G. Edward (2007), The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading American Judges (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513962-4. Wright, Charles Allan, "A Modern Hamlet in the Judicial Pantheon", 93 Michigan Law Review 1841 (1995). Wyzanski, Charles E. (1964), "Introduction", in Hand, Learned (ed.), The Bill of Rights, New York: Atheneum, OCLC 4038843 (https://www.worldcat.org/o clc/4038843) External links Wade, Stephen (October 5, 1999), "Learned Hand" (https://www.npr.org/tem plates/story/story.php?storyld=1064953),All Things Considered, NPR. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hano 41/42 Harvard University, Cambridge, February 9, 1904. Dear Mr. Dorr:- We have received bids for the construction of Emerson Hall from five different firms. The result is that the hall as planned cannot be built and made ready for use for less than $190,000. Now, the Corporation have in sight by the 1st of January, 1005, about $165,000. It will, of course, be possible to reduce the size of the building by 12%or 15%, and then, by omitting some of the decorative features, to bring the cost of the hall within the money which the Corporation now have in hand. Do you think it would be expedient, before resolving on these reductions of the hall itself, to try to get $25,000 more from the Forbes family or from friends of Emerson? I sympathized with the feeling of the Forbes family that they did not wish to contribute SO largely to the building as to make it a family memorial; but the public has now contributed largely, and the number of contributors is large, and it seems to me that the Forbes family or other friends might naturally say to themselves: "We prefer to have the hall built as it is de- signed rather than to have it reduced in any manner, and we will therefore contribute the moderate sum which is needed to secure that result". At any rate, if I were in their place, in all respects, I am sure that I should wish to be informed how the matter stood, and given the chance to have the memorial building constructed just as it was designed as 2 mate for Robinson Hall. -2- If you agree with me, you will perhaps feel disposed to make the necessary inquiries S.S Chairman of the Committee. There is, of course, an alternative-namely, - to wait four or five years until the money accumulates to the necessary amount. must I confess that this alternative seems E disagreeable one to me; because the subscribers were led to believe that the building could be put up for $150,000, and the subscription amounts to decidedly more than $150,000 already. A long delay was certainly not contemplatee by the subscribers, and particularly was not expected by the largest subscriber. You who raised the subscription are better entitled to hold an opinion on this subject than I am. Very truly yours, George B. Dorr, Esq. 3 letters : 1904-05 Harbard University Cambridge. Mass. Must 10. [1904] than les. Dorr:- Juli noble his of yo the indeed- vivant ze quarter. Let he thank for heartly for teaching this point to we are Za for T have not the slightest doubt HUA. Harvard University. Subscription Records. Subscription for Emerson Hall. 1901-1905. cz than y will go f4 nicely Jan Jorry that you did hot add with addresses to whom to send fur ther gotts By the way last summer Izent you the pledge of 1000 from a lewyer in Albary, T think his have was Haudi he belorge into the list too 2. [June, 1921.] Alfred Tredway White. 577 peeted it both to be wanted to believe it. ALFRED TREDWAY WHITE. a this modesty, led her of composition. By FRANCIS G. PEABODY, '69. ting in our colleges S compared with the A LFRED TREDWAY WHITE (A.M. hon. 1890) died January 29, 1921. He had set out, as was not unusual with him, on a tramp usage, he sometimes among the mountains of the Ramapo region west of the Hudson River, work as a part of it. and, while skating on one of its numerous lakes, broke through the sonality of attitude, ice and was drowned. The immediate circumstances of the accident made it a grave shock to his friends; but sudden death, in itself, com- le was yet a reorgan- ing to a man of seventy-five, in the fulness of athletic vigor, and with lcator of that which an unblemished record of integrity and beneficence, cannot be re- fresh, constructive garded as untimely or deplorable. Mr. White's death was mourned :achers Harvard has by the people of Brooklyn as that of their best-loved neighbor and pupils, particularly leading citizen, and a Memorial Meeting at the Academy of Music an attitude toward brought together rich and poor, Catholics and Protestants, white and t as buckets to be black, in a unanimity of affection, and with a sense of public and per- he college age is a sonal bereavement, which few private citizens in the diversified life still timorous as to of a great metropolis have inspired. talk of them freely. Mr. White was the son of a merchant who, with his brother, estab- hem not as groups, lished, in 1839, the firm of W. A. & A. M. White in New York. The lessly honest, helps son was trained to be an engineer and received the degree of C.E. at it or that he descries the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy in 1865, when nineteen itting labor, be ful- years of age. He was the valedictorian of his class. After a visit than the individual to Europe he entered business life in his father's office and soon be- leave the writer in came a partner in the firm. Mr. White's instincts and ideals were, eached. It is a very however, not those of a merchant or financier. He concerned him- of Barrett Wendell, self at once with the philanthropic and economic needs of the rapidly Department of Eng- growing city of Brooklyn, and soon became a trusted leader and coun- raduate is the richer selor. With his cousin, Seth Low, he organized the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities in 1878, and was its president for thirty years. He be- came a director of the Brooklyn Children's Aid Society in 1868, and was intimately concerned with its affairs for fifty years. His obser- vation of conditions in Brooklyn soon convinced him that poverty and disease were intimately associated with the housing of the people, and that better living must begin in better homes. Housing reform had not as yet been seriously undertaken in the United States, and no satisfactory precedent could be studied. Mr. White, therefore, when but twenty-nine years old, sailed to England, inspected Sir Sydney Waterlow's buildings, and other illustrations of model dwell- Hanard Graduates Magazine 29 (June 1921). 578 Alfred Tredway White. [June, 1921.] Alfr. ings, and, returning to Brooklyn, built, near the waterfront, the most Social Museum, until the t notable block of improved tenements undertaken, at that time, in $300,000. "I believe," he T the United States. "The problem that shaped itself in my mind," interest in the study of the he wrote in 1875, "was, what is the best accommodation which can ties for such studies be incre be given to the poorest paid of the working-people, at the price which such provision at Harvard they are accustomed to pay, and which would permit a fair return on the course already establis] the investment, while furnishing sun-lighted rooms, domestic privacy, 1917, "While I sympathize and freedom from fire." The Tower Buildings, erected in 1877-79, especially designed for Divi: on these principles, contained 267 lettings, and the Riverside Build- mind the interests of that la ings, built in 1890, 280 lettings, or a total in both blocks of 547 homes, to become men of affairs, housing about 2000 tenants. nature of many of our soci This bold enterprise, undertaken through the private initiative of these gifts were, by Mr. Wh one young man, has remained for forty years a model for similar mous, and it was not until E enterprises. Fireproof construction, separate entrances, outside stair- partment that the source of ways, sun-lighted rooms, interior parks and playgrounds, and rebates known to be, not a graduat on prompt payments - the conditions which Mr. White at once en- pected friend. forced - have been accepted as essential, both for health and for It is not necessary to enur profit. His buildings have been eagerly sought for by desirable ten- for civic and social service ants; the death-rate, both of adults and children, has been reduced; community. He was Comi and the commercial return, through this long term of years, has been a reform administration of E satisfactorily maintained. Helping the low-wage working-man, Mr. hostility from contractors a White said, did not make him poorer. No taint of patronage has been fronted by his impregnable felt by occupants. The philanthropic motive was disguised by the ever, he received an emblazo business administration. As a consequence of this pioneer under- istration and signed by the taking, Mr. White became a member of the Tenement House Com- During this period of public mission in New York in 1900, a director of the City and Suburban of a Public Market, and its Homes Company, and a trustee of the Russell Sage Foundation. probably, much more, - a Out of this epoch-making venture grew Mr. White's association with passionate lover of flowers, Harvard University. He had heard that his buildings were material dowment of the Botanic Ga for observation by students of social ethics, and he conceived the idea of the most lovely of Japar of making the way of social service easier for others than it had been bridges, dwarfed trees, and for him. It was necessary for him, he said, to cross the ocean for of Negro Education, provi instruction, and to proceed without expert guidance. Might not fund, and, together with o young men like himself be taught, while in college, to use their lives Tuskegee Institute a build and means more efficiently for the public good? With this hope he member of the first executiv proceeded, first, to contribute $50,000 to secure the erection of Emer- as organized for the World 1 son Hall, providing that in this building space should be assigned to for his gifts to that country the Department of Social Ethics; and then, through successive gifts, the Order of the Cross. Ea to strengthen the Department by endowment, together with special a special contribution was gifts for furnishings, publications, and illustrative material for the who, on learning from a Bro [June, 1921.] Alfred Tredway White. 579 erfront, the most Social Museum, until the total of these benefactions reached nearly at that time, in $300,000. "Ibelieve," he wrote to President Eliot in 1903, "that the If in my mind," interest in the study of the Social Questions will broaden if the facili- lation which can ties for such studies be increased, and I shall be glad to aid in making t the price which such provision at Harvard as may perpetuate, expand, and dignify t a fair return on the course already established"; and again, to President Lowell in lomestic privacy, 1917, "While I sympathize with the desire to provide instruction cted in 1877-79, especially designed for Divinity School students, I would also keep in Riverside Build- mind the interests of that large body of undergraduates who, as likely ks of 547 homes, to become men of affairs, should realize the fundamentally ethical nature of many of our social problems." For more than ten years ate initiative of these gifts were, by Mr. White's explicit direction, recorded as anony- odel for similar mous, and it was not until a new professor took command of the De- es, outside stair- partment that the source of this stream of benefactions was generally nds, and rebates known to be, not a graduate of the College, but a remote and unsus- hite at once en- pected friend. health and for It is not necessary to enumerate here in detail the varied enterprises by desirable ten- for civic and social service which endeared Mr. White to his own as been reduced; community. He was Commissioner of City Works in 1893-94 under E years, has been a reform administration of Brooklyn, and excited the most determined orking-man, Mr. hostility from contractors and politicians, whose schemes were con- tronage has been fronted by his impregnable integrity. At the end of his term, how- disguised by the ever, he received an emblazoned testimonial, commending his admin- I pioneer under- istration and signed by the very men who had opposed his reforms. ent House Com- During this period of public service he was responsible for the building y and Suburban of a Public Market, and its clock-tower represents his salary, - and, Foundation. probably, much more, - as returned to the treasury. He was a association with passionate lover of flowers, and this taste led him to increase the en- gs were material dowment of the Botanic Garden of the city, and to create there one nceived the idea of the most lovely of Japanese gardens, with its characteristic lake, than it had been bridges, dwarfed trees, and rock-effects. He was an untiring friend SS the ocean for of Negro Education, providing Hampton Institute with a special ce. Might not fund, and, together with other members of his family, erecting at to use their lives Tuskegee Institute a building known as White Hall. He was a ith this hope he member of the first executive committee of the American Red Cross erection of Emer- as organized for the World War, was decorated by the King of Serbia d be assigned to for his gifts to that country, and received from the King of Belgium successive gifts, the Order of the Cross. Each month, from the beginning of the war, ther with special a special contribution was forwarded by him to Cardinal Mercier, material for the who, on learning from a Brooklyn priest the name of this anonymous 580 Alfred Tredway White. [June, 1921.] Alfr. benefactor, sent him a precious crucifix from his own table. Such are a few of the undertakings with which his name is associated, and which White was a distinguishe have led his fellow citizens to commemorate his wise generosity by the faculty of prevision. ] placing a memorial tablet in the beautiful Botanic Garden which he ticipate needs and foresee W was principally instrumental in establishing. of money should be endow No one can review a career like Mr. White's - modest, beneficent, sane foresight. His happin and judicious - without being led to some reflections on the uses of is in developing unsuspecte wants. Like Wordsworth' wealth and the secret of efficiency. This kind of life is, in the first place, the best defence that can be offered for the present system of in- Through the dustry, which encourages private ownership. The so-called capital- In calmness D istic system is manifestly under trial. Agitators and revolutionists Mr. White's service to Harv affirm that it degrades the possessors and wrongs the dispossessed; and there are instances enough of the misuse or waste of surplus capi- of business prevision to the tal to encourage the advocates of confiscation or of communal control. to invest in the Department The trouble with the rich is apt to be, not that they have money, but members of the College facu that they do not know what money is for. They have learned how studies could be seriously to get, but have not learned how to use. The development of the ticism with good-humored prehensile grasp has involved an atrophy of the open palm. Their sure that the problems of SO wealth has become what Ruskin called their "ill-th." If, on the ert Treat Paine announce other hand, a rich man regards himself, not as a possessor, but as a efforts of legislation, govern] trustee; if, instead of owning his wealth he is conscious that he owes thropy to ameliorate the lot central matter of interest f it, - then his distributions and benefactions are likely to be more judicious than the schemes of politicians or the judgments of less fifty years." He proceeded and academic instruction i) competent men. The same discretion and discernment are applied to giving which have been utilized in getting, and the world is the country had maintained; a better, not only for the money received, but for the sagacity with now so generally manifested which it is distributed. In other words, the system of private owner- in the making of a better W( ship is a stern test of character. It calls for conscience as well as for The same anticipation of capacity. Ownership involves obligation. Service is the only free- Few citizens of Brooklyn C( dom. Mr. White met this test. He lived with personal simplicity, be derived from a Japanese and his life, service, and property were trusts for the common good. of old and young a type of In conferring an honorary degree on him, in 1890, President Eliot been aware. His gifts to B described him as "virum recte divitem esse scientem." He knew how to general sense of responsibilit be honorably rich. gallant little land. In Dece To justify this way of life, however, more is needed than good in- a representative of the anci been crushed almost out of tentions. The administration of wealth as a trust calls for personal qualities which are quite as rare as those which ensure the acquiring was this visitor's surprise t of wealth. Distribution may be as profitless as hoarding. Invest- country, one anonymous A ment in philanthropy calls for as much sagacity as investment in mitted repeated and genero securities. Of these higher qualities of the distributor of wealth, Mr. givers of money wait until, their contributions are invite [June, 1921.] Alfred Tredway White. 581 table. Such are ciated, and which White was a distinguished example. He had, among other gifts, se generosity by the faculty of prevision. Precisely as the maker of money must an- Garden which he ticipate needs and foresee what course events are to take, so the giver of money should be endowed with a constructive imagination and a dest, beneficent, sane foresight. His happiness, like that of the enterprising financier, as on the uses of is in developing unsuspected resources and anticipating unrecognized fe is, in the first wants. Like Wordsworth's "Happy Warrior," he, sent system of in- Through the heat of conflict, keeps the law so-called capital- In calmness made, and sees what he foresaw. d revolutionists the dispossessed; (Mr. White's service to Harvard University illustrated this application e of surplus capi- of business prevision to the distribution of wealth. When he began mmunal control. to invest in the Department of Social Ethics, one of the most trusted have money, but members of the College faculty remarked that he did not see how such EMERSOR Hall ave learned how studies could be seriously pursued. Mr. White regarded this scep- elopment of the ticism with good-humored indifference. He was, he said, perfectly en palm. Their sure that the problems of social and industrial change, or, as Mr. Rob- th." If, on the ert Treat Paine announced in establishing his fellowship, "The ssessor, but as a efforts of legislation, governmental administration, and private philan- bus that he owes thropy to ameliorate the lot of the masses of mankind," must be "the kely to be more central matter of interest for educated young men during the next dgments of less fifty years." He proceeded, therefore, to endow the first systematic nent are applied and academic instruction in these subjects which this or any other the world is the country had maintained; and the eager and even passionate desire e sagacity with now so generally manifested among college students to have some part of private owner- in the making of a better world, amply verifies Mr. White's prevision. ce as well as for The same anticipation of needs characterized much of his giving. is the only free- Few citizens of Brooklyn could have imagined what pleasure was to sonal simplicity, be derived from a Japanese garden; but it has revealed to thousands e common good. of old and young a type of beauty of whose existence they had not President Eliot been aware. His gifts to Belgium anticipated by many months any He knew how to general sense of responsibility in this country for the sufferings of that gallant little land. In December, 1920, there arrived in this country d than good in- a representative of the ancient churches of Transylvania, which had been crushed almost out of existence under Roumanian rule. What alls for personal re the acquiring was this visitor's surprise to learn that, before he had reached this arding. Invest- country, one anonymous American had, of his own volition, trans- 3 investment in mitted repeated and generous gifts to these remote sufferers. Most r of wealth, Mr. givers of money wait until, among the multitudinous calls for help, their contributions are invited. A demand is thrust upon their atten- 582 Alfred Tredway White. [June, 1921.] From a ( tion, and they surrender to it. The wise user of wealth devises new generosity was the natural f ways of service, and foresees unrecognized needs. He adds to gener- watered religious life. The S osity prevision. He has not only an open heart but an open mind. was in his early discovery an A still rarer trait in the philanthropist is persistency. Much giving, in the soul of man. even by generous citizens, is occasional, spasmodic, and transitory. The object is temporarily interesting, but one soon passes to the next. It is said that the average duration of loyalty to a relief association FROM A GR is not more than five years. The enterprises which Mr. White guided and reenforced are perhaps more than all indebted to him for an in- P ACING deliberately thro domitable persistency. Having once assumed an obligation, no vicis- derby hat tilted a bit up situde disheartened him, and no impatience made his devotion slacken. eyes lowered in meditation, It was one thing to organize a Bureau of Charities in Brooklyn, but Sophomore's interest and cu it was quite another thing to watch each detail of administration, and among professors; he wore E1 refresh an exhausted treasury, during a long term of years. It was spite the gravity of his dem an interesting venture to endow a Department of Social Ethics, but it ionable rather than the auste was a much severer test of character to be the anonymous source of long before the Sophomore h a continuous stream of benefactions for nearly twenty years, and to interest increased, for the CO1 secure their continuance after one's death. To take up with new the next year bring him into r causes is exhilarating, but to maintain causes where romance has been while he treasured such legen lost in routine calls for the rarer gift of persistency. as reached his ears; they all original personality. In con: "Iustum et tenacem propositi virum non civium ardor prava iubentium pressions, the Sophomore ant non voltus instantis tyranni would derive probably more mente quatit solida," Yet from the first meetin the praise which Horace gave to his ideal statesman, might have been Sever 11, the Junior, as he th written of Alfred White. The upright man holds on to whatever he asm, of zest and ambition, th undertakes. Harvard had aroused in him. These gifts of prevision and persistency which marked Mr. White's be, readily susceptible to imit administration of wealth were fortified and sustained by a still more peculiarities of speech and int commanding habit of mind. It was a rational and lifelong faith in interest of the class. The W the Divine guidance of the individual and of the world. Behind a put himself into the work O: manner of sunny and unassuming kindliness, which made him a and of drawing out the expr delightful companion, were the firmness, detachment, and serenity removed from the dilettant which were derived from the habitual dedication of his life to accom- graduates who did not. know plish, not his own will, but the will of Him who sent him. His reli- Not only was he whole-heart gious life was uncomplicated and unclouded. Neither domestic sorrow His praise was generous; his C nor public controversy could disturb his tranquillity or self-control. was a luxury in which his a: He directed his daily affairs as ever in his Great Taskmaster's eye. It luxury that he did not permi was this habit of faith which led him straight to works of love. His a student's work without eith social service was the corollary of his Christian consecration. His The Junior came to look fo: generosity was the natural flowering from a deep-rooted and daily- watered religious life. The secret of his happy and beneficent activity was in his early discovery and continuous assurance of the life of God in the soul of man. XII. SOCIAL ETHICS 1905-1929 By JAMES FORD, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Social Ethics R ECOGNITION that the merits of prevailing ideals of in- dividual and collective behavior are an important subject of study came rather late in academic instruction. Some atten- tion had been given to such problems in the Departments of Philosophy, Economics, Government, and Education; but it was not until these social sciences reached a relatively high stage of development that the need of coordinating with them in- struction in social purpose and policy became apparent. The Department of Social Ethics was established in 1906. Its name was suggested by William James. The Reverend Francis Greenwood Peabody (A.B. 1869), its founder, had first offered a course in Practical Ethics in 188I. Beginning in 1883, he gave a course on Ethical Theories and Moral Reform, which dealt with problems of temperance, charity, labor, prison discipline, divorce, and SO forth, and as Social Ethics I became the intro- ductory course in the newly created Department of Social Ethics in 1906.2 Dr. Peabody was one of the first in an American university to give instruction on social problems. No other college courses devoted exclusively to these subjects during the early 'eighties have been discovered, excepting those given by Professor Gra- ham Taylor at the University of Chicago and by Frank B. San- born at Cornell. Peabody 's approach, however, was unique in attempting to determine the moral ends of social policy before framing measures of social amelioration. In his own words, the social question is 'the outer margin of the question of personal I. At the Divinity School, where he had given instruction in Ethics, or 'Moral Philosophy," since 1879. 2. Its earlier successive titles were Philosophy II, 14, and 5, 'The Ethics of the Social Question. From the beginning, this course had been given at the College and had been open to undergraduates. Following Peabody's resignation in 1913, it was given by Foerster and Ford; in 1920 it was divided, the first half dealing with problems of poverty, defectiveness, and criminality, and the second with problems of labor and the industrial order. In 1920 Social Ethics A, by Cabot, became the introductory course. The Development of Harvard University Ed. Samuel H.U.P., 1930 Pp. 233f. l Herman Buck (ed). al Sciences at SOCIAL ETHICS ward, 1860-1920, m inculcation to AT HARVARD, open mind 1881-1931 redge:HUP., 1965. A STUDY IN ACADEMIC ACTIVISM 91-128 DAVID B. POTTS FRANCIS GREENWOOD PEABODY, founder of social ethics instruction at Harvard, was trained as a theolo- gian rather than a social scientist. Within the Harvard cur- riculum Peabody's courses occupied a half-way station be- tween the Divinity School and the psychological laboratory of his colleague, William James. Peabody and his successors in social ethics sought to develop and hold a middle ground between the dominant concern for religion and ethics char- acterizing the nineteenth century denominational college and the quest for pure, inductive scholarship embodied in the rising American university The major task of social ethics at EMERSON'S CENTENARY. New York Times (1857-Current file): May 2, 1903; ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851 2002) pg. BR8 all very good reading, and The Critic is to be congratulated upon being the only magazine really to see and scise the opportunity that the Emerson. cen- tenary offered to all the magazines, EMERSON'S CENTENARY. One would have said beforehand that every American magazine for May, this year, would be suro to contain an article on Emerson, that every editor would long have been carrying it on his list of " agenda," with a query as to " who was the best man to do it." To our surprise It turns. out not so. The Atlantic has n queer article on " Emerson as a Relig- lous Influence," queer as. having the air of being written out of due time. It might have been written by Jonathan Edwards, if one car. conceive Jonnthan as having heard of Ralph Waldo. It is written by the next best man, and the next best man is Dr. George A. Gordon, minister of the Old South Church In Bos- ton since 1884. It recalls with vividness the state of mind of the " orthodox ministry of New England what time Emerson swam into their ken, some sixty years ago, and began to let his con- actourness play freely around their dog- matic propositions. It recalls the remark of an orthodox minister of that period when somebody spoke to him about the " religious influence of Emerson." " Em- erson is not a religious man ut all. It in true that he is a spiritually minded man." Within the sixty years many Ameri- cans have come to sec that the two prop- ositions, then so separable, are in fact identical. And many of them gladly ac. knowledge the share that Emerson had in enabling them to ACC it. Also, Dr. Gor- don's article recalls that anecdote of the curiosity of Carlyle. what time lie met Daniel Webster in London, to know about the godlike Daniel's transcendental constituent, and Webster's hesitation: Oh! Emerson? Do you mean the So- cinian preacher?' This is not the point of view from which those who care most to reud what Is written about Emerson care to see bim approached and discussed." The Century has a warm laudation, in editorial form, taking more or less, but perhaps not too much. Issue with the "estimates" of Morley and Matthew Arnold, a pleasant little tribute that appropriately goes with a reprint of Cole's admirable en- graving from a photograph. But it has been reserved for The Critic to do the real commemoration. And it does it in quite the right way, by invit- ing reniniscences-not necessarily per- sonn reminiscences, but what may be called spiritual reminiseences--getting people whom Emerson influenced when Emerson was new and they were young to tell of their indebtedness. And it ac- companies these texts hy profuse and ap- propriate illustrations, also reminiscent. Of course. reminiscences of this kind can- not be any longer in their first youth, when they are reralling things that are of that youth. Mr. Moneure D. Conway and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe and Mr. Frank 13. Sanborn are naturally and quite rightly amons them. They all discourse sincere- by end interestingly, and sometimes beautifully. Indeed. If a man is ever to be elequent he should be able to become so about the teacher or his youth. And the number of queer old mld-century photographs admirably furnish forth the text. with their portrayals, not alone of Emergen in every photographic artitude, but of Bronson, Alcott, and Thoreau, and the whole long-haired gang. as they were irreverently known to the worldlings of that far-off time. in still other articles Emerson In brought down to date by Alice Baker Brown and by Benjamin de Casseres, who attempts to sustain the amazing thesis of his title: 40 Emerson: Skeptic and Pessimist." But Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Eng may 10.04. Jean Mr. Dors. I've was today more Luc - caupal and thus I wined for for that I have found apparently a Initable day for four dinner next tednesday, the 18th zeems all right. I have removed my learning therefore ha another date and have asked Dana HUA. Haward U. subscription Records. Subscription for Emerson Hall. 1901-1905. Lee Robbies, Pilmer, Teacher James, Rogue, Hanus, Sausizers to Reep that easing free to this gives eleven persons anyhor I did not Room whether for want to add still founger members of the departness D. ling, Miller, Holt, Norton would have rather 2 SITE FOR EMERSON HALL. Special to The New York Times. New York Times (1857-Current fule); May 15, 1903; ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851 -2001) pg.1 SITE FOR EMERSON HALL. Work on Memorial at Harvard Will Be Started Within a Few Days. Special to The New York Times. BOSTON, May 14. -The Harvard Corpora- tion has fixed upon a site for the new Em- erson Memorial Hall. It will be erected at the westerly end of Sever Hall, between Sever and the line of Quincy Street, facing the new architectural building. To clear.this site Prof. Shaler's house will have to be moved toward that of President Ellot. It is expected that about $200,000 will be needed for the erection of the memorial building. The fund is continually growing, and the latest subscriptions have increased it to $147,000. When $150,000 has been raised work upon the building will be started, and it is hoped to have the corner- stone laid by May 25, the centennial anni- versary of the birth of Ralph Waldo Emer- son. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 903 149 1903 oncord circle. Some of these essayists (Mr. Conway a favor. It is probably too late now to prevent an outcry d Mrs. Howe, for example, the latter in "Unity,") speak when the fact becomes known to the thousands likely to Mrs. Emerson, and the domestic title of "Queenie" be- visit Concord that day; but the managers of the festival owed on her by her husband; but no portrait of her mild cannot be too early in taking the great public who revere ateliness appears, so far as I have seen. Her word- Emerson into their counsels, and stating the matter as it cture was admirably drawn by Alcott in his Sonnets of actually stands. 382, and the beginning and end of it may be quoted here:- (343) May 21, 1903. ENTHUSIASM FOR THE EMER- Dear Lady! oft I meditate on thee, SON CENTENNIAL THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. Noblest companion and fit peer of him, The country is surprised to find so strong an interest Then I recall thy salient quick wit taken in the Emerson centenary, and all the meetings of Its arrowy quiver and its supple bow, this week and next, in commemoration of the Concord Huntress of wrong; right well thy arrows hit, Though from the wound thou see st the red drops philosopher, are likely to be well attended. The Symphony flow; hall meeting of Sunday evening has produced so great a call for tickets, that an overflow meeting at the Parker I much admire that dexterous archery, Memorial building has been arranged by Rev. C. W. Wendte, And pray that sinners may thy target be. at which, among other topics, "Emerson and Theodore Parker" will be presented by a speaker who knew them both rs. Howe mentions (in "Unity") that she once met Mrs. intimately. A meeting of the Boston school teachers, at merson at the Newport house of her old Plymouth school- the normal school in Dartmouth street, will occur on late, Mrs. George Bancroft, and admired the ease with hich she adapted herself to the artificial manners and Saturday at 3.30 p.m., in which Mr. Sanborn will give his cial requirements of Newport, coming as she did from lecture on "Emerson as I Knew Him," which has already e rural seclusion and social democracy of Concord. been given in Elmira and Rochester, N.Y., Meadville, ich, indeed, was the characteristic of her nature that she Erie and Pittsburg, Pa., Cincinnati, Toledo and Cleveland, as at home in any society where she found herself. O., Detroit, Chicago (twice), Indianapolis, Louisville and Atlanta, and in the farther West, at Madison, St. Paul (342) May 19, 1903. BYRON--EMERSON--GOETHE-- HE CELEBRATION IN CONCORD. and Lincoln, Neb. In these 17 audiences great interest was shown, and their chief wish was, to hear more than the time would allow, of this attractive personality. The lec- Byron was a good poet, but did not live to be a gray one, ture was never twice the same, and when given in Boston ke Whitman, who blanched young. Byron's hair was turn- and New Bedford (the 26th) will add a few particulars g gray at 35; while Goethe and Emerson, between whom gathered during this tour from those who had met Emerson stood as a sort of middle term, were untouched by age in his lecturing excursions. At Cambridge, where the 50. Goethe admired Byron more than Emerson did, who funds needed for the proposed "Emerson hall of philosophy" rid of him: "Byron too often had nothing to say, but then said it magnificently." A fourth poet of the 19th cen- have all been subscribed, lectures and poems are going on about his philosophy and poetry; and in New York Mr. ry (for, like Goethe, he lapped over into it) was Chateau- Conway, Dr. W. T. Harris and other friends of Emerson :land, whose posthumous memoirs have anew been trans- will have good things to say. Perhaps some of them will ted in six great volumes. In them he not only gives an explain what is the meaning of one of his poetic titles, >count of his poesies, but of his politics and his rivals, "Hamatreya," is it Norse or Oriental? The subject is nong them Talleyrand, whom he did not credit with so clear enough, --the Transient and the Permanent, --and it uch astuteness as he claimed for himself. Of all these is enforced by a recital of the old planters of Concord, ets, Goethe was the longest lived and the greatest pro- icer of literature and science, and Emerson the wisest landholders of whom the mocking Earth-Spirit says, d best. Hence the universality of the celebration of his How am I theirs undredth birthday, which has already begun, and will OC- If they cannot hold me, ipy much space the coming week and the current year. But I hold them? ne new edition of his works, of which the first volume is Minott, Lee, Willard, Hosmer, Meriam, Flint, it, will contain much new matter, and some correction of Possessed the land which rendered to their toil rors in former copies of the older books. Emerson was Hay, corn, roots, hemp, flax, apples, wool and nstantly revising; and seldom quite satisfied with the wood, inted aspect of his thought. Where are these men? Asleep beneath their The managers of the Concord celebration on the 25th grounds; ext Monday), are making a mistake in not announcing the And strangers, fond as they, their furrows plow. ct that admission will be by ticket, and indicating how ich tickets can be obtained. The church will not seat 750 Earth laughs in flowers to see her boastful boys, Earth-proud, --proud of the earth which is not rsons, and many who come from far to hear will have to theirs; excluded. This is unavoidable, and not a subject for Who steer the plow, but cannot steer their feet implaint, for churches are not elastic, and Concord is a Clear of the grave. hall town with a reputation several sizes larger. But the blic have a right to complain that they have not been noti- It reads a lesson which others than the Concord farmers d that tickets are needed, and that more than two-thirds need to learn, and from which the poet drew this brief the tickets are in private hands, and must be solicited as moral:- 03 150 1903 When I heard the Earth-song of fashion in this part of the world; but they were occasion- I was no longer brave; ally mobbed, and generally excluded from the parlors of My avarice cooled, the wealthy and the seats of the mighty, until age had Like lust in the chill of the grave. ripened them and passed sentence of death on the old order of things against which they protested. The stones which grim Saxon moral, --and so the word "Hamatreya" may the builders rejected have now become the head of the cor- Saxon after all. ner, --and Emerson stands as the most precious of all this Singular, but sincere, questions are asked of a speaker building material. ose theme is Emerson. A Hungarian at Cleveland, hear- The variety of the discourse in honor of the Concord an allusion to Emerson's admiration for Louis Kossuth, sage has been truly remarkable, and it was pleasant to ites thus: "While I am interested in everything concern- see how little of the memorial was perfunctory. Here and Emerson, as he is one of my most loved teachers, yet, there a false note was struck by persons who had read a Hungarian I was particularly interested in your brief him but little or had heard some of the fables still current usion to the Hungarian patriot. Can you refer me to any- about him. But the stream of gossip concerning the tran- ng Emerson may have said or written on Kossuth? If that scendentalists tends to clarify itself, except perhaps in written in plain Anglo-Saxon, and not the regulation Em- Concord alone, where the malignity of village scandals onian style of writing, I would translate it for the Hun- still shows itself now and then in the manufacture of fresh :ian News, and thus it would find its way to hearts and fiction or the cooking over, of old inventions. The fading ads where it would be most appreciated." Of course, the out of the religious rancor which once delighted to asperse at passage is Emerson's address to Kossuth, at the spot these unexpected heretics, is perhaps the most noticeable ere the embattled farmers fired their shot, whose echo feature of the change that time has wrought in the persistent brought the Hungarian to that quiet spot. But there are intolerance of the New England character, which has now other allusions to Kossuth, --one which I cannot find, become almost too indifferent to distinctions in religion ngly indexed as "X. 311, other relates to the and morals. Hence the coldness with which good people ompt suggestion of a low motive, for example, that hear of the outrages on liberty and justice at the Philippines, ssuth "made a handsome thing of it" in visiting America. and the disheartening tendency to overlook the meanest The arrangements for the revived School of Philosophy sort of thieving on a grand scale, such as Moody Merrill Concord (July 13-31), and Boston, are nearly completed, and other violators of financial trust have been practicing it remains to assign the lecturers to the morning in for years and are still growing richer by, as in the case cord or the evening in Boston. There will be a few of Rockefeller and the railroad and trust magnates. all meetings in Concord at the Hillside chapel, where the mer lectures were given; but the larger audiences will (345) May 30, 1903. SANBORN REPORTS ON HIS et either in the Unitarian church vestry, seating 200, or WESTERN TRIP OF APRIL AND MAY. he town hall, seating 500. Lectures in addition to those eady announced will be by Rev. Charles G. Ames, on Having completed a circuitous tour of more than 5000 e sources of Emerson," and by E. D. Mead on "Emer- miles by railroad trains (with the slight exception of 100 's message in education." Among the speakers or miles from Detroit to Cleveland by steamboat) during the ters of reminiscence for the memorial meetings will be months of April and May, it occurs to me to sum up the Jones of Illinois, T. M. Johnson of Missouri, Rev. A. observations made, which have not already got into print Alcott of Minneapolis, F. M. Holland of Concord, Mrs. in letters from different points on the way. I had been D. Cheney, Rev. A. W. Jackson and others. The over much of this same ground nearly 47 years ago (in the ets for the celebration at Concord on Monday are prac- summer of 1856), and still more of it in recent years, lly all given out for the afternoon reserved seats, and since 1874; but the enormous changes of even a quarter- :e will be but few vacant places when the doors are century in this rapidly-growing republic of ours make the own open to the public at 3 o' clock. The children's states of the West and Northwest seem like new ground to :ical concert in the forenoon will also be crowded, from the tourist. Every prominent public character whom I sent appearances. met or heard of in 1856 has passed away, most of them 20 years ago, and the political situation which I then en- 344) May 28, 1903. HOW EMERSON AND HIS "HERET- countered, and in which I had a certain activity, has equally L" COMPANIONS WERE PERSECUTED--SOME GOS- disappeared, except for some consequences that now great- IGNORANCE AND MALICE LINGER IN THE CENTEN- ly disturb the public equanimity, North and South, East L RESPONSE. and West. My errand in 1856 was to promote the exclusion of negro slavery from Kansas, and to check the arrogance he world is still made up of many sinners and a few of the oligarchy of slavemasters and their political and its, --the latter mostly recognized only after death. mercantile allies of serfs at the North, arrogance then as ancient sage of Siena who proposed to reward one of noisy and silly as has lately been the insolence of the trust- benefactors by first putting him to death fed and tariff-gorged oligarchy that controls the republican then worshiping him as a saint, has had many success- party at present, and has led the administration into the as well as many precursors. Those whose sepulchers absurd cul de-sac of the Philippine invasion. We kept Jews built up, after stoning to death the tenants of such slavery out of Kansas, and forced the slave-masters into bs, were earlier examples of the same glorification; open rébellion against the Union, as they had long been in the martyrs in all ages have had the like fate. Emer- real hostility to its fundamental Jeffersonian principles. and his heretical companions were not put to death by This brought about the abolition of slavery, half a century on, because that mode of glorifying God had gone out sooner than most of us had hoped to welcome it, and re- Bib 1/07 oofing THE Which All ETHICAL RECORD oofings PERCIVAL CHUBB, Editor Judged VOL. IV JUNE-JULY, 1903 No. 5 ELVE YEARS rs at the CONTENTS the World Emerson's Presiding Idea 175 Lesists alike the By Prof. Edward Dowden cold of Alaska. Channing, Emerson, Parker 177 f. By John White Chadwick Emerson as a Reformer 181 by By William M. Salter Company Personal Reminiscences of Emerson 182 INNATI BOSTON By S. Burns Weston BURG PARIS Separate Insert: Portrait of Emerson on Japan Paper NEY Emerson's Interpretation of Nature and the Natural Life 184 By Percival Chubb Emerson's Influence in Germany 188 emetery By Wilhelm Spohr The Emasculation of Emerson 189 The Emerson Centennial at Concord and Boston 191 Emerson's Prophecy 193 IAN Ethical Discipline in the Church of Rome 194 By Joseph McCabe ty for Ethical Culture The Need of a Civic Parliament and an Inter-Municipal League 197 By Charles Sprague Smith Outline of a Course of Ethical Instruction 198 ROAD, Books That Concern Us 202 Work of the New York Society for Ethical Culture 210 ntral Depot THE ETHICAL RECORD, a magazine of practical ethics, is published bi-monthly, except o 1,000 sq.ft. August-September. It appeals to all those who are interested in the treatment of the prob- cemetery are lems of personal and social life from the ethical point of view. Its contributors are not 0 to $1,000. confined to adherents of the Ethical Movement, but include those who are especially quali- S for Societies fied to dcal with current issues from this standpoint. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.-One dollar a year, with Lecture Supplement (10 issues), payable in ATION advance; foreign postage, 25 cents extra. Twenty cents a copy, including Lecture Supple- ment. SPECIAL OFFER TO SUBSCRIBERS.-By arrangement with the publisher, we are able to introller offer the two publications-the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS, published quarterly ($2.50), at the joint subscription rate of Three Dollars per year. EST 42D STREET MANUSCRIPTS, books for review, newspapers, etc., should be addressed to the Editor. Street BUSINESS communications should be addressed to THE ETHICAL RECORD. Rates for adver- tising on application. THE ETHICAL RECORD, 48 East 58th Street, New York The Ethical Record 191 93 The Emerson Centennial at 16. Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer, "The American Woman's Debt to Emerson." Concord. I7. Prof. Kuno Francke, "Emerson's Debt to Germany and Germany's Debt to Emer- son." The detailed program of the Memorial 20. Edwin D. Mead, "Emerson's Message in School to be held at Concord and Bos- Education." ton this summer, under the auspices of 21. Rev. Charles E. Jefferson, "Emerson and Carlyle." ent the Free Religious Association of 22. Dr. Edward W. Emerson, "The Religion of be, er- America, of which Emerson was one of Emerson." on the founders and vice-presidents, is as 23. Prof. Charles F. Richardson, "Emerson's nd Place in American Literature." elf follows: 24. Percival Chubb, "Emerson's Spiritual he The school will open on Monday, Leadership in England." r- July I3, and continue three weeks. 27. Prof. -Nathaniel Schmidt, "Emerson and at Oriental Thought." d There will be thirty lectures, covering 28. Charles Malloy, "The Sphinx." e- the various aspects of Emerson's life e, 29. Rev. John W. Chadwick, "The Simpler in .and work. The morning lectures will be Emerson." a- given in Concord at IO o'clock in the 30. Moorfield Storey, "Emerson and the Civil :O War." al Town Hall, where Emerson himself lect- 31. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, "A Century from al the Birth of Emerson." h ured SO many times; and the evening S lectures in Boston at 7.45 o'clock in EVENING LECTURES IN BOSTON d .1 Huntington Hall, Massachusetts Insti- I3. Pres. Jacob Gould Schurman, "The Phi- 1 tute of Technology. Two afternoons losophy of Emerson." 14. Rev. Samuel M. Crothers, "The Poetry of f will be devoted to Memories of Emer- Emerson." son, by men and women who were per- I5. Frank B. Sanborn, "Emerson and the Con- sonal friends of the great thinker; and cord School of Philosophy." there will be throughout the period of 16. George Willis Cooke, "Emerson and the Transcendental Movement." the school special Sunday services, with 17. Rev. Samuel A. Eliot, "Emerson and Har- sermons or addresses by eminent lovers vard." 20. William R. Thayer, "Emerson's Gospel of of Emerson. Individualism." The time for the commemoration has 21. Dr. Francis E. Abbot, "Emerson the Anti- been fixed SO as best to accommodate imperialist or Prophet of the Natural Rights of Man." the great number of teachers and stu- 22. Rev. R. Heber Newton, "Emerson the dents from all parts of the country who Man." will come to Boston early in July to at- 23. Henry D. Lloyd, "Emerson's Wit and Huinor." tend the convention of the National Ed- 24. William M. Salter, "Emerson's Aim and ucational Association. Method in Social Reform." 27. Rabbi Charles Fleischer, "Emerson, the Address, for any required information, Seer of Democracy." the Secretary of the Committee, David 28. Rev. Benjamin F. Trueblood, "Emerson Greene Haskins, Jr., 5 Tremont Street, and the Inner Light." 29. William Lloyd Garrison, "Emerson and the Boston, Mass., of whom tickets may be Anti-Slavery Movement." ordered by mail; price for both series, 30. Prof. A. E. Dolbear, "Emerson's Thought in Relation to Modern Science." $5, or, for one only, $3, or, for single 3I. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, "Emerson's lectures, 35 cents. Gospel for his Own Time and for Ours." MORNING LECTURES IN CONCORD A man is relieved and gay when he July. I3. Rev. Charles Gordon Ames, "The Sources has put his heart into his work, and of Emerson." done his best; but what he has said or 14. Rev. Charles F. Dole, "Emerson the Puri- done otherwise, shall give him no peace. tan." R. W. EMERSON. I5. Joel Benton, "Emerson with Nature." HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE May 15, 1905. Dear Mr. Dorr:- I meant to come to the meeting of the Tavern Club on the evening of May 1st, but was prevented by callers at the last moment. I have seen some of Mr. Gleason's photographic work and know its merit. I was sorry to miss the pleasure you offered me. Your kind note of April 25th ought to have been answered at the time, but I was quite overwhelmed with work that week. Very truly yours, Charles A. Elion George B. Dorr, Esq. Plastering has begun are are Emerson Hall. the do not with to hurry the work . Harvard Gazette: This month in Harvard history Page 1 of 1 Search the Gazette Gazette Harvard University search HOME : On ON CAMPUS Prev issues Contact us Harvard News Office Campus Current Issue: May 09, 2002 HARVARD GAZETTE ARCHIVES News This month in Harvard history News, events, features May 21, 1890 - A University statute combines faculty of the Lawrence Scientific School with the College Faculty (which is the same as the Graduate School Faculty) to Science/Research form the 62-member Faculty of Arts and Sciences. There are 12 Divisions, with larger Latest scientific ones broken down into Departments. findings May 30, 1901 - Memorial Day. The Harvard Lampoon distributes its first parody of Profiles The Harvard Crimson (which never publishes on Memorial Day). The people behind the university May 25, 1905 - On Ralph Waldo Emerson's birthday, Harvard dedicates Emerson Hall (the first building in America devoted exclusively to philosophy) by hosting a national meeting of the American Philosophical Association. The then-large sum of $208,485 was Community needed to build and equip the hall. The Philosophy Department had previously functioned Harvard and in locations scattered around the College. neighbor communities - From the Harvard Historical Calendar, a database compiled by Marvin Hightower Sports Scores, highlights, upcoming games On Campus Newsmakers, notes, students, police log Copyright 2002 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College Arts Museums, concerts, theater Calendar Two-week listing of upcoming events http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.09/02-history.html 12/3/2002 12/16/05 avard in ren is December 6. ,903. year Mr. Dorn have Nine honor to invo the 5 Tan to the opening of incersor Fall for the building of which we have 2- greatly for thank your generous energy. there will be R luncheon given by the businessing at the Harvard him in fn Wednesday December 27. Tax liclock and a meeting in the large HUA. Haward u. subsouption Records Subscription for 1901-1905 2 lecture room of Fusreon Here at 2:50 3a Resident For and I herror will yeak and the will enter who faint devate . tear my traly your EVENING AMANSOKIIT. WEDNESDAL. 20. lettler were always known to wh and provided for. SCHOOL AND COLLEGE left head, outcome of our The woman, al the time the head of the the report eage, pasts family. was rather an unsatisizotory per- thousand that they $ the son. but Lately had neemed to restine her WARVARD UNIVERSITY thing w Batter cursives we have tought m of the responsibilities more, and under the guid. Catalogue Shows a them w do." We are asing study is becom. ance of the visitor, was making an effort Hall to no Recorred sm and methods or teaching which and more to Improve the conditions of the family. Graduate School-Botter Service in feetly unds. MY. Gregory mays the teach menseing As soon, however, as the money from the Handall Hall-The Hisginson me of magnage to characterized ttaim. The appeal came-more, probably, than she has flom utter lock of purpose. Such charge the unem- over eeen at any one time in her Wienher in of Lin. The Harvard University catalogue is. not be made against any other study, attitude changed complexely. If people Mr. Greens supports that the teachers were so ready to come to her assistance, qued today shows total enrolment of arches and discover the favorite offers of thats ma why should n't they? What was the use of 0141, a decrease of aixty-aix from last Halfour in working hard and doing without things year. This total Includes 554 instructors, drea and concentrate their efforts upon rutation of 144 Administrative officers. 422 Radellife them This would revolutionism our m of reller she wanted when money could be had for poesless grammar work, he maya Dylll w emains to the asking? The visitor is now unable to students, and 1076 summer school en- rolments. In the university proper, in- recommended as another remedy. It also 11 ministry rely on what the woman rays She has b- is suggested that the child be made so no cluding the graduate schools of divisity. (ion. come Indifferent about helping hereels. hav. cover his own errors and make the m law, medicine, dentistry and Bussey In- of unem. ing declined a steady piece of work because rections when It to possible. and that more stitute, the number is 3945, or 191 less troduction It was 'inconvenient' to take it. In this oral work should be done In the also than last year. or the university total. 1 processes CITA It WAS possible for us in actually prove 1166 are in the professional schools and rooms. Correlation of language study with adoption the harm resulting from making such 2707 under the department of arta and other studies is recommended. The change long de- public appeals." sciences. which shows a decrease of 10d on the part of the teachers, says Mr. Greg- tries once Harvard College has 1899 men, the ory, is not merely or even principally one and Ger- In recent public discussions of the Im- Lawrence Scientific School 504, and the of method. but of conception. so far as an eco- information problem organized labor has been Graduate School 394, twenty-eight more this method of teaching Language has been country. Organized criticized for Hisshort. than last year. which, outside the Bussey carried out in Cheimea under th, direction in meth. sighted and ungener- Labor and Institute in the only Increase in the uni- of the superintendent It has been successful, labor to A ous course in demand- versity. In Harvard College there are states the report. has neen Immigration of Immigration The ing further restriction 212 seniors, 417 juniors, BOY sophomores. The resignation of Miss Carolyn M. Ger- ny of the 355 freshmen, and The 20. rish. teacher of rhetoric and composition in pripe from criticism is not weil taken. The leaders of organized labor, in following their in- normal mize of the sophomore class is due the high school. was received and accepted with this to the official enrolment In that claus of and Mixz Emily C. Robbine of Cambridize adustr.ed sunet of self-protection are advancing a men who still have unsatianed entrance was elected to the place. Miss Carrish has sion. The miller that in demanded by the Interests conditions. accepted n position In this city combined of the nation at large Their academic and capitalistic critics are really taking the Other features of the catalogue are RADCLIFFE COLLEOF. o! land short-nighted and ungenerous course in detailed Information concerning the In- further 10 opposing further restriction of Immigra- crease In tuition for men wishing to take The Cheral Club to Give a Concert to yed. Re. tion. extra work or to finish in three years, Mrs. Agmasin-Meetings and Notre unemploy. and the new system of assigning yard. Tomorrow afternoon the Choral Club is brarian of The fundamental purpose of trade-unlon- too give a concert to Mrs. Aguasis st her 1sm. stripped of its excrescences, 18 to pro- rooms without preference to seniors In Service. Holworthy, Hollis and Stoughton halls, house. Mrx. Aganstz has been seriously iii tect and Advance the standard of living of the working class. The success of the as has been the custom heretofore. The and able to ACC only a few friends. The rity that method of increase In tuition, although club. will sing Christmas carols and some labor movement as far as this larger aim Is T5, men. spout Time, concerned is vital to the permanence of equalizing in its results. seems to some "serious and some merry songs." It shows democratic civilization. Now the greatest undergraduates to strike where it can the love that the Hadcliffe girls bear to .nd work. least well be borne-at the man of Mrs. Akassiz and the interest she has in unskilled. menace to the working class standard of limited means who is trying to Anish them. ie unions living at the present time Is the Immense (MR) have volume of low-grade immigration that is his work In three years in order not to Tomorrow the Cambridge Latin School loyed: 8.9 coming to this country. Here 18 the most undergo the expense of the fourth year. Club will hold a social meeting in the threatening obstacle in the path of or- Conant Hall, the corporation has de. Agassiz House DA, want ganized labor. The leaders of organized elded to reserve for men in the graduate The Radeliffe and Harvard students who ractically labor are absolutely right In calling for school, and plans for a large living-room: are to remain in Cambridge over the Christ- , be 20 11 legislation in protest the working class are being considered in order to have mas holidays are Invited to President Ellot's 1.1 in the against this danger. Indeed. the wonder some hall in which graduate organiza- house on the evening of Dec. 24 15 very is that they have been 80 slow in waking tions can properly meet. Steam heat and The class of 1908 will give a Christmas diminish- up to the vital importance of the immigra- electric lights will be Introduced and a miracle play on Jan. 6. for the benefit of 11 kinds. tion question. small kitchen to prepare light suppers. the Library Fund, which now amounts to ! loses his The opponents of restrictive legislation Five hundred dollars has already been over $57,000. Several small bequests have liable to seem not 10 recognize the fact that changed subscribed toward furnishing the living- been added to the fund lately. and it is workman conditions call for altered governmental room with furniture, pictures. maga- hoped to complete before long the sum will be a potter in dealing with immigration. in the zines, books and newspapers. needed to secure Mr. Carnegie's gift Often earlier period of the national growth the In order to better the service at Ran- The Radellife Magazine. which is pub- pushed to hardship and the expense o: ocean travel dall Hall, and to lighten the debt of lished twice a year, In December and May, umber of imposed ineffective test of economic compe- $1500 of the last two months due to de- has just appeared for December. It has a de to the tency In the case of European immigrants creased membership, combination meals staff of five editors. two advisory editors. be be ing here. to the United States. In recent years Inc will be served besides the regular a la And three business editors, all excepting a day's moda great reduction of steerage rates and the carte dishes, and more things will be the advisory editors selected from the va- An indus- policy of assistingimmigrationor the part of cooked to order. The hours for meal; nous classes of the college. It contains mary demoral- street :0 mouth the steamship companies and the big corpo- will also be lengthened. It is hoped in much that will interest the alumnse as well school rations have practically done away with this way to attract more men to the hall. as the undergraduates. until the effect there is this safeguard against unfit immigration. The 'Varsity Club last night electel NEW NAVAL ACADEMY POLICY times. for The result is apparent in the enormous in- B. K. Stephenson, 1906. president: E. J. Ex knife and crease of cheap. assisted immigration from Dives, 1906, secretary; and W. G. Graves, Superintendent Does Net Intend to lege southern Europe. It is to meet these 1908, treasurer. Keep Midshipmen Who Do Not Care in C jumping changed conditions that new restrictive Mr. and Mrs. Francis L. Higginson HAVE for Service twent races are measures are needed. The natural barriers A reception at their home, 274 Beacor Rear Admiral Sands, U. 8. Navy. super- Chart are is the street, last evening to the students of intendent of the Naval Academy. has since sarity is Arainal undesirable Immigration have been removed: artificial restraint is Imperatively the first group at Harvard University adopted a policy which is or importance in cocalt relles he whose names were announced Monday required. In recognizing this nyed, organized the administration of the student body at n mer ven If no the great labor in taking a farsighted and statesman- evening. The greater part of the stu Annapolts He does not believe It is worth dents of the group were present. and In 11k position on this question. while keeping In the service young men Dugh full- addition gulto " number of alumni. more PR who unimit their unniness. or at leasi dis- RAUME the or less prominent In professional 111c COST FROTHINGHAM $200 Inclination, for the 1170 of a naral officer. so in the or in educational or philanthropic work. A midshipman who La handicapped with any Dr. .K himself such adverse Impression must necessarily ect. and He Makes Return of His Campaign Ex- FOR YALE'S COMMERCIAL. MUSEUM on tall of coming up to the standard of Indi- has bar- penses-Fitzgerald's Return Not Filed A Valuable Plant and Textile Collec- vidual efficiency of the commissioned per. Oui exchange extends tion from the Department el Agri- sonnel of the Navy and when A midshipman ship Yesterday indicates his dislike for the service. It in readth of culture who considered that the wisest course to pur- Yale 18 to have a commercial museum. try a ongland in No return of his campaign expenses had sue is to accept a resignation leadered un- This announcement WHS made lust night Zion been filed by Mayor-elect Pitzgerald at the der such conditions. Recently Midshipman He g bekinning the yesterday of x ship- BIMER of the any Black iiii in tust eventime Richard E. White. of the Eights California the vird ment of valuable plant ANA lorills Louin A inaile him Histrict. remighted siving as a reason that If in. (lie lumi which for $200, paid to the Republican tions from the Department of Agriculture. he fell sure that he was not sulled for the atay the relier City Committee. James J. Storrow of the The shipment. which niled two cars, was naval service and would not. despite the altem AA ori:- School Committee paid out $1800.93. Fred. placed In Herrick Hall. 11 includes the Im- advantages obtained in the six years' course North ted for the rds to in- erick. Kneeland, candidate for the Board portant of the Government ut the 11 the Naval Academy, make a good officer. the u Port militon, besides additional ich would of Aldergen, paid out eighty-six cent* for Under such conditions, Rear Admiral Sands Jamail The Harvard Crimson OPENING OF EMERSON HALL Page 1 of 1 The Harvard Crimson December 22, 1905 OPENING OF EMERSON HALL Formal Exercises Wednesday.--President Eliot and Dr. Emerson to Speak. NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED The formal opening of Emerson Hall will take place next Wednesday afternoon, at 2.30 o'clock, in the presence of the American Philosophical and Psychological Associations. Addresses will be made by President Eliot and by Dr. Emerson, the son of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Concluding the exercises the two visiting associations will hold a joint debate on "The Relations of Psychology to Philosophy and Natural Science." President G. Stanlay Hall, of Clark University, Professor Fullerton, of Columbia University, Professor Witmer, of Pennsylvania University, Professor Thilly, of Princeton University, Professor Taylor, of McGill University, and Professor Munsterberg, of the Department of Philosophy, will take part in the discussion. These exercises will be open to all members of the University and their guests. Preceding this formal opening of Emerson Hall, there will be a luncheon in the Union at 1 o'clock, given by the Corporation to the members of the visiting associations, and that evening at 9 o'clock. Professor Munsterberg will hold a reception at his residence. Professor Calkins, of Wellesley, will deliver her presidential address before the Psychological Association on Wednesday evening at 7.45 o'clock, and at 8 o'clock on the following evening Professor Dewey of Columbia University, will deliver the presidential address of the Philosophical Association. All the sessions of the two associations will be held in Emerson Hall. Emerson Hall is practically completed, and the statue of Emerson, the work of Dr. Duveneck, has been put in position in the entrance hall. The books of the philosophical library, the gift of Mr. Reginald C. Robbins '92, will be placed in the library room on the second floor within the next few days, and the equipment of the psychological laboratory, which occupies the third floor, is almost completed. Phillips Brooks House will be open every day to the visiting members of the associations from 9 to 6 o'clock and tea will be served there from 4 to 6 o'clock. By the hospitality of students in the University, nearly 50 guests will live in dormitory rooms. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1905/12/22/opening-of-emerson-hall-pthe-formal/?pri... 12/30/2011 BOSTON EVENING TRANSOR EMERSON HALL OPENED already resulted In the arrest and prodoca- tion in court of about twenty occupants of Co. tenements, has not yet brought about the desired effect. Last night seven violators It Is Harvard's New Hall of Inve of the law were arrested and there am Philosophy many more cases which will result in pros- ecution unless the persons concerned have a revulsion of ideas concerning the utility First Use of their fire escapes. Was for Philosophers' Tea ton Street Convention WANTS GUARDIAN REMOVED TO AND A Three-Days Series of Meetings J. Frank Weeks and His Wife Dissatisfied Incrt Begun with Judge Stevens's Stewardship ALLSTON, Judge McKim, in the Suffolk Probate HILL, AR- College Professors from Many States Are Court, today gave a hearing on the petition Senato praying the Court to remove from his trust BURNDALE There in this State as spendthrift guardian of J. Frank Weeks of Laconia, N. H., Judge Wil- T OF THE liam B. Stevens of the Massachusetts Su- Was Emerson Hall, the home of philosophical CE THERE study at Harvard, was used for the first perior Court. The petition is brought In experi the name of Weeks's wife and with his as- time today. The occasion was the annual or As GE VAULTS sent. Weeks's property is sufficient to into to conventions of the American Philosophica| bring in an Income of about $10,000 a year, licious Association and the American Psychologi- N FOR SIL- and the location of a considerable part of ordina cal Association, which will continue through It on the East Boston water-front accounts by thi INTEREST tomorrow and Friday and for which the for the presence of the case In the Massa- in a hall allowed plenty of room for separate chusetts courts. The petitioner, for whom box. ND OVER, meetings and all the business that is ne- Thomas W. Proctor Is counsel, relies, first, experir cessary for a big convention, even though upon the alleged fact that. occasion for a S. C. it be a convention of abstract thinkers. spendthrift guardianship no longer exists. in this Workmen were not all out of the hall, and and, second, upon measures taken by the week a another week will be required before all guardian to which Weeks and his friends tablets the furniture and exhibits for the Social strenuously object. The latter include an rector Museum and librariez are in place; but In attempt :0 remove the person of Weeks Inspect the main the building is complete, and be- from New Hampshire to Massachusetts tea con tween the papers of the morning many against his will and for the purpose of hav- of a per members of the two associations 'took occa- ing Dr. Jelly examine into his sanity. This are dar sion to look through the new building. was undertaken in 1901 by Jophannus Whit- the mo: More, even, stopped for a long look at the ney, armed with a power-of-attorney from by thos ite election. Neither bronze figure of Ralph Waldo Emerson. for Judge Stevens, but without court proceed- tablets stion of their possible whom the building Is named, in the main ings other than those establishing the It is ex office this morning, corridor of the ground floor, facing the guardianship. The Ytempt failed owing to In no R in was a trifle early. north entrance. The figure is the gift of the prompt action by the New Hampshire but the ted a director In 1901 late Francis Boot of Cambridge, and is authorities, Weeks being taken from Whit- is comp was made second vice the work of his son-In-law, the sculptor ney by force at the last station before cross- has bee 100. Duveneck. Ing the State line into Vermont. some 11: #: Chamber has been Both associations had their opening ses- J. Frank Weeks, the ward, is now sev- for the one o'clock to decide sions in the forenoon, for the discussion of onty-two years old. About fifteen years prepare plan for the nomina, papers; but the principal meeting-the for- ago he inherited a large estate from his but so officers. In all prob- mal opening of the new building-took place father, the late John S. Weeks. It appeared isfactor inks will be distributed this afternoon. At that time Professor in evidence today that, at the time, he of the Hugo Münsterberg of the philosophical de- asked General Whitney, who was a relative fill not partment, presided, and President Ellot and by marriage, to suggest some Boston at- those o Dr. Edward Waldo Emerson of Concord. torney who would look after his interests use. 00R REDUCED son of the philosopher, delivered addresses. in the Massachusetts part of his father's There were many guests of the corporation estate. One was named who did not prove present. All of these, as well as the mem- acceptable to Weeks, and then William B. Serious 10 Cambridge Overseers hers of the visiting associations, were en- Stevens was named and retained. Judge H Saving for the City tertained by the corporation at a luncheon Stevens subsequently became guardian of given in the great living room of the Har- Weeks after spendthrift proceedings in both Charge vard Union at one o'clock. The room was Massachusetts and New Hampshire, serv- Depart annual report of the delightfully adapted to the needs of the ing/ as such in both States. It appears that of Kent of the poor, which has occasion. Wood fires blazed languidly in Weeks was then addicted to hard drinking, to Fra shows most strikingly the big fireplaces at either end: armchairs was slovenly in personal appearance and bearing the line of systematic and Morris chairs were scattered invitingly careless of his means; and there is no verted with a small expendi- in the corners and along the sides; and allegation that the spendthrift proceedings his poli ginning with the past across the room toward the east end was a were not properly brought. mail h tion of the board has Many of the substantial people of Bel- channel long table from which the luncheon was ly modern lines, similar served. knap County, New Hampshire, of which offence arity organization; and For the convention of the philosophical Laconia Is the county seat, testified today, care. figures of last year's associations about one hundred teachers however, that since Weeks's second mar- is name of five years ago shows are present, representing all the principal ringe in August, 1901, he has "braced up." departn enty-five thousand dol- that he is cured of the drink habit and an office colleges In the country, with one or two "does not touch a drop," that he is neat Office guests from abroad. Among those attend- rthy feature in the re- Blackbu ing are: Professor Wilhelm Oilwald of the and cleanly in his personal habits, that he 1007 of the new hospital on University of ing AM much in both States. It appears that of Ke or the poor, which has occusion. Wood .fres blazed languldly in Weeks WILK then addicted to hard drinking, 10 shows most strikingly the big fireplaces at either end; armchairs WILL slovenly In personal appearance and bearir the line of systematic and Morris chairs were scattered Invitingly carelexs of his means; and there In no vertec with a small expendi- In the corners and along the sides; and Juning with the past allegation that the spendthrift proceedings his Dr across the room toward the east end was a lion or the board has were not properly brought. mail long table from which the luncheon was Many of the substantial people of Bel- chann modern lines, similar served. knap County, New Hampshire, of which offenc city organization; and For The convention of the philosophical figures of last year's Laconin is the county seat, testified today, care. associations about one hundred teachers if live years ago shows however, that since Weeks's second mar- in nan are present, representing all the principal riage In August, 1001, he has "braced up." depart nty-Ave thousand dol- colleges In the country, with one or two that he is cured of the drink habit and an of guests from abroad. Among those uttend- thy feature in the "dock not touch R drop," that he is neut Office Ing are: Professor Wilhelm Ostwald of the and cleanly in his personal habits, that he Black if the new hospital on University of Leipzig, Professor Thilley of ids, which was opened is bright and keen in business matters, that 1007. thirty-one patients Princeton, Professor Taylor of Montreal, his advice Is sought and respected by others tion a there, who, had they President Hall of Clark University, Pro- in the community In various transactions, they rular hospitals, would fessors Judd and Ladd of Yale, and Pro- were and, in short, that he is a good and valu- fessors James, Royce and Münsterberg o: would , Cambridge ten dol- able citizen of Laconia and is considered by separate maintenance. Harvard. About half of the delegates are his neighbors capable of taking care of his ispital are now being quartered in the rooms of Harvard under- own property and his own affairs. The wit- news is expected to be graduates, while women members have nesses to Weeks's regeneration included ear. been quartered at Radcliffe. county and city officers of Weeks's home. Highe division of the report The Philosophical Association had Its professional men, including physicians, and ity farm. During the first meeting in the lecture room on the his neighbors generally. Was $11663.83 was received ground floor of the building. Professor Much of the testimony today bore upon farm products. This John Dewey of Columbia presided, and pa.- promp the attempt of Judge Stevens, by General lightsh usi to have covered the pers were read as follows: "Swedenborg's Whitney as agent, to remove Weeks from 88 the tures. Influence on Goethe," by Frank Sewall of New Hampshire to Massachcusetts for ex- stituth city physician, is re- Pennsylvania; "The Conditions of Greatest amination as to his mental condition. This rescuer 10 2484 visits during the Progress in American Philosophy," by occurred in October, 1001, two months after Glbbs or these. 118 were 111- Dickinson S. Miller of Columbia; "The In- Weeks's marriage to his present wife. receive me, and they received fluence of American Political Theories on Judge Stevens at the time was guardian of The si visits. The relatively the Conception of the Absolute," by I. the person and property Weeks in both (thus be its paid by Dr. Brous- Woodbridge Riley of Johns Hopkins; "The States. He gave a power of attorney to Admit charitable Institutions Kantian Doctrine of God as Compared with General Whitney, who was known to tain Se hrift of the Cambridge That of Plato and Aristotle," by William Weeks, and the next day Whitney went to house 1 lome there were 198 T. Harris of the Bureau of Education at New Hampshire. He did not try to take ring the yearwo104 of Washington. This last precipitated a long his man at Laconia: but. knowing that at the last of Novem- discussion, which was of much interest to Weeks went frequently to the adjoining even deaths there; the the members. Another paper, 'Reflections town of Meredith, arranged with the Work an inmate eighty years of a Visit to the Homes of Berkeley, Hume, authorities there to send him word at IA- Farn twenty-nine. The ex- Locke and. Descartes," by Francis B. conia when Weeks made his next appear- Eigh Home were $19,986.76 Brandt of Philadelphia, was read by title ance at Meredith. Word having been re- The 57.60, leaving a balance only. ceived, Whitney drove to Mereuith and met Agricul tid by the city. This 14 Members of the Psychological Associa- Weeks in company with his wife. He said, land di 11 was expended for the tion met in a larger room up stairs, Presi- "I want you." Weeks said, "I don't wan: to the pars ago. dent Mary Whiton Calkins of Wellesley In to go with you." Whitney said, "You Survey if outside aid, the real the chair. Papers were read here as fol- must." Rhode Post : the city $19,702.77 .lows: "The Relations of Muscular Activity The upshot of the conversation was that of whic more than $46,000 five to the Mental Process," George V. N. Dear- Weeks did go with Whitney. The latter The m: tories of 450 new appli- born of Tufts Medical School; "How Can testified today, in answer to Mr. Proctor's which ooked up; and while no the Relation of the Conscious to the Sub- questions, that he did not recall that Weeks that th permitted to go in want, conscious Be Best Concelved?" Irving King or his wife asked for opportunity to consult shows ,10 were given work in- of Pratt Institute, Brooklyn; "The Senses a lawyer, or that they asked for a chance probler me hundred and sixty and Intelligence of the Japanese Dancing to confer priyately. Both these answers is chie rted In the various hos- Mouse," with demonstrations, Robert M. called out a long-drawn "Oh-h-h!" from alkali ions In or ncar Yerkes of Harvard; "Report on a Further Mrs. Weeks the petitioner, who sat with the E if these cases being sent Study of the English Sparrow and Other her husband but who had not testified. with t Hospital. Outside towns Birds," "The Habits and Instincts of Spi- Weeks was driven' to Ashland, N. H.. proper to the overseers $1308. ders," with lantern illustrations, James P. where a train was taken north, General with th I non-resident poor in Porter of Clark College: "Variations in the Whitney being headed for Vermont, as he fertility dividuals reimbursed the Nests of a Spider, with a Comment on the "anticipated that there might be trouble Bureau Measurement of the Variability of Instinct," "In to the extent of $90.JJ. in getting Weeks out of New Hampshire." es for the year, con- William Harper Davis of Lehigh Univer- This was admitted by Whitney on the stand been c of five' years ago, are as sity; "The Ant-Queen as a Psychologica! today. He referred to "two" attempts to port a Study," William Morton Wheeler of the ties of get Weeks away from him, but the suc- sell fo 1901. 1905. American Museum of Natural History: cessful one was made at Woodsville, N. H., $18,000.93 $10,702.77 "The Physiology of Consclous Experiences," which is on the New Hampshire*side of the per po Dr. Edward Cowles: "The Nature of Hyp- cents. 21,357.52 19,019.07 river, opposite Wells River, Vt. Here *180.92 13.86 being 19,598.78 22,308.39 notic and Post-Hypnotic Hallucinations, High Sheriff Arthur E. Davis of Grafton Dr. Boris Sidis; "The Psychology of Sudden County, N. H., then a deputy sheriff, who crop-( $30,983.33 $61,044.09 by the Conversion, Dr. Morton Prince. had received a telephone message from sults a Following the dedication of the building Laconia, entering the car where Whitney the cost of the removal this afternoon there was to be a joint meet- and Weeks were sitting, asked If "That was MEXI ing of the two associations, with á joint dis- Mr. Weeks." On receiving an affirmative The accounted for by the cussion on "The Affillation of Psychology reply Davis said "I want you." "You can- Americ of:the city. with Philosophy and with the Natural not have him," was Whitney's reply, and Ico, th Sciences," and Professors Münsterberg, G. he grabbed Weeks to hold him in the train. the re Stanley Hall. Frank Thilly. James R. An- Davis got help and forcibly took Weeks Murra LONGER ANXIOUS gell, A. E. Taylor and Lightner Witmer as from the train, Whitney still holding on to tigate his man and being dragged out of the car ranch speakers. In the evening at 7.43 the as- riends Say" He Will sociations will hear the annual address of with him. Davis took Weeks back to "Short e 111 Votes in. the President Mary Whiton of the Laconia on the next train. and delivered him charge the overseers $1308. ders," with lantern Illustrations, James P'. YOCKM was driven to Ammand, N. 11. propre where n train WAH taken north, General with t on-resident poor In Porter of Clark College: 'Variations in the Whitney being headed for Vermont, an he fertilit ivkdunla reimburned the Nests of IL Spicer, with a Comment on the "anticipated that there might be trouble Bureal to the extent of $00.00. Measurement of (he Variability of Instinct," In getting Weeks out of New Hampshire." "In for the year, con- William Harper Davis of Lehigh Univer- This WILH admitted by Whitney on the stand been c five years ago, are .1.3 sity; "The Ant-Quren as H Psychological today. He referred to "two" attempts to port a Study," William Morton Wheeler of the get Weeks away from; him, but the suc- ties of 1901. 1905. American Museum of Natural History: $111,000.05 $19,704.77 cessful one was made at Woodsville, N. H., sell 1c "The Physiology of Conscloux Experiences," 21,357.52 19,010.07 which IN on the New Hampshire*mide of the per po 180.02 13.80 Dr. Edward Cowles: "The Nature of Hyp- river, opposite Wells River, Vt. Here cents. 10,598.78 22,808.39 noth and Post-Hypnotic Hallucinations," High Sheriff Arthur E. Davis of Grafton being Dr. Borls Sidis; "The Psychology of Sudden $86,985.33 $01,014.09 Conversion," Dr. Morton Prince. County, N. H., then a deputy sheriff. who crop- had received a telephone message from by the Following the dedication of the building Laconia, entering the car where Whitney sults a he cost of the removal this afternoon there was to be a joint meet- and Weeks were sitting, asked If "That was MEXI accounted for by th ing of the two associations, with a joint dls- Mr. Weeks." On receiving an affirmative The the city. cussion on "The Affiliation of Psychology reply Davis said "I want you." "You can- Americ with Philosophy and with the Natural not have him." was Whitney's reply, and ico, th Sciences, and Professors Münsterberg, G. he grabbed Weeks to hold him In the train. the re ONGER ANXIOUS Stanley Hall, Frank Thilly. James R. An- Davis got help and forcibly took Weeks Murray gell, A E. Taylor and Lightner Witmer as from the train, Whitney still holding on to tigate speakers. In the evening at 7.43 the as- lends Sny He WIII his man and dragged out of the car ranch sociations will hear the annual address of e 111 Voter in the with him. Davis took Weeks back to "Short President Mary Whiton Calkins of the Laconia on the next train delivered him charge Psychological Association: and at D P. M. e.c. the re- to the sheriff of that county. Whitney went Professor and Mrs. Munsterberg will receive MONU Merritt to give up the along. As a matter of courtesy he accepted the members of the associations and guests Secre vernor,Higgins and his service of habeas corpus proceedings, at their house, 7 Ware street. Meetings to- day, though at the time he had not the body of contest. as practically morrow will begin promptly at 9 A. M. Ship Weeks in his custody. There was a hear- upon B. B. Odell, Jr., which ing, and later another. At the second hear- us factor in the Repub- SHOE CONCERN ASSIGNS bers a ing Judge Stevens was present. State. "It has passed Mayor Weeks was not taken to Massachusetts, ty," Governor Higgins Presid the estimate of Wads- and later, in July, 1002, the New Hampshire Hathaway, Soule & Harrington to Go Into tyrs A courts appointed John B. Morrill to suc- based on pledges re- and a with will have at least Liquidation-Creditors Likely to Be Paid ceed Judge Stevens as Weeks's guardian chosen In New Hampshire. Weeks now seeks to the Republican caucus in Full have the Massachusetts guardianship taken ARBIT is Governor Higgins's from Judge Stevens Judge Stevens is op- With ed to Merritt's charge New Bedford, Dec. 27-The shoe factory bosevelt is seeking to posing the (petition and Is represented by pects of Hathaway, Soule & Harrington. which IC Republican organiza-, Augustus Hemenway, who is personally try- Pan-A assigned yesterday for the benefit of credi- ing the case. The trial Is unfinished. of an Ohio and Connecticut. tors, was running as usual today. The com- voted the slightest Indication pany's affairs are now in charge of assignee MOVES IN HUMMEL CASE disput desires to take control Thomas F. Dolan. The embarrassment is hemis aid, "and I am not de- described as a liquidation rather than a vor o DES not need it. Question of Court's Right to Release failure. It is expected that all the credi- about Him on Ball to Be Argued Saturday 27-B. B. Odell, Jr., has tors, particularly banks and large business duties New York, Dec. "27-Abraham, H. Hum- first d will issue another state- concerns, will be paid in full. mel. the lawyer convicted of conspiracy in 'resident Roosevelt and At a meeting of the Hathaway, Soule & the Dodge Morse divorce case, and released A concerning the collection Harrington Corporation, boot and shoe on $10,000 ball, was rearrested yesterday. is during the national manufacturers of this city and Boston, He was released again immediately on $10,- Electe ir. Odell explained to It was voted to make the assignment 000 new /ball on a writ of habeas corpus. Mr. Wadsworth, in his for the benefit of the ceditors. Thom- Hummel was sentenced to a year's impris- be elected without the as F. Dillon of Boston was named as as- onment and $300 fine after his conviction he Republican members signee. The concern has an office at 113 last week, but secured a writ to show cause om Kings and Queens Coun- Lincoln street, Boston, and a large fac- why certificate of reasonable doubt made Wadsworth has n't any- tory in this city. The firm is one of the should not be issued. His rearrest yester- tion 1 support of these dele- best known in the shoe trade of New Eng- day was made while this writ was .pending Childr I do not believe he will land. and by agreement of his counsel. Hummel held The amount of the liabilities is not was arrested in order. that the district at- treast known. The last statement made 'to torney might question the 'right of the show the secretary of state on Sept. 6, 1905, shows Supreme Court to admit him to bail. This pendi mbed Down Chimney assets of $587,860, and liabilities of the question will-1 argued next Saturday. $5041. ually did climb down a same amount. been Mt. Hope Home, West About six years ago the company consoll- was dated its factories in Middleboro and Cam- ening. although It was electe and commodious chim- pello with those in this city, and at that Men in general Pre time incurred a heavy debt, which has been purposely for the occa- dent. carried ever since. Much of this 'Indebted- III was the St. Nicholas women in particular F. ness Is held by local banks as well as banks resents- and good things Steve in Boston, while among other creditors are H.B was astonishing to sec. leather dealers in Boston. enjoy toothsome Willia by the singing of carols The president of the company Is former fter which children and luncheon Alexa Senator Rufus A. Soule, who assumed of- F. W the main hall and saw fice from the death of Savory C. Hathaway. ed. Another Christ- NOTHING EQUALS Houg Mr. Soule has not been particularly active Rober as in the vestry of the in the business of the company in the past May, er-of-Berkeley and Marl- few years, the devolving upon childrenial the sun- around n beautiful tree Grape-Nuts Wafers ert Hervers Chane urer. Willia ons and gifts. Here, too, sung and everybody Determined to Block Fire-Escapes The Exquisite Nibble Augu In the, North and West Ends the police kinson Professor Fenn, who minit for Sun- are making f mar: Capy Harvard Graduate magau v.14 (1905-06) Edward W. Emerson. 1906.] Emerson and Schulars. 383 EMERSON AND SCHOLARS. Mr. President, Officers of the College, Scholars, Ladies and Gentle- men: The University has thought fit to give to this Hall, given by the loving hands of many, the name of a scholar who eighty-eight years ago came here looking to her for food for growth of his mind and his soul. His hereditary destiny seemed to be that for which our Puritan fathers founded this college - Christo et Ecclesiae laborare but, heedless of the Eastern oracle, 'Enlarge not thy destiny." he soon passed on to the broader worship - and work - for the truth, the eternal VERITAS. Because I bear his name I am bidden by your committee to answer for it to-day. Honored by their confidence, I will say what seems to me the appropriate word, of Emerson's years of study, its blossom in Thought and its fruit in Action; also recall some words of his own on the privi- leges and the resulting duties of scholars and of universities. When he was born, the habits, alike of rich and poor. were simpler, discipline and - more important - the ideals of youth other than those most prevalent now. Wealth was rare work universally expected. Soul came first, then Mind, last Body. The invisible world seemed near and real. The eternal might well outweigh the transient. The Bible-reading at home awakened children's imagination and dig- nified their conceptions. Not crammed with juvenile literature, their hungry minds turned with eager appetite to stories of heroes of sword or gown, as chronicled by Plutarch, as created by Shakespeare or Scott, and in following Imagination's flight - their range of thought thus widened, their taste refined they came through "Paradise Lost" to "Comus" and "Samson," and then to Milton's stately prose and to Bacon, to real pleasure in the Greek tragedians, and at last to Plato. Heroic ethics, thought, subtle but charming by its expression - these things were brought into boys' dreams - which are a very real part of their lives - by the Humanities, well styled by the fathers. The university existed to confirm the attributes which crowned the erect human animal over the creeping brotherhood. All who nimed at culture must take these studies, and for the enjoyment of them, which was his right in the school and in college, the boy then had time enough. Recent years had not let in the torrent of scientific knowledgn in all branches which now, though dealing mostly with matter, demands 80 much of the young scholar's time. Civics, government, political economy, sociology were not taught as such, but preacher, teacher, and parent strove to inculcate the great laws of conduct applicable and fundamental in all alike. Games were for recreation and fun and attendance on them as the spirit moved. I Address at the opening of Emerson Hall, December 27, 1905. 384 Emerson and Scholars. [March, Thus our young scholar came to this storehouse of learning under con- ditions favorable to his type. The curriculum was not exacting nor op- pressive, and only mathematics formidable and distastful to him. Though he learned later, from Plato, respect for geometry, and "because of its elegance," this pleasure was, I think, purely theoretical. But the classics were congenial, the professor's simple experiments in physics during lectures even pleasing, and set the youth thinking on the analo- gies in life. Declamation in the doing, or hearing, was alike delightful to him, and as for themes and forensics, why, writing had been for years his pastime. There were socio-convivial clubs, for one of which, the Pythologian, young Emerson wrote the Anacreontics, but the literary. ele- ment was in them. In those days the college room was mainly a study. Room alone Keep a journal: these were the rules Mr. Emerson gave to earnest scholars. The dawning winter morning sometimes found the boy writing at his tall desk. But the spirit that provoked this writ- ing was his reading at the college library, a treasure-house for him. He knew what food he needed and browsed there at will. He, as later his friend Henry Thoreau, adopted for himself an elective system, neg- lecting such portions of the ironclad curriculum as he found unprofitable, thereby incurring censure and getting just that which afterwards justi- fied to him his college life. Mr. Emerson's scholarship may well be questioned by those who mean by that word exhaustive study and thorough mastery of a subject. He was humble and sat al. the feet of many masters, great and simple, but when the keyword was uttered, or the suggestive experiment done, or the right solution to the problem in hand furnished, whether by word or stroke, straightway he dropped the book and departed. He became haughty, for the thought given to him, or the meaning symbolized by a familiar fact, commanded him to use it, express it in word or in life. He read the book till he found the one thought, or the one line of poetry, it had for him, then dropped it. He read, as he said, "for lustres," and to set his own wheel going then he must work. But the mother-wit of an Irish girl, the shrewd courage of a hump-backed hostler, the confidence of a State Street merchant, the farmer's dealing with the clod, the chemist's with the crystal, were as suggestive to him as a page of Goethe. He praised a friend's bock, admitting that he perhaps heeded little the things said; - "These were opinions, but the tone was the man." A college-mate, later a well-known educator, said, "I don't like to read and don't remember what I read, but what you read or quote to me I never forget." Mr. Emerson once said to an impertinent book-agent, " Young man, it is n't for you to tell me what to read. I read for other people." 1906.] Emerson and Scholars. 385 In college he had great joy in the wider opening of new chambers of thought by Plato. A certain magnanimity of the college is shown by giving to this Hall of Philosophy the name of a man who, lecturing on the Natural History of the Intellect, said, "Who has not looked into a metaphysical book? And what sensible man ever looked twice?" This was an extreme statement. He could not follow systems. Yet in college he seems to have had some interest in Dugald Stewart's views, and found, in later life, pleasure in parts of J. Hutchinson Stirling's 'Secret of Hegel." I do not mean, however, that he did not in early life read more or less in other works on philosophy. Yet he thought a true work on meta- physics could in time be written, should every thoughtful man jot down his real mental experiences, as points awaiting the great curve which should at last be drawn through these, even though, as in the hyperbola, sometimes the values might give points beyond the sphere of our mental reach. For Mr. Emerson's philosophy seens more like that of the men we strangely call the ancients- why not the youths ? - since they lived when, in a sense, the earth was young. In those morning days in larger Hellas, religion, poetry, art, and philonophy were not separated. There was no dull classification and the terminology was simple and beautiful as poetic minds could make; or better, they symbolized their highest thought. In later years Mr. Emerson wrote, " Philosophy will one day be taught by poets. The poet is in the natural attitude. Hei is believing the philosopher, after some struggles, having only reasons for believing." We find Emerson, a young minister of twenty-six years, reading De Gérando and noting that the Pythagoreans taught Virtue is a harmony," and he delighted to find that Heraclisus had maintained the harmony, even of contraries, - that revelation of balance in the universe which a stupid sermon had struck out of his boyish head in the cold church, - his doctrine of compensation. He read on to find that, five centuries before the Christian era, that consoling Master taught that the invisible harmony is better than the visible. The recognition of the One in All, the All in One (as against the savagi dualism that crops out in certain kinds and groups of serious men from earliest times until this year of grace), he credits in a poem to Xenuphanes, and to it we owe also the poem 'Each and All." The beautiful fable of Proteus appears as an illustration again and again in the Esmays. Its older forms, Heraclitus's doctrine of The Flowing," and, in the Ancient East, that of, "Illusions" strongly appealed to him. The teaching of the "Universal Mind," the Over-Soul," which might be called the warp of the tapestry into which he wove his pictures of man and nature, is briefly put in a sentence of 386 Emerson and Scholars. [March, the wisdom of the East which I once heard from Sister-Niverdita, an English woman devoted to good works there "The dewdrop slips into the shining sea. Now the illusion was that thou art the dewdrop - thou art the limitless ocean." When he found even the light chains of the Unitarian Church beginning to gall and cramp him. and SOFTOW came too with its problems, the yearn- ing arose in him to return to nature, leaving systems behind and making books secondary. So the gladly came to Concord and set up there his home not far from an ancient wood. He went thither alone and looked, and the ancient earth was Like its beads of dew, Or dew-bent violets, fresh and new, An exhalation of the time. A Natura naturans indeed, but not like that of the Schoolmen. Quick and flowing in bud and root and brook and cloud, - he looked upon it, and straightway found himself in the stream. I see the jaundation sweet, I hear the spending of the stream Through years, through men, through Nature fleet, Through love and thought, through power and dream. All that he saw was writ in the Demotic characters, but the interpret- ing pine-tree sung it into the Hieratic and he understood, and week by week through his life came to the oracle. It was ever favorable. But (true to the old method, at Dodona and at Delphi) it shed light, but answered indirectly. In his book "Nature" he reported what he heard, and soon after in his Phi Beta Kappa speech appealed to the young scholar to look for himself, not through others' eyes to "heed what the morning says and believe that;" act on its inspiration with nature's own franknens and sweetness, and share it with others. The speech won him fame and acceptance; but next year, for his earnest plain-speaking to the :roung divines, he was condemned by the niost of the faculty of the College and of the clergy of the region. The whole story is told in sublimed fashion in the poem " Uriel." The archangel of the Sun from his central position sees the infinite distances and the slow returns of the heavenly bodies, and startles saints and seraphs by his word,- Line in Nature is not found. Unit and Universe are round. In vain produced, all rays return Evil will bless, and ice will burn. Like the angel, the daring writer but told what he saw and Withdrew that hour into his cloud. It seemed for the time 80 lowering that he considered whether his speak- 1906.] Emerson and Scholars. 387 ing and writing could longer find hearens, and he must not win his bread from the ground. But the ferment worked, And now and then truth speaking things Shamed the angels' veiling wings. The doctrine that Evil was but perversion, and that Sin might have its uses in the long run, and that from the moment of its commission it began to work its own cure, began to seem more reasonable than the cherished " original sin," and surely a better working belief for the friend and helper of the poor sinner. Strangely enough, in the conditions of the newspapers of that day, these heresies, which so ruffled the pool in Cambridge and Boston, made so little impression at the more strictly orthodox colleges- - excepting Yale in New England, that their young men, year by year, invited this dangerous perverter to address their literary societies, and the faculty seldom objected. As is observed in concerts, the music of the Master- player can be heard farther than the loud orchestral accompaniment. Again, "the tone was the man." Mr. Emerson had faith in the young, but held them to high standards. These invitations pleased him and he went "in the hope of saying something that shall stick by the good boys." He said that to this school-boy under the bending dome of day" might come the suggestion "that he and it proceeded from the same root, one the leaf and one the flower relation, sympathy striving in every vein. And what is that root? Is not that the Soul of his soul The cry of Atheism, which at first was heard, soon was modified to Pantheism, and-reprobated as such in his doctrine of the Universal Mind or the Over-Soul, though hardly distinguishable, except for its fresh pre- sentation, from that of "Him in whom we live and move and have our being," which the objectors taught. The poem "Brahma," when, years later, it appeared, was held to be the high-water mark of Transcendental obscurity. I am told that a teacher once asked the children of her school each to learn one of Emerson's poeme. She expected the Rhodora," "The Mountain and the Squirrel," or "Each and All." A little girl came in and recited "Brahma." The surprised teacher asked, Why? The child said she found she could n't; understand most of the poems she tried, but this was easy ;-"It just meant God everywhere." Mr. Emerson early and late maintained that the scholar has drawn the white lot in life." In earnest he thus stated the worth of life after the mind has opened its conduits to the fountain of all life and light man can see the correspondences in mind and matter, and hence in planet or in crystal read a higher law. "For privileges so rare and 80 great," he says, 'let him not stint to pay a great tax. Let him be a cenobite, a pauper, and, if need be, a celibate also. Let him learn to eat his meals 388 Emerson and Scholars. [March, standing, and to relish the taste of fair water and black bread. He must live in a chamber and postpone his self-indulgence, forewarned and fore- armed against that frequent misfortune of men of genius, a taste for lux- ury." He and his brothern had known the compensations of poverty. Results are expected from a mind freed from ignorance and supersti- tion. Mr. Emerson held the instructed to their duty. He expressed to the young scholars his hope "that each person whom I address has felt his own call to cast aside all evil customs, timidities, and limitations, and to be in his place a free and helpful man." And so he sat him down in a quiet river-town, a helpful, friendly man. No profit came from the small farm in his hands. He earned his living by his lectures, in cities at first, but soon the lyceums spread through New England to all the raw towns of the prairie and pineries, and the ports of the great continental rivers. It should be remembered that all the essays, from "Farming" and Works and Days" to "Illusion," the Over-Soul," and "Spiritual Laws," were written for delivery to miscel- laneous audiences. Herman Grimm said that Emerson resembled Shake- speare "in that he can be read without preparation." It was truly "philosophy for the people." He never " came down to their level," as the unhappy phrase runs, but held that To clothe the fiery thought In simple words succeeds, For still the craft of genius is To mask a king in weeds. And so, where he was called once and acted thus, he was almost invari- ably called again, and helped those who toiled with hands and brain by Clothing the palpable and the familiar With golden exhalations like the dawn. But soon the skies over the Republic began to darken; a question was presented to the conscience of every citizen who had been instructed in matters human and divine. As, in his first manhood, the young minis- ter had not hesitated to cleave to God against the name of God," 80 now, when the eager leaders of the Southern people brought the hitherto remote question of slavery to his door, requiring him on occasion to be a man-hunter, he instantly took his stand in the front rank of civic opposi- tion. "There was infamy in the air," he said, "which robbed the land- scape of its beauty and took the sunshine out of every hour." He has been called a "seer," and this is what he saw, and said, in 1851 "The Union is at an end so soon as an immoral law is enacted, and he who writes a crime into the statute-book digs under the foundations of the Capitol to plant there a powder-magazine, and lays a train." He warned his countrymen in these words: "The habit of oppression cuts out the 1906.] Emerson and Scholars. 389 moral eyes, and though the intellect goes on simulating the moral as be- fore, its sanity is gradually destroyed. It takes away the presentiments." In ten years his word came true. When he spoke the words, he was a marked man in Boston as belonging to the despised minority who held for honor and humanity rather than for the smooth and easy prosperity of complicity in wrong. In 1863 the overwhelming majority was with him. But he still was holding the rising generation to the privilege of their calling. At their literary festivals he said to them words as appro- priate to-day as ever: "I cannot forgive a scholar his homeless despondency. He represents intellectual and spiritual force. I wish him to rely on the spiritual arm to live by his strength, not by his weakness. A scholar defending the oause of slavery, of arbitrary govern- ment, of monopoly, of the oppressor, is a traitor to his profession. He has ceased to be a scholar. He is not company for clean people. The worst times only show him how independent he is of times only believe and bring out the splendor of his priv- ilege." When the Fugitive Slave Law was passed, the scholars (who all were taught Greek in those days by the wisdom of our fathers) could recall the thrill with which, as sophomores, they had read the brave Antigone's reply to Creon, with death before her eyes: Nor did I think thy pro- clamation, mortal as thou art, had power to outweigh the unwritten and secure laws of the Gods, for these are not matters of now and yesterday, but always were - and no man knows whence they came." Again Mr. Emerson warned the young scholars against the renegades to truth. "Sincerity," he said, is in dangerous times discovered to be of immeasurable ad- vantage. Very little reliance must be put on the common stories that circulate of this great senator's or that great barrister's learning, their Greek, their varied literature. That ice won't bear. Reading ! I do you mean that this senator or this lawyer, who stood by and allowed the passage of infamous laws, was a reader of Greek books ? That is not the question, but to what purpose did they read I allow them the merit of that reading which appears in their opinions, tastes, beliefs, and practice. They read that they might know, did they not? Well, these men did not know. They blundered ; they were utterly ignorant of that which every boy or girl of fifteen knows perfectly, - the rights of men and women. And that big-mouthed talker, among his dictionaries and Leipsic editions of Lysias, had lost his knowledge. There is always the previous question, How came you on that side You are a very elegant writer, but you can't write up what gravitates down.' The Civil War ensued, and in its first year his voice was heard at one of the colleges celebrating the majesty of intellect above the brute roar of cannon. "Against the heroism of soldiers," he said, "I set the heroism of scholars. These aregiddy times. Giddy times went before them and the new times are times of artsignment, times of trial, and times of judgment 'Tis because the scholars did not learn and teach, because they were traders and left their altars and libraries and worship of truth, and played the sycophant to presidents and generals and members of 390 Emerson and Scholars. [March, Congress, and have degrees and literary and social honors to those whom they ought to have rebuked and exposed, incurring the contempt of those whom they ought to have put in fear; then the college is suicidal ; ceases to be a school; power oozes out of it as fast as truth does; and, instead of overawing the strong and upholding the good, it is & hospital for decayed tutors." What Mr. Emerson further said against timid deference to material standards is more important than when he uttered it, in these days of vast wealth and expense, with following danger threatening alike the independ- ence of the colleges because of their anxious watch of patrons, and their standards and morale because of the wealth and luxury of students : Either Science and Literature is a hypocrisy or it is not. If it be, then resign your charter to the Legislature, turn your college into barracks and warehouses, and divert the funds of your founders into a rope-walk or candle-factory, a tan-yard, or some other undoubted convenience for the surrounding population. But if the intel- lectual interest 100, as I hold, no hypocrisy but the only reality, - then it behooves us to enshrine it, obey it, and give it possession of us and ours. To give, among other possessions, the college into its hand, casting down every idol, every pretender, every hoary lie, every dignified blunder that has crept into its administration." The wonderful conquests over matter through man's spying on nature, and cunning use of her great forces for his ends, were followed by Mr. Emerson with keen interest. Yes, but all things in their due place do not invert the human being and put feet, though shod with wings, and the senses, though miraculously extended, above his heart and head. can- not accept the railroad and telegraph in exchange for reason and charity. I cannot think the most judicious tubing [of the locomotive boiler] a com- pensation for metaphysical debility." "I wish it were a needless task," he says elsewhere, to urge upon you scholars the claims of thought and learning. The order of the world educates with care the senses and the understanding. Men are as they think." He delighted in each discovery by microscope or telescope that the men of science showed him; yet he said eyes, rightly used, were better than lenses. But the eyes must know how to look through surface and see the meaning behind on the plane of life and thought. Evolution seems to him the most natural and beautiful. He saw its inherent probability long before most readers were enough aware of the doctrine to be shocked by it. But mark in all his writings how utterly unstable he regards the human tripod unless with body and mind the ethical sense be present in its strength. Quantus Amor. tantus Animus, he fully accepts, and renders it Good will makes insight. The doctrine of conservation and correlation of force holds above as well as below, and he uses Truth, Goodness, Beauty, as equivalents. They are his Trinity. He was Greek in his sympathies. The scholar must go apart to listen, for Ever the words of the Gods resound But the porches of man's ear Seldom in this low life's round Are unsealed that he may hear. 1906.] Emerson and Schulars. 391 But thought exists to be expressed," he said. He looked for it in a man's words, but chiefly in his life. To keep his mental and spiritual health he must alternate society with solitude, face his duties and dangers and learn their lessons, and be "kindly man, moving among his kind." He did not impose himself on those who came to him, but encouraged them to open themselves to the wonderful tides of thought and inspiration and let them work as they might through these organs. But no negation or po- lemics. "The forward foot he said, " for it is the curious property of truth to be uncontainable and ever enlarging. Truth indeed ! We talk as if we had it, or sometimes said it, or knew anything about it - that terrible re-agent with a recoil that will knock down the most nimble ar- tillerists, and therefore never is fired. The ideal is as far ahead of the videttes in the van as it is of the rear, and before the Good we aim at all history is symptomatic, and only a good oden." It was reported by more than one of Mr. Emerson's friends that he told them that it would have been agreeable to him at any time in his life had any college, large or small, offered him a chair of rhetoric and ora- tory. "I am no orator," he said, " but I could teach one." It is pleas- ant to recall, Sir, that in the early days of your presidency he was called to the University to give courses on Philosophy. He came with pleasure, but his failing forces did not suffer him to do justice, in his own opinion, to the opportunity 80 congenial to his taste. But early in life he received and obeyed a higher call, to be, in his country, a teacher-at-large for life, of the theory and practice of Philosophy for the People, and his atidience was, and is, large. He was not a technical metaphysician, but made a high philosophy the guide of his daily life. Plutarch, in a letter to his wife, declared that he "found no erasure, as in a book well written, in the happiness of his life." The same might have been said by this lover of Plutarch. The processional days brought him their gifts, and he early learned to recognize the pearls and diamonds among them. He did his day's work bravely and was helpful. H had no need of hope or faith, because he saw. Were he to have written an inscription over the door of a temple of Philosophy, it might have been WHERE THERE IS NO VISION, THE PEOPLE PERISH. Edward W. Emerson, '66. "The works of guy howell"by Benjamin Russell. 36 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW, V.13,#2 (Feb. 1906). 17 7EF EMERSON MEMORIAL HALL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Collectively they show once contrary expresses the solidity more carefully proportioned and impressive dignity of our relation of materials, and bal- law and our nation. ancing of motives and parts. A careful and critical study They show the strength of of the work of Guy Lowell restraint, the dignity and rest- cannot but strike a hopeful note fulness of repose and rhythm. for both the advocates and the The Fenway Park Ehtrance, opponents of the academic in the lowa State Memorial at American architecture. His Vicksburg, the Memorial work is virile, sane and of great Tower at Brown University, spirit and strength. It is withal are distinctly monumental and scholarly and beyond the terms individual. The Dormitory of fashion and period. That and Refectory for Simmons the Trustees of the Boston College and the Zeta Psi Club Museum of Fine Arts should at Cambridge show the pos- have chosen Mr. Lowell to be sibilities of brick architecture the architect of their new in New England cities, with building goes far to show this decorative features produced truth. Much interest will with limestone from an inland center on this, one of the high- state. The use of materials est types of work which an here that are inexpensive and architect may hope to do. indigenous illustrates the in- Upon critically looking at the herent power of the true archi- work of Guy Lowell, who is tect to adapt his means to typical of many who are ends, without a search for the I working upon the same lines unusual and the costly. to-day, we cannot but feel that The Cumberland County we have hitherto gone far astray Court-house at Portland, Me., in our attempt to look within is a straightforward and monu- and judge the trend of artistic mental solution of a civic and thought and production for our public building for an own nation. It seems as if American city, It is not a our critics had lacked deep in- Palais de Justice," but on the CARRIE MEMORIAL TOWER, BROWN UNIVERSITY. PROVIDENCE, R. 1. sight when they condemn the 57 Emerson Hall: west facade (Guy Lowell, 1900). Emerson was originally designed as a back on Appleton Chapel and Thayer Hall. Because it functioned badly and stone building; its sculpture made poor use of valuable space, its demolition in 1973 to make way for a and dressings were ultimately dormitory (Canaday Hall) was generally approved. executed in terra cotta, the The northeast corner of the Yard was completed a decade later by the only use of this material in Harvard Yard. addition of Emerson Hall (1900) by Guy Lowell and Robinson Hall (1904) by McKim, Mead and White. Robinson (fig. 56) was constructed to house the Department of Architecture, founded in 1894- It reflected the axial symmetry and organized parti or plan that characterized designs from the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. Indeed these French theories, popularized by McKim in his own work, dominated the teaching methods of the Depart- ment. The ornamental program for Robinson incorporated eclectically derived classical bas-reliefs on either side of the entrance, while plaques celebrating the names of architects, sculptors, and philosophers were placed below the upper windows. The hard, crisp detail and machine-like quality of Robinson are rescued by the concession McKim made in using brick rather than his customary stone for the low-lying and symmetrical elevation. Emerson Hall (fig. 57) housed the Department of Philosophy, then in a golden hour with professors William James, Josiah Royce, and George Santayana. Its architect Guy Lowell initially planned a stone building, but even on a lower budget provided an imperial image with his characteristic baroque panache in the raised attic and the giant engaged columns of brick 78 President Eliot and the Harvard Yard Holmes Jr. April 6, 1901 Camsberowy April 23, 1902. Learned Hand June 19, 1901 Josen: Lee November 15 Thos. '}/ Eigginson February 13, 1902 C. W. Holmes February 14, 1902 Wm. R. Thayer February 14, 1902 Henry S. Fritchitt February 15, 1902 Hugo Munsterberg April 10, 1902 O. W. Holmes April 12, 1902 Wim R. Theyer April 25, 1902 William James March 20 G. E. Palmer April 2, 1903 Edward E. Hale April 8, 1903 Wm. James April 27, 1903 Wm. James Mey 1, 1903 i. E. Eigginson May S, 1903 Charles W. Eliot May 7, 1903 Francis G. Peabody May 8, 1903 Charles W. Eliot May 10, 1903 D Huge Munsterberg May 12, 1903 Pauline Shaw May, 1903 Charles W. Eliot Feb. 9, 1904 Hugo Hunsterberg May 10, 1904 --May 12, 1904 - 1 not dated Charles W. Elict Nay 15, 1905 Hugo Munsterberg, December 16, 1905 HUA. Hanard University Subscription Record for Everson Hall. 1901-1905. CI Epp, Ronald From: Jason A. Pannone [pannone@fas.harvard.edu] Sent: Wednesday, June 01, 2005 4:14 PM To: Epp, Ronald Subject: Re: Emerson Hall Centenary - update Dear Ron, How are you? I hope that you had a pleasant holiday weekend. I am writing to you with a brief update. I have had a chance to go through some of the older materials that were left here in the library, but I have not been able to uncover anything along the lines of what you are looking for. The materials from Edwin D.T. Bechtel, which I thought might contain some information, turn out to be not very useful. There are some old news clippings and reviews of books about Santayana, James, and Palmer, in several scrapbooks that he kept, but most of them are written in the period of 1940-1960, and don't shed much light on the goings-on in the department in the time frame that you are looking for. The two diaries of his from that time are, respectively, an account book for Bechtel's senior year at Harvard, and a diary of his Grand Tour in 1904-1905. However, there might be something of value in all of these materials that I may be missing, so you are welcome to come and look at them, if you would like, when you are next in Cambridge. We do not have any materials by, about, or from Mr. Dorr in Robbins itself, from what I can find in our catalog. I am also going to check and see if there is anything in the department office that may be of use. I will let you know what I uncover from that search. There has been no word from the chair in regards to any centenary celebrations, so I am guessing that the answer to this is negative. Please let me know if you have any more questions. Best, Jason Epp, Ronald wrote: >Dear Jason, > >Thank you for responding so quickly and with such a willingness to be >helpful--by the way, please call me "Ron." I would appreciate your >making inquiries about any plans for a celebration though I suspect >that this may not transpire. However, if you could "look a little >deeper into what records may be here" within the next two months I >would be most appreciative. I'm planning a couple of trips to the >Archives this summer and perhaps I could drop by and treat you to >lunch. > >One issue that remains unclear to me is that there apparently was some >coordinated effort to open Emerson Hall in late December 1905 and to >celebrate this new facility by hosting the American Philosophical >Association annual meeting (long before it became segmented into >Eastern, pacific, etc.) Any documentation that you could uncover >relative to the philosophy/psychology department from 1901-1906 would >be appreciated, especially any references to the interaction between 1 >philosophy faculty (James, Munsterberg, Palmer, santayana, etc) and the >incorporation of Emerson's name following the Concord celebration of >Emnerson's centennial in 1903 would be helpful. > >Right now my most pressing difficulty is finding out what courses Mr. >Dorr took at Harvard circa 1870-74 since there were no transcripts and >Pusey archivist Barbara Maloni informs me that I will have to look at >class lists for every course taught at the college to see when his name >is listed for each semster and hope that a grade is recorded; that will >then also identify the instructors Dorr studied with. I trust that you >can see why I am not finding that too attractive a task. I don't >suppose you would know of an easier path. > >Thanks again for your willingness to help. > >Ron > > > Ronald H. Epp, Ph.D. >Director of University Library & > Associate Professor of Philosophy >Southern New Hampshire University >Manchester, NH 03054 > > > 2 8/12/2021 Too Many Philosophers I AMERICAN HERITAGE AMERICAN I HERITAGE Trusted Writing on History, Travel, and American Culture Since 1949 HOME / MAGAZINE / 1980 / VOLUME 31, ISSUE 6 / TOO MANY PHILOSOPHERS Too Many Philosophers 5 min read [Shortly after the 1905 opening of Emason Hall] When Winifred Smith Rieber confidently agreed to paint a group portrait of America's five pre-eminent philosophers, she had no idea it would be all but impossible even to get them to stay in the same room with one another. Dorothy Rieber Joralemon October/november 1980 I Volume 31, Issue 6 "123 View full article Mother was off again, this time to New England to paint the Harvard philosophy department-all five of its members, and on a single canvas. Mother had known the Harvard philosophers before, but only slightly, when my father had studied under them during his graduate years. The thought that five such different men as William https://www.americanheritage.com/too-many-philosophers 1/5 8/12/2021 Too Many Philosophers I AMERICAN HERITAGE James, George Herbert Palmer, Josiah Royce, Hugo Münsterberg, and George Santayana-who, in the first decade of the century, had created the golden age of philosophy at Harvard-might not sit serenely within one frame never occurred to her. Born in the raw mining town of Carson City, Nevada, in 1872, the daughter of an itinerant photographer, my mother, Winifred Smith Rieber, had had a long climb to become a well-known portraitist, one whose subjects included John Dewey, Franz Boaz, Albert Einstein, and Thomas Mann. Painting the Harvard philosophy department held no terrors for her. She confidently designed a pleasing composition-arranging the five men as she would objects for a still life, prepared the big canvas, and set out for New England, confident of success. As soon as she faced the actual situation, however, she wrote us from Cambridge, "I've arrived, and I feel like Alice in Wonderland, only my wonderland is a gray, forbidding, intellectual New England, filled with too many philosophers." In a makeshift campus studio arranged for her in Emerson Hall, she blocked in her preliminary sketch on the big canvas, and waited for her sitters to come. All five arrived at once. In they swept-an overwhelming crimson flood of academic robes. They examined her sketch coldly. None of them liked it. Josiah Royce was the first to rebel. Highly sensitive about his appearance, he said he'd be damned if he was going to occupy the focal point of the painting. He was stormy; he was obstinate. "Don't pay any attention to Royce," my mother remembered William James whispering to her. "He always goes off half-cocked like this, at first. You'll get used to it." But James had his own objections. He didn't want to be painted in profile. One eye, he claimed, carried less authority than two, and SO put him at a disadvantage. Mr. Palmer, a short man, preferred to be portrayed standing instead of sitting. His protest was gracious, but equally final. Then Hugo Münsterberg began to rumble. Because of his height and bulk, she had put him at the rear of the group. "Mrs. Rieber!" he exclaimed. "You have misunderstood my personality." Towering over her, arms folded across his chest, and chin thrust forward, eyes huge and defiant behind his thick glasses, he announced that he had a https://www.americanheritage.com/too-many-philosophers 2/5 8/12/2021 Too Many Philosophers I AMERICAN HERITAGE positive personality. Raising an imperious forefinger, he indicated where he should sit: center front. Mother hastily sketched in both professor and chair at the place he had chosen. During the mutiny, Santayana was the only noncombatant. He sat apart, nonchalant and amused. Now and then he tossed in a word as a ringmaster might crack a whip to stir up the performers. But from the start it was obvious that he did not wish to be included in the group at all. Finally he rose. "Whatever metaphysical egotism may assert," he said, "one cannot vote to be created," and left the room. This left four philosophers. It also left mother's composition in ruins. Dominating the ruins sat Hugo Münsterberg. How, she wondered, could she rescue her picture from complete disaster? Then she knew. Early the next morning, she hurried to Emerson Hall, picked up her paint rag, and with three strokes removed the discordant note, leaving only the chair in which the burly professor had wished to sit. Three philosophers remained. Mother started work. Things went smoothly. Royce cooled down; James accepted the profile amiably, saying he could probably see farther and straighter with one eye than Royce could with two. Palmer got to stand. William James was the first to pose. A fragile man, lightly bearded, James had a charming smile, a tranquil manner, an affable friendliness, and a flower pulled through his lapel. His clothes looked as if they had come freshly pressed from the cleaner; and his mind seemed to have blown in on a storm. But he was an easy man to paint. Perhaps realizing that an artist works best with the mind turned off, he made no demands on her attention. Not so Josiah Royce, who posed next. When he entered mother's studio for his first sitting, he said, "Why, hello," as if surprised at his own arrival. Reluctantly, he climbed up on the model stand for the embarrassing ordeal of having what he called "poor ugly me" examined in detail. He was a small but impressive man with a large, tousled head, pale blue eyes beneath a protruding brow. He wore a rumpled suit which had once been gray, but now was green from age and frequent cleanings. For a few minutes he sat stiff and ill at ease. Then, forgetting himself, he exchanged embarrassment for the livelier pastime of metaphysical acrobatics. James had warned Mother that Royce would want to probe her mind. Royce, he had said, had a https://www.americanheritage.com/too-many-philosophers 3/5 8/12/2021 Too Many Philosophers I AMERICAN HERITAGE mania for it. James was right. "I've thought a lot," he said, "about that multiple, tenuous, vagrant something philosophers call personality. But I never knew how an artist went about transforming it into paint on canvas. What, exactly, do you think as you first start your painting?" he asked. Mother, who couldn't work and be probed at the same time, answered dizzily, "I'm painting, not thinking." This didn't quiet Royce. He was immediately off into another line of questioning. Finally, mother had to ask him please to keep his mouth closed: she couldn't paint something that was always in motion, could she? He snapped his lips together, arranged his face into a rigid mask of discomfort, and the painting began. When the posing was over, Royce relaxed and took out his cigar. This cigar was apparently the big event of his day. He made a ceremony of it, smoking slowly and with concentrated enjoyment. When the stub grew too short to hold, he spiked it on the point of his knife for a last pull. While he smoked, he seemed to forget "poor ugly me"; mother said his face lit up with its own unique and inner beauty. George Herbert Palmer was the last of the triumvirate to come for his sitting and was the easiest to paint. It was a joy to be with him. Santayana said of Mr. Palmer that he was the only member of their department who had learned the art of eloquent simplicity. Mother knew Mr. Palmer better than the others, having once painted a portrait of his wife, Alice Freeman Palmer, Wellesley's first president, who had died tragically young. While he sat posing, he liked to talk about her and to recite some of the poems she had written to him. He knew them all by heart. A mere stem of a man with huge bristling eyebrows and a monstrous mustache covering most of the lower part of his face, Mr. Palmer was not a romantic-looking person. To mother it seemed incongruous to hear these words of young love pouring through the gray blanket of hair on his lip. Recited Mr. Palmer: "In the splendor/ Deep and tender/ Hushed I meet you/ Touch and greet you/ Oh my best!" On and on went Mr. Palmer's musical voice, winding its sweetness through Emerson Hall. He forgot mother. He forgot the portrait. He was back in the spring with the girl he had loved. This little old man behind his huge eyebrows and mustache had known https://www.americanheritage.com/too-many-philosophers 4/5 8/12/2021 Too Many Philosophers | AMERICAN HERITAGE -to use his own phrase- "the profusion of exultant life." At last the painting was finished. But mother wasn't satisfied with it. The space where Santayana should have stood bothered her; so did Münsterberg's empty chair. A chair with no one sitting in it didn't make sense, she thought. She painted it out. This left a vacant spot. She painted it back again. In and out went Münsterberg's chair. At last it was time to deliver the painting to Harvard. Back went the chair once more, and there it remains. The portrait of James, Royce, and Palmer still hangs in Emerson Hall. With them are the phantoms of Santayana and Münsterberg, who really belonged in the group. "I was too young when I knew these men," mother wrote me years later. "Blessings touch us so lightly that before we can even name them they are gone. It has made me mindful of the present. Each day I look about me and ask myself what riches am I missing that I may later sorrow to have lost?" 1 2 3 View full article #Harvard University #Portraits #Philosophy #Art & Culture © Copyright 1949-2021 American Heritage Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved. To license content, please contact licenses [at] americanheritage.com. AMERICAN HERITAGE Trusted Writing on History, Travel, and American Culture Since 1949 https://www.americanheritage.com/too-many-philosophers 5/5 8/12/2021 From the Harvard Art Museums' collections The Three Philosophers: Josiah Royce, George Herbert Palmer and William James Photo © President and Fellows of Harvard College https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/312404?position=2 1/6 File:Portrait of Hugo Münsterberg.jpg - Wikimedia Commons 9/12/2018 COMMONS File:Portrait of Hugo Münsterberg.jpg From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Download Use this file Use this file Email a link all sizes on the web on a wiki to this file Information about reusing Size of this preview: 400 X 600 pixels. Original file (504 X 756 pixels, file size: 149 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Open in Media Viewer Summary Description English: Hugo Münsterberg 9/12/201฿ George Santayana - Denman Waldo Ross - The Athenaeum George Santayana Denman Waldo Ross - 1909 Home Athenaeum forums Artworks by Denman Waldo Ross (3) Search here. SEARCH 778 X 1280 . 262 KB Scholar Artwork size Rate/Tag/Share Discussion Copyright status PD Shop Harvard University Portrait Collection (United States - Cambridge, Greater Boston, Edit Owner/Location: Massachusetts) Dates: 1909 Artist age: Approximately 56 years old. Dimensions: Height: 107.4 cm (42.28 in.), Width: 66.5 cm (26.18 in.) Medium: Painting - oil on canvas Entered by: Member rocsdad BE on 16 May 2012. Copyright © 2000-2018 The Athenaeum. Contact us. 9/12/2018 HOPKINSON PAINTER OF GIFT PORTRAIT OF ELIOT I News The Harvard Crimson The Harvard Crimson HOPKINSON PAINTER OF GIFT PORTRAIT OF ELIOT MADE PORTRAITS OF WENDELL, PALMER, AND NORTON NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED March 31, 1924 The portrait of President Eliot presented to Harvard by students of all he departments of the University to commemorate his ninetieth birthday last week, is the work of Dr. Eliot's nephew, Mr. C.S. Hopkinson '91, of Cambridge, perhaps the best known living artist who is a graduate of Harvard. Harvard now possesses four of Mr. Hopkinson's portraits in oil. In addition to the painting of President Eliot there is one of Professor George Herbert Palmer '64, now hanging in the living room of the Harvard Union, one of Professor Charles Eliot Norton '46 and one of Professor Barrett Wendell '77. These two are in the Faculty Room in University Hall where it is probable the Eliot painting will be placed. Painted Envoys At Peace Conference His paintings have been shown regularly at a great many exhibitions in the various cities of this country, and in 1915, Mr. Hopkinson won the Beck Gold Medal for a portrait at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Exhibition. At the recent exhibition in Chicago another of his pictures had a conspicuous place. After the war, in 1919, Mr. Hopkinson was one of the American artists asked to go to Europe to paint the notables of the Peace Conference, where his three excellent portraits of the Serbian, Bulgarian, and Japanese Envoys were outstanding examples of his work. Charles Hopkinson was born in Cambridge in 1869, a son of the well-known school teacher, John Hopkinson. In the autumn of 1891 he began his studies in the Art Students' League of New York, in 1893 he went to Paris, studying at the Academic Julian and later with Aman-Jean. He returned in 1896 to Boston, where he now has a studio. ADVERTISEMENT Want to keep up with breaking news? Subscribe to our email newsletter. READ MORE IN NEWS SLATTERY SLASHT S SQUAD TO 31 MEN > X 01-9(1900-1901) Hanard llagazine 1901.] Philosophy at Harvard. 475 474 Philosophy at Harvard. [June, interest of the Department and of the University, in the interest of have before taken to be his in the University and College books. culture and of scholarship. It does not seem likely that any one should have taken the trouble The present work of the Philosophical Division can be indicated to write this in such an obscure little book except himself, and I by a few figures. We entered the current year with a teaching therefore got our fellow, Mr. Rose, to photograph the page, and staff of six full professors, two assistant professors, four instruc- I send you a couple of copies. The Harvard Library would per- tors, two teaching fellows, and six assistants. The instruction of haps like to have one The book was left us by Breton, these twenty men covers the ground of history of philosophy, meta- Master, 1665-1675." The thanks of Harvard are due to Mr. physics, theory of knowledge, psychology, logic, ethics, aesthetics, Shuckburgh for his courtesy in communicating this interesting philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, sociology, and educa- memorial of the Founder. Hugo Winsterberg tion. Thirty-two courses have been offered. These courses are grouped in three classes the introductory courses, intended pri- marily for Sophomores and Juniors ; the systematic and historic PHILOSOPHY AT HARVARD. courses, planned for Juniors, Seniors, and Graduates; and the research courses for Graduates only. But the students whom we THE philosophical work in Harvard has in the last twenty years try to reach differ not only with regard to their classes, their cor- gone through an inner development which has met with a hearty responding maturity, and their degree of philosophical prepara- response alike on the part of the University and of the students. tion, but also with regard to the aims and interests for which they The students have attended the courses in constantly growing elect philosophical studies in the University. The one group seeks numbers, the Governing Boards have provided the Division amply in our field liberal education. The fundamental problems of life with new teachers, steadily increasing the number of professors, and reality, and the historic solutions of them which the great instructors, and assistants. The outer growth of the Division has thinkers developed, the values of truth and beauty and morality, corresponded thus most fortunately to the internal development, the laws of the mental mechanism and of the social consciousness, by an harmonious cooperation of the administration, the teachers, all these promise and prove to be the incomparable agencies for and the students of the University. And yet there remains one widening the soul and giving to our young men depth, strength, other factor as an essential condition for the healthy life of the and ideals. Not a few of the students who belong to this group Department, a factor which cannot be provided by the University remain loyal to philosophy through three or four years. A second itself, and for which the help must come from without. Our work group of students need our courses as preparation for diverse needs a dignified home, where under one roof all the varied philo- scholarly or practical aims. The future lawyer, teacher, physician, sophical work now carried on at Harvard may be united. The minister, scientist, or philanthropist knows that certain courses in need has been urgently felt for many years, but only with the re- ethics or psychology, in education or logic, afford the most solid cent growth has the situation become intolerable. It is therefore foundations for his later work; there is hardly a course in our the unanimous opinion of the Department that we must ask the Division which is not adjusted to some kind of professional study. public for the funds to build at Harvard a School of Philoso- The third group, finally, naturally the smallest, but to the teachers phy," in the interest of the students and of the teachers, in the the most important, consists of those to whom philosophy itself becomes a life's work. The Harvard Department believes that 1 The following paper, by the Chairman of the Division of Philosophy, WAS there is nowhere else in this country or abroad such an opportunity prepared at the request of the Committee appointed to visit that division, con- for systematic and all-round training for an advanced student of sisting of G. B. Dorr, R. C. Cabot, R. Dana, Joseph Lee, and T. W. Ward, and was not originally intended for general publication. It embodies conolu- philosophy as is offered here, covering easily a man's full work for sions reached by the whole department, and has the unqualified support of the six years, advancing from the introductory courses of the Sopho- committee to whom it was addressed. Note Philosophy Department Chairman defense of need for a new Harvard structure for his faculty and students. 1901.] Philosophy at Harvard. 477 table of the Dean, which records these migrating graduate students 476 [June, who come to us for advanced work after graduate studies at other Philosophy at Harvard. universities, is as follows Mathematics 6, Natural History 7, more year to the six seminaries of the graduate years, and finally Political Science 7, Modern Languages 11, Classics 14, History 15, reaching the doctor's thesis in the third year after graduation. English Literature 16, Philosophy 20. If we consider the whole The amount to which the Harvard students make use of these advanced work of the University, that is, the totality of those courses opportunities is to be inferred from the figures which the last An- which are announced as primarily for Graduates," we find that nual Report of the President offers. These refer to the year 1899 the following number of graduate students," including the gradu- to 1900; the current year will show somewhat the same propor- ate members of the Professional Schools, have taken part: Classics tions, perhaps even an increase of graduate work. The figures 103, Philosophy 96, English 75, German 61, History and Govern- are necessarily too low, inasmuch as they refer merely to those ment 52, Romance Languages 45, Mathematics 39, Economics 23, students who take examinations in the courses, and omit those who Chemistry 21, in the other departments less than twenty. But merely attend the lectures. The attendance in the philosophical this situation turns still more strongly in favor of Philosophy as courses was last year over one thousand students. They belonged soon as we consider the technical research courses, those which in to all parts of the University, 188 Graduates, 210 Seniors, 218 the language of the catalogue are known as the 20-courses, and Juniors, 175 Sophomores, 59 Specials, 57 Scientifics, 55 Divinity omit those graduate courses which are essentially lecture courses. students, and the rest from the Freshman Class, the Law School, In these research courses the number of graduate students is: and the Medical School. The introductory courses were attended Philosophy 71, History and Government 34, Chemistry 13, Zo- by almost four hundred students, that is, by a number correspond- ology 12, Geology 10, and in the other departments less than ten. ing to the size of the Junior Class. As, in spite of natural fluctu- These few figures may be sufficient to indicate not only the extent ations, this figure is rather constant, - in 1897 reaching its maxi- of the Department and its influence, but above all the harmonious mum with 427, - it can be said that in Harvard, under the system character of this development. The most elementary courses, the of absolutely free election, practically every student who passes solid routine courses, and the most advanced courses show equal through Harvard requires of himself at least a year of solid philo- signs of growth and progress, and the whole work with its many sophical study. side branches remains a well-connected unity with a clear sys- An even higher interest, however, belongs to the figures which tematic plan. All this must be understood before one can appre- refer to the most advanced courses offered, especially to the courses ciate the striking contrast between the work and the workshop. It of research. It has always been the most characteristic feature is easy of course at once to say that the truth of a metaphysical of the Harvard Philosophical Department to consider the advance- thought does not depend upon the room in which it is taught, and ment of knowledge as its noblest function. The productive scholar- that the philosopher is not, like a physicist or chemist, dependent ship of the Department is shown by the fact that the last two years upon outer equipments. But this is only half true, and the half of alone brought before the public eight compendious scholarly works the statement which is false is of great importance. from members of our Department and a large number of smaller The dependence upon outer conditions is perhaps clearest in the contributions to science besides. To train also in the students this case of psychology, which has been for the last twenty-five years an highest scholarly attitude, that of the critical investigator as con- objective science with all the paraphernalia of an experimental trasted with that of the merely receptive hearer of lecture courses, study; the psychologist of to-day needs a well-equipped laboratory is thus the natural aim of our most advanced work; it is this no less than the physicist. Harvard has given the fullest acknow- spirit which has given to the Department its position in the Univer- ledgment to this modern demand, and has spent large sums to sity and in the whole country. This prevalence of the spirit of provide the University with the instruments of an excellent psy- research is the reason why, as the Report of the Dean of the Grad- chological laboratory the one thing which we miss is room, simply uate School points out, the Philosophical Department has a larger number of graduate students who have carried on graduate studies elsewhere than any other Department of the University. The 478 Philosophy at Harvard. [June, 1901.] Philosophy at Harvard. 479 elbow-room. Our apparatus is crowded in the upper story of The needs of the psychological work can thus be easily demon- Dane Hall, and even that small story must give its largest room strated to every beholder; but while perhaps less offensive on the for the lectures of other Departments and another room to a philo- surface, the outer conditions of the other branches of the philo- sophical reading-room. The space which remains for the psycho- sophical department are not therefore less unsatisfactory. The logical work is so absolutely out of proportion to the amount of advanced student of logic or ethics does not need a laboratory, work going on that the problem how to bring all the men into but he needs seminary rooms with a working library where his those few rooms has become the most difficult of all our laboratory work may have a local centre, where he can meet his instructors problems. During the current year, besides the training courses, and his fellow-students engaged in related researches, where he 23 men are engaged there in original research, each one with a may leave his books and papers. To-day all this theoretical work special investigation and each one anxious to devote as. much time has no home at all; the seminaries seek refuge in an empty room as possible to his research only the most complicated adjustment of the laboratory at a late evening hour, in a chance lecture room, makes it possible at all; and yet the mutual disturbance, the neces- or in private homes; there is nowhere continuity, no place to sity of passing through rooms in which other men are working, and collect or to deposit, no opportunity to meet beyond official hours, of stopping the work when other men need the place, interferes no feeling of coherence suggested by surroundings. The most every day with the success of the instruction. A mechanical work- advanced research work of the country is thus done under exter- shop is an urgent need of our laboratory, and yet we cannot afford nal conditions which suggest the spirit of a schoolroom, conditions the place; and while it would be the only desirable arrangement which deprive students and instructors equally of the chance to to have the psychological lectures in the same building where the make our seminaries the fitting forms for their rich content. But apparatus is stored, - as the instruments are necessary for the if all this is most deeply felt by the advanced students, it is not experimental demonstrations, - there is no room for the lectures less true and not less deplorable for the undergraduate courses. under the roof of Dane Hall, which houses the Bursar's Office and There is nowhere fixity of association between the work and the the Cooperative Store. The result is that the instruments must room. The philosophy courses are scattered over the whole Yard, be carried through the Yard in rain or shine, an effective way to wandering each year from one quarter to the other, creeping in damage our valuable equipment. But the evils connected with wherever a vacant room can be found, not even the instructors the present locality of the psychological laboratory are not only knowing where their nearest colleagues are meeting students. such as result from its narrowness. Its position on Harvard The dignity and the unity of the work are equally threatened by Square, with the continuous noise and the vibration of the ground; such a state of affairs. There remains not even a possibility for is perfectly prohibitory for large groups of psychological studies the instructor to meet his students before or after the lecture; his and disturbing for every kind of work for which concentration of room was filled up to the time when he began, and a new class attention is a fundamental condition. Finally, a psychological rushes in before he has answered questions. A business-like rest- laboratory, perhaps still more than a physical one, needs in its lessness intrudes into the instruction, and yet philosophy above all whole construction a perfect adaptation to its special purpose needs a certain repose and dignity. the walls, the shape, and the connection of the rooms, everything Thus what we need is clear. We need a worthy monumental must be built, as has been done in other universities, for the spe- building at a quiet central spot of the Harvard Yard, a building cial end. We have merely the rooms of the old Law School, with which contains large and small lecture rooms, seminary rooms, a thin partitions dividing them. In short, everything is in a state reading room, and one whose upper story is built for a psychologi- which has been tolerable during the last few years only because it cal laboratory, so that under one roof all the philosophical work, was felt to be provisional, but the time when the psychological metaphysical and ethical, psychological and logical, sociological laboratory must have really adequate quarters cannot be postponed and educational, may be combined. Here the elementary and the much longer. 480 Philosophy at Harvard. [June, 1901.] Philosophy at Harvard. 481 advanced work, the lecture courses and the researches, the semi- external connection of administration will be reinforced by the naries and the experiments, the private studies in the reading inner unity of logical interdependence. room, and the conferences and meetings of the assistants, would The time is ripe for a School of Philosophy to play this rôle and go on side by side. Here would be a real School of Philosophy fulfil again its old historical mission, to be the unifying principle where all Harvard men interested in philosophy might find each of human knowledge and life. The second half of the nineteenth other, and where the students might meet the instructors. century was essentially controlled by realistic energies, by the Such a home would give us first, of course, the room and the spirit of analysis, by the triumph of natural science and technique. external opportunities for work on every plane it would give us But a long time before the century came to an end a reaction also the dignity and the repose, the unity and the comradeship of started throughout the whole intellectual globe; the synthetic a philosophical academy. It would give us the inspiration result- energies came again to the foreground, the idealistic interests were ing from the mutual assistance of the different parts of philosophy, emphasized in the most different quarters the historical and which in spite of their apparent separation are still to-day parts social sciences make to-day the same rapid progress which char- of one philosophy only. All this would benefit the students of acterized fifty years ago the natural sciences, and everywhere in philosophy themselves, but not less good would come to the Uni- the midst of the empirical sciences there is awakening again the versity as a whole. The specialization of our age has brought it interest in philosophy. In the days of anti-philosophical natural- about that in the organization of a university even philosophy, or ism scientists believed that philosophy had come to an end, and rather, each of the philosophical branches, has become an isolated that an unphilosophical positivism might be substituted for real study coordinated with others. The average student looks to philosophy to-day the mathematicians and physicists, the chem- psychology as to physics or botany; he thinks of ethics as he ists and biologists, the historians and economists eagerly turn thinks of economics or history he hears about logic as coordinated again and again to philosophy, and on the borderland between with mathematics, and so on. The University has somewhat lost philosophy and the empirical sciences they seek their most impor- sight of the unity of all philosophical subjects, and has above all tant problems and discussions. The world begins to feel once forgotten that this united philosophy is more than one science more that all knowledge is empty if it has no inner unity, and among other sciences, that it is indeed the central science which that the inner unity can be brought about only by that science alone has the power to give inner unity to the whole university which inquires into the fundamental conceptions and methods of work. Every year our universities reward our most advanced thought with which the special sciences work, into the presupposi- young scholars of philology and history, of literature and eco- tions and ultimate axioms with which they begin, into the laws of nomics, of physics and chemistry, of mathematics and biology, with mental life which lie at the basis of every experience, into the the degree of Ph. D., that is, of Doctor Philosophiae, symbolically ways to teach the truth, and above all into the value of human thus expressing that all the special sciences are ultimately only knowledge, its absolute meaning and its relation to all the other branches of philosophy, but the truth of this symbol has faded human values - those of morality, beauty, and religion. The away from the consciousness of the academic community. All most advanced thinkers of our time are working today in all knowledge appears there as a disconnected mass of scattered fields of knowledge to restore such a unity of human life through information, and the fact that they all have once been parts of philosophy. To foster the spirit of the twentieth century in the philosophy, till one after the other has been dismissed from the life of our University there is no more direct way possible than to mother arms, has been forgotten. A School of Philosophy as a give a dignified home to the philosophical work. Such a building visible unity in the midst of the Yard will renew this truth, and ought to be a Harvard Union for scholarly life. thus give once more to the overwhelming multitude of intellectual The beautiful building which we see in our minds should not be efforts of our University a real unity and interconnection; the devoted to a single system of philosophy. In its hall we hope to 482 Philosophy at Harvard. [June, see-as greeting for every student-the - busts of Plato the Idealist and Aristotle the Realist, of Descartes and Spinoza, of Bacon and Hobbes, of Locke and Hume and Berkeley, of Kant and Fichte and Hegel, of Comte and Spencer, of Helmholtz and Darwin. The School of Philosophy will be wide open to all serious thought, as indeed the members of the Department to-day. represent the most various opinions and convictions. This ought never to be changed it is the life-condition of true philosophy. Yet there is one keynote in all our work: a serious, critical, lofty idealism, which forms the background of the whole Department, and colors our teaching from the elementary introductions to the researches of our candidates for the doctor's degree. All the public utter- ances which have come from the Department in recent years are filled with this idealism, in spite of the greatest possible variety of special subjects and special modes of treatment: Here belong "The Will to Believe" and the " Talks to Teachers," by William James the " Conception of God" and " The World and the In- dividual," by Josiah Royce the " Noble Lectures," and the Glory of the Imperfect," by George H. Palmer " Poetry and Religion," by George Santayana "Jesus Christ and the Social Question," by Francis G. Peabody; " Educational Aims and Educational Values," by Paul H. Hanus ; Shaftesbury," by Benjamin Rand The Principles of Psychology " and Psychol- ogy and Life," by Hugo Münsterberg. We have sought whose name might give symbolic expression to this underlying sentiment of idealism, and might thus properly be connected with the whole building. It cannot be a technical phi- losopher. Such a name would indicate a prejudice for a special system of philosophy, while we want above all freedom of thought. It ought to be an American, to remind the young generation that they do not live up to the hopes of the School of Philosophy if they simply learn thoughts imported from other parts of the world, but that they themselves as young Americans ought to help the growth of philosophical thought. It 'ought to be a Harvard man - a man whose memory deserves that his name be daily on the lips of our students, and whose character and whose writing will remain a fountain of inspiration. Only one man fulfils all these demands perfectly Ralph Waldo Emerson. It is our wish and hope that the new, dignified, beautiful home of philosophy may soon rise as the moral and intellectual centre of Harvard Univer- sity, and that over its doors we shall see the name : Emerson Hall - School of Philosophy. May 25, 1903, will be the hundredth anniversary of Emerson's birth the official dedication of Emer- son Hall on that day would be the worthiest celebration. Hugo Minsterberg. The Group Alan Ryan The Metaphysical Club Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. think those ideas show up as card- by Louis Menand. board cutouts, mere contingent car- Farrar, Straus and Giroux, riers of the ideas that alone have a 560 pp., $27.00 real life. Menand takes a different approach. If we are to believe that Pragmatism claims that human think- ideas really are the instruments with ing and acting, from the least sophisti- which we confront the demands of the cated to the most sophisticated, are environment, we should see thinkers driven by the need to respond to prob- thinking in order to understand the lems: all thought and action are pro- ideas being thought. If history is phi- voked by a tension between ourselves losophy teaching by examples, the as needy organisms on the one side history of pragmatism is-at any rate and, on the other, the environment in part-the biography of an ex- that must satisfy those needs. We emplary group of energetic, public- think and act in order to reduce that spirited, high-minded, and confident tension. We are hungry, so we identify thinkers who felt they owed a duty food, acquire it, and eat it; we are puz- to themselves and the world at large zled by the recurrent patterns of the to rethink their relationship to their stars, so we elaborate our first astro- environment. nomical theories, and as they produce Hence the plausibility of starting more puzzles, we refine them. Our be- a few years before the outbreak of liefs about food and the stars are la- the Civil War. Of the importance of the beled as "true" if what we get is what war to Justice Holmes, there has never sustains us. What we call the truth been any doubt. On his death in 1935, about reality is just a way of describing at the advanced age of ninety-three, successful thinking. What, then, is the two Civil War uniforms were found in problem to which pragmatism is an his closet; the note pinned to them ex- answer? What tension between which plained that the blood on them was his organisms and what environment pro- own. Every year on the anniversary of duced that philosophical position as the battle of Antietam, he would drink an answer? a toast in memory of his dead friends Louis Menand's answer in The and his own suffering as a young man. Metaphysical Club is both dramatic But Holmes was not in the usual sense and persuasive, It is. he thinks the a passionate Unionist; nor was he an Civil War to which we must look for entirely convinced adherent of the The answer. More exactly, it is the Civil cause for which he fought. The reality War as it was experienced by the of the war had taught him unwelcome young Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and lessons about the consequences of big by his teachers. friends, and intellec- ideas, and the near cynicism with which tual antagonists in mid-nineteenth- he later approached even his work on century Cambridge. The "problem," the Supreme Court reflected his deter- to which the philosophy of pragma- mination that he would never again tism seemed eventually to supply a so- our ideas rather than vice versa. The reproducible circumstances, their be the victim of large and dangerous lution, was the problem of conviction. goal is to think clearly, and without il- survival depends not on their im- certainties. The idea that the nineteenth century Jusions--not that we should be disillu- mutability but on their adaptabil- Of course, it was not as though the was the century of a crisis of faith is fa- sioned, since that is the substitution of ity. The belief that ideas should pre-war moral situation had itself been miliar enough. Yet pragmatism was a one obsession for another, but that we never become ideologies-either simple. As it turned out, the war saved solution to a somewhat different crisis should understand how thinking or- justifying the status quo or dictat- the Union and abolished slavery. In of faith. It was not the loss of convic- ganisms come to have the ideas they ing some transcendent imperative the twenty or so years before the out- tion but a surfeit of it that pragmatism do, and should learn to live with that for renouncing the essence break of fighting, nobody thought that addressed. In Menand's account of the knowledge. Another way of making of what they taught. both could be achieved together. De- thinking of Oliver Wendell Holmes, the point, and one that Menand him- It is something of a shock to be fenders of the Union were prepared to Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, self employs, is to observe asked to put Justice O.W. Holmes Jr. tolerate slavery in the South as the and John Dewey, pragmatism aimed that what these four thinkers at the center of a history of pragmatism, price of Union, and many in New Eng- to wean us off religious and ideologi- [Holmes, James, Peirce, and but Menand does not unduly stretch the land had too many economic ties to cal convictions-convictions of which Dewey] had in common was not reader's credulity. In part this is be- the South to imagine that a sudden the social, political, and moral beliefs cause he devotes less attention to prag- break would be anything but disas- a group of ideas, but a single idea of most people are subspecies. The matism viewed in the way a modern- trous. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. was an idea about ideas. They all problem of belief to which pragmatism believed that ideas are not 'out that is, post-World War II-analyti- a Unionist, and deeply hostile to the provided an answer was not the famil- there' waiting to be discovered but cally minded philosopher might view abolitionists; the abolitionist contempt iar Victorian problem of a loss of faith, are tools-lik forks and knives it, and more attention to what one might for the preservation of the Union but the problem of an excess of faith. and microchips-that people de- call intellectual self-emancipation, first struck him as only slightly less wicked John Maynard Keynes memorably of the Boston Brahmins. and more than outright treason would have vise to cope with the world in expressed his anxiety about the malign widely of twentieth-century Americans been. The abolitionists were as diffi- which they find themselves. impact of ideology when he wrote, at large. Peirce, James, and Dewey oc- cult to deal with as any group is likely "Madmen in authority, who hear cupy a good deal of space, but so do to be that cares nothing for the preser- voices in the air, are usually distilling In Menand's view, the pragmatists Justice Holmes's father, the "autocrat vation of the existing political order. their frenzy from some academic achieved the emancipation of our of the breakfast table, Chauncey "The United States Constitution is a scribbler of a few years back." Holmes thinking from outdated straitjackets Wright, "the Cambridge Socrates, covenant with death and an agreement would have agreed, save that it was by an insistence on the social and col- along with Henry James Benjamin with hell" was the motto on the mast- not so much academic scribblers that lective quality of thought: Peirce, and Louis Agassiz, as well as head of William Lloyd Garrison's Lib- he had in mind as the abolitionists Horace Kallen, Alain Locke, and Ran- erator, a view not calculated to make whose passionate desire to see an end They believed that ideas are pro- dolph Bourne among the inheritors of cooperation with Unionist critics of to slavery had finally provoked the duced not by individuals but by their efforts. The deeper reason why slavery particularly easy. Until the at- Civil War that killed many of his clos- groups of individuals-that ideas Menand is so persuasive, however, is tack on Fort Sumter, the abolitionist est friends, all but cost him his life, and are social. They believed that ideas that he writes an unusual kind of intel- reaction to threats of secession was took from him every vestige of a faith do not develop according to some lectual history. that the sooner the slave states went, in fixed principles for whose sake we inner logic of their own, but are Too often, intellectual history is the better for the moral health of the might feel duty-bound to get ourselves entirely dependent, like germs, bloodless; ideas come and go in his- remaining states. killed. on their human carriers and the torical sequence, but the people who The problem. then, might be ex- environment. And they believed pressed as that of discovering some that since ideas are provisional *See Menand's article on Wright in way in which we can be in command of responses to particular and un- The New York Review, April 26, 2001. 16 9/12/2018 palmer CSHVirtualiGallery Home I Family Portraits I Self-Portraits I Commissions I Landscapes I Essays I Chronology 1 Exhibitions I Site Index Catalogues Prev >Index ( Next CSH George Herbert Palmer, (1842-1933), Virtual Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Gallery Philosophy and Civil Polity, Harvard University, Portrait: 1926, 40 x 30 inches, Oil Created 7/4/2010 Copyright 2010 Arthur Saltzman. All rights reserved. Home I Family Portraits | Self-Portraits I Commissions I Landscapes Essays I Chronology I Exhibitions I Site Index Catalogues 44 HARVARD UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK, H.U.P., EMERSON HALL 45 1936. The Robbins Library of Philosophy and Psychology, on the second floor EMERSON HA of Emerson Hall, is named in honor of Reginald Chauncey Robbins $1.905 (A.B. 1892) who contributed largely to its founding and enlargement. Philosophy - Psychology - Sociology It contains almost 9,000 volumes, principally standard texts, recent publications and the more important periodicals. In the University To the right as one leaves the Widener Library building is Emer- Library as a whole the resources for the student of Philosophy num- son Hall. It was built for the Division of Philosophy which at the ber more than 40,000 titles. time included the Departments of Philosophy, Psychology and To the right as one enters is a portrait of Dr. Benjamin Rand Social Ethics - the last having been succeeded in 1931 by the Di- (A.B. 1879), who from 1906 to 1934 devoted himself to building up vision of Sociology. At the west end is inscribed the single word, Harvard's collection of philosophical books. At the end panel of one "Philosophy." Over the colonnade at the main entrance from Sever of the alcoves is a pencil portrait of Professor Alfred North White- Quadrangle is an inscription chosen by President Eliot: "What is head (hon. S.D. 1926), one of the most distinguished of Harvard man that thou art mindful of him' (Psalms, viii: 4). Professor teachers. Palmer, who had suggested naming the building in honor of Ralph Waldo Emerson, had previously suggested the legend: "Man is the SOCIOLOGY measure of all things." In the hall, opposite the Robbins Library, is a tablet commemorat- Facing the main entrance, in a hall of simple Doric proportion and detail, is a large bronze statue of Emerson by Frank Duveneck. The ing the gift of Alfred Tredway White, the philanthropist, who con- tributed one-third of the cost of Emerson Hall upon condition that first floor contains a lecture hall seating 370 students, several class- space should be assigned in this building pro rata for instruction in rooms and seminar rooms, and a committee room. social ethics. The lecture and conference rooms are on the second floor. Here also is the Sociology Library, whose 15,000 standard and PHILOSOPHY recent works are supplemented by other collections in the Uni- The Committee Room of the Division of Philosophy 1 illustrates versity bearing on philosophy, government, law, economics, public the history of philosophical instruction since the Department was health and business. formally organized in 1891, although the subject had been taught at The study of sociology began at Harvard as early as 1881 with Harvard since 1638. Professor George Herbert Palmer (A.B. 1864), courses in practical ethics offered by the Reverend Francis Green- a member of the Department from 1872 until 1913, and Professor wood Peabody (A.B. 1869). The Department of Social Ethics was Emeritus until his death in 1933, took a special interest in creating this established in 1906. First under Dr. Peabody and later under the informal gathering place for its teachers. leadership of Dr. Richard C. Cabot (A.B. 1889), it considered, in Beginning at the left of the door are portraits of five former teach- the light of ethical theory, problems of public aid, housing, the ers who, in the thirty years before 1916, gave great distinction to the family, criminology and human relations in general. In 1931 the Department of Philosophy: William James, whose portrait is by Division of Sociology was organized to unify instruction in socio- Sarah Wyman Whitman; George Herbert Palmer, by Charles Hop- logical subjects. kinson; George Santayana, by Denman Ross; Hugo Münsterberg, Present activities are especially directed toward the study of socio- by his daughter, Ella Münsterberg; and Josiah Royce, by Mrs. Wini- cultural phenomena as a whole, including sociological theory and fred Rieber. On the stairway leading to the second floor there is a methodology, social organization and social change. Among special large picture of Professors Royce, James and Palmer, also painted by topics under investigation are problems relating to population, to Mrs. Rieber. rural and urban living conditions, to the family, and to the treatment 1 For admittance, visitors should apply at Room G. of poverty, defectiveness and crime. HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 2 T Your Account I Start Over Help Comments Full Catalog I Journals Reserves E-Resources House CATALOC Previous Searches I Results List Display Options Harvard University Search I Expanded Search I Command Search Harvard Libraries Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Save/Mail Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view Short view | MARC Record 50 out of 65 Previous Record Next Record Author : Harvard University. Dept. of Philosophy. Title : Records, 1906-1979 (inclusive). Locations/Orders : Availability Location : Harvard Archives i UAV 687.01 [Division of Philosophy: minutes, Nov. v.1921-May 1924 (1 box)] Holdings Availability Description : 56 containers History notes : The Department of Philosphy was established as a division in 1890-1891 when other divisions and departments were organized within the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. In 1913, the name was changed to philosophy and psychology. In 1934 a separate Department of Psychology was established and the Division of Philosophy became the Division of Philosophy and Psychology. In 1939 the Division of Philosophy and Psychology ceased to exist. Summary : Includes minutes, 1921-1924, of meetings of the Division of Philosophy; and minutes, 1924-1960, of departmental meetings; correspondence of the chairman, including J.H. Woods, and other administrative records relating to such topics as admissions and fellowships, appointments, the Charles S. Peirce bequest, materials relating to William James and Whitehead lecturers. Also correspondence relating to funds. For more detailed information about records, see Harvard Archives LOCATION below. Notes : Access may be restricted. Details available at the repository. Finding aid available in repository. Subject : Peirce, Charles S. (Charles Sanders), 1839-1914. Woods, James Haughton, 1864-1935. Subject : Harvard University. Dept. of Philosophy. ../QQ4TN2BR4BUFDPSJ31SUQG4H9NAKTHDT2GBX3PB3E8UUQFEKG6-03897?func=fu1/8/2004 B.F.W. Russell. The Works of Guy Lowell s 36 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW 13 #2 ( 1906). 21 THE HER TEX MIA EMERSON MEMORIAL HALL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Collectively they show once Hill contrary expresses the solidity more carefully proportioned and impressive dignity of our relation of materials, and bal- law and our nation. ancing of motives and parts. A careful and critical study They show the strength of of the work of Guy Lowell restraint, the dignity and rest- cannot but strike a hopeful note fulness of repose and rhythm. for both the advocates and the The Fenway Park Entrance, opponents of the academic in the Iowa State Memorial at American architecture. His Vicksburg, the Memorial The Harvard Crimson EMERSON HALL OPENED Page 1 of 1 The Harvard Crimson January 03, 1906 EMERSON HALL OPENED On December 27 With Speeches by Pres. Eliot and Dr. E. W. Emerson. NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED Emerson Hall, the new building of the Department of Philosophy, was formally opened Wednesday afternoon, December 27. The occasion was that of the annual meeting of the American Philosophical and the American Psychological Associations, which held their first meetings in the Hall Wednesday morning for the discussion of papers. After the luncheon, given by the Corporation, in the Living Room of the Union, the exercises began. Professor Munsterberg presided, and addresses were made by President Eliot and by Dr. Edward Waldo Emerson, son of the philosopher. President Eliot paid a tribute to Emerson as a poet and a prophet, an American in the broadest sense, in whose writings we find ideals of government as well as of learning. His name is, therefore, appropriate to this University, and to this department of the University. Professor Munsterberg, in introducing Dr. Emerson, mentioned the necessity for the union of idealism and realism, a union which he hoped, he said, Emerson Hall would represent. Dr. E. W. Emerson then spoke of his father first of all as a philosopher, and then in his relations to Harvard. After the exercises the Philosophical and psychological Associations held a joint debate on the "Affiliation of Psychology with Philosophy and the Natural Sciences." In the evening President M. W. Calkins of the Psychological Association made her annual address. A reception by Professor and Mrs. Munsterberg closed the day. On Thursday the reading and discussion of papers was resumed and Professor J. Dewey, president of the Philosophical Association, made his address. There was a smoker for the two societies in the evening in the Union. After the last meeting on Friday Professor J. Royce gave a dinner for the senior members of the two societies in the Trophy Room of the Union. Emerson Hall was built with money raised by the Department of Philosophy. Its general type of architecture is Greek, and it corresponds in effect with Robinson Hall. On the first floor is a large lecture room for elementary courses in philosophy, and six smaller rooms. On the second floor are the psychological and sociological, libraries, the museum of social ethics, a working room for students, and a lecture room. The third floor is the psychological laboratory of 25 rooms. The interior of the building is finished in white plaster, dark pine, and oak. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1906/1/3/emerson-hall-opened-pemerson-hall-the/?pri... 12/30/2011 do4 Haward University Archives (HUA) UA [Pusey Library] July 14,2004 Notes. UA I 15.13 Subscription Papers Emeisn Hall - letter to G.B.Dor 1901-05. - letter of 4/28/01 - "President Eliot is delepted c our Emecom plan 1 ready to bring tup at Connevercent." - Wm.Jam of 5/1/03 "Dea George is Solicitations "My other Erctines don't bleed well." I of 3 letters of WJ. - Under letter is scheduling Speakers 1st health the Pages, Tarent Palmer, - Oliver W. Hilla 4/6/02 decide hat to "fork out for the phosopophy department" nor well he ash other to contribute to what his not day heart - it would lash "a little queer." Several letter in easy Febuu 1902 declar attend "an meitz LA besalf of Eneason Hall" schedule for H afternoon of 7ab 14,1902. See We Thayer lette of 2/14/02 2 Notes (7/14/2004) Request f William R. Theyer, 81, Ed for of Harvard Students' Mayone (4/25/02) to GBD for a "report" in Even Have transpect. Chall Eliot sect check I May '03 to 6BD "for Emerson Hall." Amentimitated. From GA Pedrody & wrfe give $100, (5/8/03) Paulive Show Perkins St., Jernance Plain develop on "lla Day" $ 1,000. Entlusiast letter st suppat Photocopied letter plus 18 others infile. HUG 300 Dorr George B. (1874) file has record ( my copy tas) of 4 year x understand and 1889-89, 1889-90, 1870-91 year of graduate work. Also indicate S.M. (Hon.) U of Maine, 1924. The annual report of the President of Harvard University 1904-05. - PT Search - Full V Page I of 2 HathiT. Home About Collections Help Feedback 9/24/13 LOG IN v Advanced full-text search Search tips Full view only Back to page can the bactoning of the book About this Book Search in Make Emerson Heir Find The View Autosating MODEL Search Results: 15 pages found for *Emerson Hall Extet Donald Groots p.25 3 matching terms lding Emerson Hall, from Mrs. Louis Cabot $100 Miss M. W. Calkins 25 James J. Storrow 100 Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Robinson Get this Beak 5,000 $5,225 From an anonymous giver, $13,000, for furnishings of the Department of Social Ethics in Emerson Find in a Hall." From Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Robinson, $22,500, toward fur book (EDD) nishing.. Pather legele required Emerson Hall, and for additions to the equipment of the Add to Collection Psychological Laboratory. For the Botanic Garden and Botanic Museum, from Oliver Ames $500 Anonymous 500 Anonymous 500 Edwin F. Atkins 600 William A. Bancroft 50 Arthur F. Login to make your personal collections permanent Estabrook 1,000 Miss Mary Lee Ware 212 $3,362 From Nathaniel C. Nash, $ Select Collection p.129 3 matching terms Add 120. Emerson Hall (Construction), 254, 43, 69, 121, 121. Emerson Hall (Furnishing), 25, 59, 83, 90. Emerson Hall Share (Furnishings, Social Eth- ics), 25, 59, 83. Engineering (Electrical Apparatus), 59. Engineering (P.), 65, 77. Erving (P.), 57, 76. Permanent ink 10 this book Ethics of the Social Question, 24, 59, 83, 90, 122, 123 p.263 2 matching terms ...ry in Emerson Hall. Much of the atten- tion of the laboratory MOSUTO staff was indeed devoted to the preparation of the new Institute. As the generosity of an anonymous friend has made it possible to provide the nearly completed laboratory with the best instruments in the field of experimental psychology, h the Emerson Hall laboratory will begin its work. We had to select the best new models of kymo-graphs, tachistoscopes, chronoscopes, photometers, sonometers, stereopticons, etc. In the same way the manifold problems of the arrangement of the laboratory rooms and their electrical and mechani- cal p.83 2 matching terms ...CS in Emerson Hall. Gift, $13,000.00 Interest_ 14.25 13,014.25 For furnishing Emerson Hall. Gift, $20,000.00 Interest 400.7720,400.77 For equipment of the Psychological Laboratory. Gift, $2,500.00 Interest, 43.84 2,543.84 For alterations in the N. C. Nash Botanical Lecture Room, 2, ,186.34 For impro. p.121 2 matching terms IPTS. Emerson Hall. Gifts, $5,225.00 Interest, 4,032.75 $9,257.75 New Library Building. Gift, $10,000.00 Interest, 870.05 10,870.05 Semitic Building, interest, 23.03 John http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt/search?q1=%22Emerson+Hall%22&id=njp.32101066080 9/24/2013 The annual report of the President of Harvard University 1904-05. - PT Search - Full V Page 2 of 2 Simpkins Hall, interest, 10.80 Stillman Infirmary, interest (part), Back to page oak displovements and Additions to The Sold About this Book ENTS. EmersonHall, construction, $111,144. 8 Semitic Bahang 682.06 John Simpkins all, equipment The annual report of RePresident 936.10 Stillman Infirmary: Construction; main building; $2,105.36 Contagious Ward, 67,274.67 69,380.03 University Search Emergen Millions to The Van Nitonia record Soldie Cappight Public Demain Greate p.43 1 matching term ry to Emerson Hall, can be used for a further enlargement of Get this Book the chemical laboratories; but for the present the new accommodations provided last summer will suffice. The cost of Elect in a Memory carrying on the Chemical Department is necessarily in- creased book EDE by these changes ; but the work of the Director of the Labo Partner Jogale request p.50 1 matching term Add to Cellection on of Emerson Hall, in which building Professor Peabody's courses and collections are to be accom-modated. He has Login to make your personal therefore provided for this department, collections permanent p.219 1 matching term Select Collection hy in Emerson Hall. Mr. F. E. Chase, of Boston, has sent us Add several bundles of theatrical literature. Mr. Ferris Greenslet has sent us over a hundred volumes of recent American poetry. Mr. Share H. N. Gay, of Rome, Curator of Modern Italian History, has continued to send us volumes and pamphlets relating Permanent I to this book p.221 1 matching term $210 ...ed to Emerson Hall. Next year the library of the Department of Philosophy will be the largest gainer. Name 2010-10-20 NOSUTO p.222 1 matching term ed in Emerson Hall as soon as that building is ready for occupancy. Last year, in order to economize, the Warren House libraries were closed in the evening. A gift of $75 from Dr. K. G. T. Webster made it possible to open these libraries in the evening from April 1 to the close of the term. No large Home About Collections Help Feedback Mobile Take-Down Policy Privacy Contact http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt/search?q1=%22Emerson+Hall%22&id=njp.32101066080. 9/24/2013 EDUCATION, BRICKS AND MORTAR Harvard Buildings and Their Contribution to the Advancement of Learning Harvard University 1949 PUBLISHED AT THE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS 1- DUNBAR LABORATORY: 1918 building in America to be devoted to philos- or Cryogenic laboratory for engineering re- ophy. The Laboratory of Social Relations n search. takes the place occupied by the Psychological Construction Cost: $9,000. Operating Cost Laboratory, moved to Memorial Hall. is of Building for 1947-48: $1,310. Emerson Hall continues to keep fresh the e Gifts of friends as a memorial to Atherton memory of the great philosophers who taught Kingsley Dunbar (A.B. 1917), who lost his ere-George HerbertPalmer, William James, life while engaged in research on the proper- Josiah Royce, George Santayana, Alfred I ties of liquid gases. North Whitehead, and others. Construction Cost: $200,000. Operating DUNSTER HOUSE: 1930 Cost of Building for 1947-48: $32,713. Archi- e Completely self-contained undergraduate tect: Guy Lowell (A.B. 1892). House, including dormitories, Master's House, Source of Funds: Alfred Tredway White S library, common rooms, dining hall, kitchen, (hon. A.M. 1890), the first of whose several ) squash courts. gifts carried the condition that space also be I Construction Cost: $3,010,000 exclusive of provided for instruction in social ethics; and 1 cost of land. Operating Cost of Building for other contributions. Named in memory of 1 1947-48: $98,358. Architects: Coolidge, Shep- Ralph Waldo Emerson (A.B. 1821). ley, Bulfinch and Abbott. Gift of Edward Stephen Harkness. Named FACULTY CLUB: 1931 for Henry Dunster, first President of Harvard Clubhouse for members of the Faculty- College (1640-1654), 30-year old graduate of dining rooms, library, meeting rooms, dormi- Cambridge University, England. tory. Built on the site of the former Colonial Club. ELIOT HOUSE: 1931 Construction Cost: $305,000. Operating One of the largest of the Harvard Houses, Cost of Building for 1947-48: $8,570 (for equipped with library, common rooms, din- maintenance, not club services). Architects: ing hall, grill room, and adjoining Master's Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch and Abbott. House. Its well-proportioned tower and hexa- Gift of the late Allston Burr (A.B. 1889); gonal Great Court are two of its most ad- together with other funds, principally from mired architectural features. the Harvard Corporation. The Society of Fellows has its meeting rooms here. Business School FACULTY CLUB: 1926 Construction Cost: $3,290,000 not includ- Construction Cost: $75,000. Operating ing the land, which was the site of the Boston Cost of Building for 1947-48: $14,267 (for Elevated power house, purchased in 1930 at a maintenance, not club services). Architects: cost of $370,000. Operating Cost of Building McKim, Mead and White. for 1947-48: $118,511. Architects: Coolidge, Gift of George Fisher Baker. Shepley, Bulfinch and Abbott. Gift of Edward Stephen Harkness. Named FARLOW HERBARIUM: 1887 in memory of President Charles William Eliot Reference library and herbarium of crypto- (A.B. 1853). gamic botany. Formerly the Divinity Library; addition built in 1922. EMERSON HALL: 1906 Contains the largest fungus collection in Lecture halls, classrooms and libraries for this country with more than 500,000 speci- Department of Philosophy and for the De- mens and also very important collections of partment of Social Relations (formerly So- other lower forms of plant life. The library ciology; originally Social Ethics). The first of 40,000 volumes is said to be the finest 63 CHRONOLOGY OF HARVARD BUILDINGS (Listed according to date of construction; alphabetically arranged within single years.) 1720 Massachusetts Hall 1898 Warren House 1926 Morgan Hall 1726 Wadsworth House 1898 Westmorly Court 1926 Morris Hall 1744 Holden Chapel 1900 Phillips Brooks House 1926 Sherman Hall 1760 Apthorp House 1900 Newell Boat House 1926 Straus Hall 1762 Hicks House 1900 Robinson Hall 1926 Business School Students' 1763 Hollis Hall 1901 Geological Museum Club 1766 Harvard Hall 1901 Harvard Union 1927 Boyden Station (2nd loca- Forestry Building (18th cen- 1901 Pierce Hall tion), Harvard College tury) 1901 Stillman Infirmary Observatory 1801 Dumbarton Oaks 1902 New Lecture Hall 1927 William Hayes Fogg Art 1805 Stoughton Hall I 902 Semitic Museum Museum 1812 Holworthy Hall 1903 Harvard Stadium 1927 Vanderbilt Hall 1815 University Hall 1906 Emerson Hall 1928 Converse Memorial Labo- 1820' Dana-Palmer House 1906 Medical School Buildings ratory 1826 Divinity Hall 1907 Langdell Hall 1928 Farlow House 1830* Gannett House 1907 Weld Boat House 1928 Edward Mallinckrodt 1843 Walker House 1909 Gray Herbarium Chemical Laboratory 1844 Cambridge Station, Har- 1909 School of Dental Medicine 1929 Business School Dean's vard College Observa- Building House tory I9II Andover Hall 1929 Red Top 1847 Lawrence Hall I9II School of Public Health 1930 Dunster House 1850* Students' Astronomical Building 1930 Indoor Athletic Building Laboratory 1911 Varsity Club 1930 Institute of Geographical 1854 Little Hall 1912 Huntington Building Exploration 1857 Boylston Hall 1912 President's House 1930 Lowell House 1859 Museum of Comparative 1913 T. Jefferson Coolidge, Jr. 1931 Adams House Zoölogy Memorial Laboratory 1931 Biological Laboratories 1863 Grays Hall 1913 Wolcott Gibbs Memorial 1931 Dillon Field House 1870 Holyoke House Laboratory 1931 Eliot House 1870 Thayer Hall 1914 Music Building 1931 Faculty Club 1871 Bussey Institution 1914 Harry Elkins Widener Me- 1931 Hygiene Building 1871 Weld Hall morial Library 1931 Kirkland House 1872 Matthews Hall 1915 Cruft Laboratory 1931 Leverett House 1876 Peabody Museum 19151 University Squash Courts 1931 Lyman Laboratory 1878 Memorial Hall 1916 Gore Hall 1931 Mather Hall 1880 Sever Hall 1916 Smith Halls 1931 Memorial Church 1883 Austin Hall 1916 Standish Hall 1931 Russell Hall 1885 Blue Hill Meteorological 1917 Adolphus Busch Hall 193 Wigglesworth Halls Observatory 1918 Dunbar Laboratory 1931 John Winthrop House 1885 Jefferson Physical Labora- 1918 Gordon McKay Laboratory 1932 Oak Ridge Station, Har- tory 1918 Psychological Clinic vard College Observatory 1887 Farlow Herbarium 1919 House Squash Court Build- 1933 Bryan Hall 1889 Walter Hastings Hall ing 1937 Peabody House 1890 Rotch Building 19197 Palfrey House 1939 Littauer Center 1891 Botanical Museum 1925 Kendall House 1940 Gallatin House 1891 Mineralogical Museum 1925 Lehman Hall 1940 Hemenway Gymnasium 1892 Arnold Arboretum Building 1925 Lionel Hall 1940 Morris House 1893 Claverly Hall 1925 Mower Hall 1941 Fisher Museum 1894 Conant Hall 1926 Baker Library 1941 Shaler Hall 1895 Hunt Hall 1926 Briggs Cage 1942 Carpenter Hall 1895 Perkins Hall 1926 Chase Hall 1942 Cowie Hall 1897 Apley Court 1926 BusinessSchoolFaculty Club 1942 Houghton Library 1897 Carey Cage 1926 Gallatin Hall 1942 Shannon Hall 1897 Dudley Hall 1926 Glass Hall 1943 Vanserg Building 1897 Randolph Hall 1926 Hamilton Hall 1946 Computation Laboratory 1898 Atkins Garden and Re- 1926 McCulloch Hall 1949 Lamont Library search Laboratory 1926 McKinlock Hall 1949 Nuclear Laboratory 1898 Randall Hall 1926 Mellon Hall Approximate date. tDate of purchase or acquisition. 95 I. SPACE, TIME, AND EDUCATION GREAT of live and mankind only in their VISIONS great men on serve not spiritual legacies, but also when these visions are expressed in physical form-buildings, books, bequests. An obscure preacher of Charlestown, Massachusetts, would be un- known today, had he not perpetuated the name John Harvard by the gift of his library and halfhis inheritance "towards the erecting of a Colledge." At Harvard there are many other great names that will be forever iden- tified with this institution because of their generous gifts of buildings. "To advance Learning and perpetuate it to Posterity" was the pur- pose of Harvard's founding fathers. Buildings have had much to do with keeping alive that tradition and inspiration. Education to survive must be given form and substance. Today the construction, operation, and maintenance of buildings are ranked in importance along with faculty salaries, scholarships, and re- search funds by many university administrators and by individuals and foundations, who by their support wish to help meet these needs. At the present time there are some I50 buildings owned and used by Harvard University for educational purposes. These buildings contain a total of more than I20 million cubic feet, of which more than 47 million were constructed or acquired since 1909, the beginning of President Lowell's administration. A building increase of 63.9 per cent has taken place during the most recent tenth of Harvard's history. 7 During half that time, since 1932-33, the cost of operating those build- ings has increased approximately 115 per cent. However, the University has received very few funds specifically designated for building mainte- nance, or for dealing with the serious problem of obsolescence. Harvard's present buildings were constructed over a period of more than two hundred years at a cost in the neighborhood of a hundred million dollars, given directly or indirectly by thousands of benefactors, individ- uals and corporate alumni, friends, and good citizens. Harvard is grateful for these contributions to the advancement of learning. It hopes to repay them by its own contributions to mankind. The intent of this book is to say something about the important benefits that have accrued to Harvard from gifts of buildings buildings that have given new direc- tions to education at Harvard-milestones of educational history. This book will review very briefly the older buildings in the Yard and their part in building Harvard's heritage. It will deal at more length with some of the more recent buildings and groups of buildings, which have given effect to the educational policies of the University and have had a marked influence on the lives of students and teachers.* Included is a comprehensive directory of Harvard buildings, together with brief information about each one. On a smaller scale this attempts to do for Harvard's physical plant what was done for endowment funds in the book recently issued by the Treasurer's office ("Endowment Funds of Harvard University"). In many cases the names of principal contributors of construction funds are indi- cated. But this book does not presume to give adequate recognition or appreciation To remember and honor those generous benefactors, one has only to look around Harvard Yard--across to the North-and to the South. *No attempt can be made here to indicate the extensive use of Harvard's physical plant during World War II, when nearly every building housed Army or Navy personnel or war projects. 8 THE CAMPUS GUIDE VELLO Universit AN ARCHITECTURAL TOUR BY Douglass Shand-Tucci WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY RICHARD CHEEK FOREWORD BY NEIL L. RUDENSTINE the breathtaking effect place, as well as to Picasso and to Stravinsky. The same mentors brought 163 1, the great classics him to the Armory Show when it visited Boston (where Cummings became g the stage before a cstatic over Brancusi), urging on him also the writings of Pound and lents, discoursing on Joyce. (Not only did the Armory Show come to Boston, but one of Charles ith perhaps one small Eliot Norton's most ardent disciples, Isabella Stewart Gardner, was one of is hand to guide him. the show's twelve honorary sponsors.) Yet all the while, one of the greatest once declared that influences, of all unlikely people, on Cummings, was beloved old Dean classical Greek literature Briggs, who would never care much for free verse but also didn't think any- S incandescent as a five- one could actually be taught to write, only guided, closely and critically, or is this to overlook all and encouraged to do what they did best. In Cummings' case, it hardly and not, who graduated mattered that he went beyond Amy Lowell's Imagism into more or less n Sanders, where com- Cubism. The truth was, as R.S. Kennedy noted, that year after year Briggs' elf was moved after it course drew not just Cummings, but "the most interesting young men at the First Church's capac- Harvard." And the result was predictable. In 1916 at year's end it was widely felt that so much good poetry had been written therein-and pub- ommencement has par- lished regularly in Harvard's literary magazine-tha some of it at least e to our theme in this should be brought out in book form. Thus Eight Harvard Poets. Most erface between profes- Harvard courses, even in the Yard's golden era, did not yield a book. And in esigned as settings for most cases those written were, like Santayana's, by faculty. Eight Harvard at of 1915, quite on the Poets was written by the students. ear one of the speak- it talk, entitled "The not to refer to Marcel F the work of Amy 51. Emerson Hall Guy Lowell, 1900 en very controversial, The other great landmark, after Memorial Hall, that dominates the New Yard, is welcome to Harvard's Widener Library-which bluntly trumpets Eliot's triumph. But before Widener her. Enthroned in state there was Emerson, a building that not only heralds Widener, but in some fully by one and all as sense may be Widener's better self. Emerson's heroic columns are the first as a deliciously example in the New Yard, as Widener's are the grandest, of what John tion on our theme Coolidge used to call "Imperial Harvard." And though Emerson too has been :he Yard's legendary called bombastic that is simply to decline what Baroque has to offer. Emerson mmings, like is not bombastic. Emerson is grand. And because it was built for the ater years, turn the Philosophy Department-the pride of Harvard's golden era at the end of the d Joyce, may be said nineteenth century (remember that one of Eliot's four goals was to endow generally in the twen- Harvard with strong academic departments)-Emerson's architectural pomp ngs was in full was immediately upheld by that department's intellectual pomp SO as to create 1. A "spree-drinking, a kind of seamless Wagnerian setting and action. The hall's very name and at the Copley Plaza's dedication was a valediction, though not without irony. Across the yard, it was of fast automobiles, built, Emerson Hall, across from old University Hall, in and out of which on var- resh Pond (Harvard's ious errands as young Waldo had once been seen to dash, day in and day out took much away in years past. That there should arise in that place twenty-odd years after his rd's president had death a great becolumned temple of learning proudly labeled on its frieze, work in the first "Philosophy," and named "Emerson," was, if not surprising, then astonishing. 164 have that ser Freu Emerson Hall Though how great a loss Harvard had sustained in ignoring Emerson (who was not only a great thinker, but who possessed just the mind of a great Oxbridge or Harvard tutor) is not in doubt. It comes through, for example, in the quality of his informal guidance of Oliver Wendell Holmes as an undergraduate. Asked, not only because of his erudition but because Emerson was, in Holmes' experience, never patronizing or condescending to a student and dealt "man to man," to be reader for a critical paper on Plato that Holmes thought to publish ies or, perhaps, submit for a prize, Emerson did so, carefully, in front of Holmes, only to hand the paper back with a shake of the head and the famous rejoinder: "When you shoot at a king you must kill him." To which Holmes did not 52 respond with youth's usual insecurities. Instead he promptly tore the paper up and did it over. But what is equally important from our point of view is Alt Emerson's further advice to Holmes: "Hold Plato at arm's length as you've of been doing," he advised him. "That's good. But say to yourself, 'Plato-you "so have pleased the world for two thousand years. Now let's see if you can please me." The much better paper that resulted was Emerson's as well as Holmes'! As Morison wrote in Harvard's tercentenary history: "The unforgivable sin of the University was her failure to find Emerson the chair of Rhetoric that he or craved, or to provide something to keep him in Cambridge, even if he did noth- mc ing more than play Socrates for half a morning hour at the Yard pump." By WC Ha 1900, of course, scholars around the globe would have been lining up, and att would not have disdained that pump. And that of course was the great thing about Emerson Hall. It needed to be grand. It was about America's Plato, as pla ve it were-about Emerson, perhaps even more about William James. It represented finally much more than Harvard making up for past omissions. I 165 have in mind the view Richard Rorty has attributed in our day to Harold Bloom, that "America truly begins only when Emersonian self-reliance replaces Calvinist guilt. No real American takes himself to be younger than God." Grand indeed. Emerson Hall's dedication was serious business. And getting more serious. Recently Robert Coles wrote: "No American has matched William James in the breadth and depth of his psychological studies. Freud attracted Freudians, Jung gathered around him Jungians, but there weren't-there aren't-Jamesians Yet today. Freudians and Jungians become, more and more, Jamesians-though James would laugh at the word." Indeed he would have. Not that he was in his day at all a shy figure in the Yard. One student remembered how James "lingered with the fertile-minded ones after class. He invited them to walk homeward with him to finish the discussion-and to one who passed them on Kirkland Street it was difficult to say whether student or professor had more of the eagerness of youth." Emerson Hall breathes its sub- ject. It has over the years been a place of great teaching. Berkeley professor Jacob Lowenberg (who taught there for some forty years) during a fellowship year at Harvard wrote of Emerson that it was a hallowed place, hallowed by unseen but living spirits." And in a very real sense it was designed to be, how- herson (who was ever absurd the concept, or, perhaps, my own idea of it. In a very real sense, great Oxbridge Emerson Hall's program is disclosed by Margaret Henderson Floyd: "the great 3, in the quality brick columns rising to the lonic capitals and ebullient inscribed entablature of graduate. terra cotta-from Psalm 8: 'WHAT IS MAN THAT THOU ART MINDFUL OF was, in Holmes' HIM'-provide the ultimate synthesis of the design. For if man is clay, then the nd dealt "man to man-fired ornament that is embedded in the structure of Emerson Hall embod- ught to publish ies the philosophical ideals of its inhabitant." nt of Holmes, limous rejoinder: S did not 52. Widener Library Horace Trumbauer 1913-1915 re the paper up view is Although Widener was built in 1913-15, three or more years into the reign 1 as you've of Eliot's successor, Bainbridge Bunting has pointed out that it in both 'Plato-you "scale and style was an extension of the Imperial Harvard of the late Eliot you can please years." Extension and apotheosis! Coolidge's term "Imperial Harvard" was ell as Holmes'! never more apt. Widener, by any measure monumental (some would say givable sin of elephantine), is the most conspicuous example of the style at Harvard, its oric that he only rival being Langdell Hall at the Law School or perhaps, though it is n if he did noth- more generously sited, the Medical School quadrangle. Yet the record pump." By would seem to indicate that its grandeur was more the donor's vision than ing up, and Harvard's, to which according to your point of view either praise or blame e great thing attaches; in an age when the deference shown such a donor precluded a's Plato, as plain speaking, certainly in print, more than a hint of criticism is surely con- nes. It veyed in the way Harvard's then president tried to disarm the project's Cambridge Street 53 49 55b 55c Harvard Yard and Harvard Square WALK FIVE New Yard and Memorial Hall 45 Boylston Hall 46 Gore Hall Pinnacles 47 Chinese Stele 48 University Hall/New Yard Façade 49 Sever Hall 50 Memorial Hall 5I Emerson Hall 52 Widener Library 53 Memorial Church 54 Tercentenary Theater 55 a) Pusey Library b) Houghton Library c) Lamont Library, and the Calder and Moore 48 Sculptures 45 Epp, Ronald From: Jason A. Pannone [pannone@fas.harvard.edu] Sent: Wednesday, June 01, 2005 4:14 PM To: Epp, Ronald Subject: Re: Emerson Hall Centenary update Dear Ron, How are you? I hope that you had a pleasant holiday weekend. I am writing to you with a brief update. I have had a chance to go through some of the older materials that were left here in the library, but I have not been able to uncover anything along the lines of what you are looking for. The materials from Edwin D.T. Bechtel, which I thought might contain some information, turn out to be not very useful. There are some old news clippings and reviews of books about Santayana, James, and Palmer, in several scrapbooks that he kept, but most of them are written in the period of 1940-1960, and don't shed much light on the goings-on in the department in the time frame that you are looking for. The two diaries of his from that time are, respectively, an account book for Bechtel's senior year at Harvard, and a diary of his Grand Tour in 1904-1905. However, there might be something of value in all of these materials that I may be missing, SO you are welcome to come and look at them, if you would like, when you are next in Cambridge. We do not have any materials by, about, or from Mr. Dorr in Robbins itself, from what I can find in our catalog. I am also going to check and see if there is anything in the department office that may be of use. I will let you know what I uncover from that search. There has been no word from the chair in regards to any centenary celebrations, so I am guessing that the answer to this is negative. Please let me know if you have any more questions. Best, Jason Epp, Ronald wrote: >Dear Jason, > >Thank you for responding SO quickly and with such a willingness to be >helpful--by the way, please call me "Ron." I would appreciate your >making inquiries about any plans for a celebration though I suspect >that this may not transpire. However, if you could "look a little >deeper into what records may be here" within the next two months I >would be most appreciative. I'm planning a couple of trips to the >Archives this summer and perhaps I could drop by and treat you to >lunch. > >One issue that remains unclear to me is that there apparently was some >coordinated effort to open Emerson Hall in late December 1905 and to >celebrate this new facility by hosting the American Philosophical >Association annual meeting (long before it became segmented into >Eastern, pacific, etc.) Any documentation that you could uncover >relative to the philosophy/psychology department from 1901-1906 would >be appreciated, especially any references to the interaction between 1 Epp, Ronald From: Jason A. Pannone [pannone@fas.harvard.edu] Sent: Tuesday, June 28, 2005 2:25 PM To: Epp, Ronald Subject: Re: Dorr, Robbins, and Emerson Hall Dear Ron, Anytime! I am glad that this is useful! I will be happy to forward copies of what information I have on Robbins. I can make a copy this afternoon, and drop it in the mail. I may make the afternoon mail pick-up, depending on how long my meeting goes this afternoon, but, if not, it will go out tomorrow morning. I hope that you enjoy Bar Harbor! I was in Bass Harbor, on the other side of the island, just over a decade ago, and enjoyed it immensely. Best of luck on your lecture! Regards, Jason Epp, Ronald wrote: >Dear Jason, > >I appreciate your most recent update and your efforts to track down >other odds and ends for me. > >Last week I was at Bowdoin College Library in the middle of their >renovation sitting in the stacks reading copies of the Harvard >Graduates' Magazine (Vols. 1-15) wherein I found additional details on >Mr. Dorr's role as chair of the Philosophy Department Visiting >Committee and was pleased to see that Mr. Robbins became a member of >that committee at about the time that Emerson Hall was being dedicated. >I'd appreciate any details that you could assemble about Robbins. I >can't help but wonder if Dorr exerted any influence in the >establishment and naming of the Robbins library before William James's >death in 1910. >My wife and I are off to Bar harbor tomorrow morning. I've got a >lecture to deliver at the College of the Atlantic on Mr. Dorr prior to >some relaxation. Enjoy your time away from the Yard as well! Plan on >visiting you later in July. We'll talk on return. > >Ron Epp > Original Message >From: Jason A. Pannone [mailto:pannone@fas.harvard.edul >Sent: Tuesday, June 21, 2005 11:16 : >To: Epp, Ronald >Subject: Re: your request > > >Dear Ron, > >How are you? I hope that your recent trips have been enjoyable. > >I've checked with the department office, and was told that they do not >have any records from the turn of the 20th century, and that any such >materials would likely be at the archives, if they exist. I have also >been checking to see if I can locate a list of William James' >pallbearers, but haven't been able to find anything. Our holdings of 1 Epp, Ronald From: Epp, Ronald Sent: Tuesday, June 28, 2005 2:16 PM To: 'Jason A. Pannone' Subject: Dorr, Robbins, and Emerson Hall Dear Jason, I appreciate your most recent update and your efforts to track down other odds and ends for me. Last week I was at Bowdoin College Library in the middle of their renovation sitting in the stacks reading copies of the Harvard Graduates' Magazine (Vols. 1-15) wherein I found additional details on Mr. Dorr's role as chair of the Philosophy Department Visiting Committee and was pleased to see that Mr. Robbins became a member of that committee at about the time that Emerson Hall was being dedicated. I'd appreciate any details that you could assemble about Robbins. I can't help but wonder if Dorr exerted any influence in the establishment and naming of the Robbins library before William James's death in 1910. My wife and I are off to Bar harbor tomorrow morning. I've got a lecture to deliver at the College of the Atlantic on Mr. Dorr prior to some relaxation. Enjoy your time away from the Yard as well! Plan on visiting you later in July. We'll talk on return. Ron Epp Original Message From: Jason A. Pannone mailto:pannone@fas.harvard.edu] Sent: Tuesday, June 21, 2005 11:16 AM To: Epp, Ronald Subject: Re: your request Dear Ron, How are you? I hope that your recent trips have been enjoyable. I've checked with the department office, and was told that they do not have any records from the turn of the 20th century, and that any such materials would likely be at the archives, if they exist. I have also been checking to see if I can locate a list of William James' pallbearers, but haven't been able to find anything. Our holdings of James material are largely limited to books that he donated to Robbins, along with some books belonging to his father, Henry James, Sr, and presentation copies of books that he gave to friends and students that were later donated to us. Please let me know if I can be of further help. Just to let you know, I will be on vacation from 1 July to 8 July - - off to Chicago to visit some friends, but I will do my best to assist you in meeting whatever deadlines you may have. Best, Jason 1 Overview and History of Robbins Library, Department of Philosophy, Harvard University Robbins Library is our small philosophy library on the second floor of Emerson Hall. It was founded in 1905, by a gift from Reginald C. Robbins (A.B. 1892)¹. Robbins was one of a number of students of the Department during the so-called "Golden Age of Philosophy" at Harvard, during the late 19th century and early 20th century who later became generous benefactors of the 2 department. Robbins Library is on the second floor of Emerson Hall, in Harvard's New Yard. The building, designed by Guy Lowell (1900), is named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, the famous Transcendentalist writer, philosopher, and Harvard alumnus (A.B. 1821, LL.D. 1866). 3 The library as the patron sees it today is largely as it was in 1905, with a few exceptions. The original dark-stained oak shelves remain in place, along with many of the original worktables. The only changes are the additions of computer work terminals, additional shelving and a library ladder along the back wall, a cubicle for the Robbins librarian, and a front desk for the student workers. On top of housing the research collection, faculty and graduate students place course reserves in Robbins, though this is beginning to become less frequent as more reserve readings move online. Graduate students, undergraduates, and other researchers looking for a quiet place to work are Robbins' most frequent patrons. It also serves as an informal social space for members of the Department. The collection is best described, as any library collection is, as a work in progress, or as a historical archive cum contemporary research library. It is a intermingling of the old and the new in the best sense of the words. Volumes from the original books that seeded the Robbins' collection stand side-by-side with the latest research in epistemology, logic, philosophy of science, and the history of philosophy. In terms of historical volumes, most of the original books from the seeding of the collection remain on its shelves. Moreover, many prominent figures who have taught in, or who were associated with, the department over the years have donated books to our collection. One can browse the shelves and find books that had previously been owned and annotated by William James, George 1 The Development of Harvard University since the Inauguration of President Eliot, 1869-1929. (1930). S.E. Morison, Ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press: 31. Robbins was quite an interesting figure - poet, amateur philosopher, composer, volunteer naval officer, historian, conservationist, and naturalist - as his obituary in the Memorial Minutes of the Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, Vol. 29. (1955 - 1956), pp. 116-117, indicates. 2 Another one of these generous benefactors was Edwin D.T. Bechtel, about whom there is more information at http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~phildept/bechtel_tanner.htm Other famous alumni of the Department from this period include the poets T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, Conrad Aiken, and Robert Frost; African-American scholar and activist, W.E.B. DuBois; the journalists, Walter Lippmann, Max Eastman, and Van Wyck Brooks; and Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. (Saatkamp, H. [2008]. George Santayana. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. E. N. Zalta [ed.] Retrieved 22 September 2009 from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/santayana;W. E. B. Du Bois. [2009]. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 September 22 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W. E. B. Du Bois&oldid=315531183.) 3 Shand-Tucci, D. (2001). Harvard University: An Architectural Tour. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 163. 1 Last updated November 2009 Overview and History of Robbins Library, Department of Philosophy, Harvard University Santayana, Josiah Royce, or C.S. Peirce. Or, one might find the signed, bound copy of the article "Testability and meaning," donated to Robbins by Rudolf Carnap. These donations have also included a number of rare volumes. These include a 1644 edition of Descartes' Opera Philosophica (from Peirce), first and early editions of Kant (from Royce, including the B edition of The Critique of Pure Reason, the Anthropology, and Religion within the Bounds of Reason Alone), and an 1887 edition of Lewis Carroll's The Game of Logic (donor unknown), complete with game board and counters. Many of these items are kept in the glass case facing the cubicle wall of the librarian's office. 4 Moreover, given Robbins' century and more of history, several famous first editions of major philosophical works have come into our possession. One of these is the original printing of Wittgenstein's Tractatus (Logische-Philosophische Abhandlung) in the journal, Annalen der Naturphilosophie 14 (1919), 185-262, complete with errors. Another is the full run of the journal, Jahrbuch für Philosophie, edited by Edmund Husserl. Volume 1 (1913) of this journal contains the first printing of Husserl's Ideas. Volume 8 (1927) contains the first printing of Heidegger's Sein und Zeit (Being and Time). Other volumes contain essays by, e.g., Edith Stein and Max Scheler. Lastly, we have a first edition of John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971), autographed by Professor Rawls himself. Over the years, the Department has slowly augmented and developed, but sparingly culled, the collection, resulting in the wonderful snapshot of the development of Anglo-American philosophy from the late 19th century to the early 21st century that the patron sees today. It is fascinating to see how philosophical interests and tastes have changed over a century and more, and formerly prominent figures fade into obscurity while others come (or return) to the fore. In addition to the general collection development that goes on during the course of a century, Robbins has received or developed three special collections. The first comes from a donation by Edwin D.T. Bechtel (see footnote 2). Upon his death, his collection of books and non- philosophical materials was given to Robbins. Many of which are presentation copies, e.g., from William James, or are works that are valuable for historical reasons, such as the first (and only) English translation of Bergson's Le rire (On Laughter), one of the few extended philosophical examinations of humor. The non-philosophical items in the Bechtel collection include Bechtel's undergraduate and master's theses, along with clippings, photos, and other things from his student years and adult life. Prominent among these are a letter from Franklin D. Roosevelt (with whom Bechtel clerked at Carter, Ledyard & Milburn), photographs of and ephemera from his tour of Europe in 1904, and materials from his time at Harvard. Another special collection developed during this time was a collection of Kierkegaardiana. Robbins holds approximately 200 volumes of primary and secondary sources by and about Soren Kierkegaard, and some works by people connected with Kierkegaard, e.g., Rasmus Nielsen and H.L. Martensen. Many of these works are significant studies of Kierkegaard, and of great interest to Kierkegaard scholars. 4 At one point, this case was labeled with a sign reading "Erotica," in order to discourage browsing of and damage to the materials on its shelves. 2 Last updated November 2009 Overview and History of Robbins Library, Department of Philosophy, Harvard University Finally, in addition to Royce's books mentioned above, we also have other books of his, which include old editions of Husserl, Hegel, Cudworth, Wolff, and others, along with offprints of articles that Royce published during his lifetime. Royce's marginalia and annotations in these books make 5 for fascinating reading, watching a prominent mind at work with Hegel and Husserl, for example. Yet, for all of this, Robbins does not remain stuck in the past. Gone are the days of card catalogs and print-only resources. The entire collection is cataloged electronically and available via Harvard's OPAC, HOLLIS. News, research tips, and such are available through the library's 6 blog, Robbins Library Notes, at http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/pannone. Patrons have access to a plethora of databases, electronic journals, and online resources through the Harvard College Libraries (HCL) via HOLLIS. Robbins may appear to be a nineteenth-century gentlemen's club, but it is fully in the twenty-first century, and is ever looking to adapt to the changing research needs and interests of its patrons. Currently, all Harvard students, faculty, staff, and affiliates may use Robbins Library, though this was not the case in its early days. At that time, the use of Robbins Library was restricted to advanced students in the department and "members of the Philosophical Seminaries," as a notice in the Harvard Crimson edition of 15 February 1906 states: Dr. H. C. Brown and Dr. P. A. Hutchinson have been appointed to take charge of the Philosophical Library in Emerson Hall. The library will be open every week-day from 1.30 to 4.45 o'clock, and members of the Philosophical Seminaries, having keys to the library, may use it any time from 9 to 5 o'clock. All students of philosophy taking the more advanced courses, will be welcome to use the library, but students in the elementary courses, Philosophy la and 1b, are expected to find in the Reading Room of Gore Hall the books needed for their work. Books for all philosophy courses will still be reserved as heretofore in the Gore Hall Reading Room. Books are in no case to be taken from the Emerson Hall Library. 8 The restrictions on the use of Robbins from these early days no longer apply, for the most part. Faculty and students from all across Harvard, and indeed, from around the world, come to use the Robbins collection every year, and they are welcomed and assisted as much as possible. The only 9 restriction that remains in place is that the collection does not circulate. 5 His comments in Husserl's Logical Investigations, e.g., reveal an increasing frustration with the work. About halfway through the first volume, Royce indicates that he can make no sense of the text and that he is putting down. There are no further comments in this volume or in the second one. 6 OPAC = Online Public Access Catalog. You may access HOLLIS at http://discovery.lib.harvard.edu. 7 "Philosophical Seminaries" were advanced courses open only to graduate students and "specialists." First offered after the reform of Harvard's curriculum by President C.W. Eliot in the late nineteenth-century, they are the equivalent of today's graduate seminars. Please see Rand, B. (1929). Philosophical Instruction in Harvard University from 1636- 1906. Boston: Harvard Graduates Magazine Association, 36-38, for more information. 8 Harvard Crimson. (15 February 1906). Philosophy Library in Emerson Hall. Retrieved 22 July 2009 from http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=194512 - the link, unfortunately is no longer live. Gore Hall was the predecessor to Widener Library. It was in use until 1913, when it was torn down to make way for the construction of Widener. 9 At one point, the collection did circulate to the general Harvard community, but it is unclear as to when this began and when it was stopped. 3 Last updated November 2009 Overview and History of Robbins Library, Department of Philosophy, Harvard University At some point in 1906, Benjamin Rand (A.B. 1879, A.M. 1880, Ph.D. 1885) became the first dedicated librarian of Robbins Library, from 1906 to 1934. According to the description on the back cover of his book, The Classical Moralists, Rand was the third person to be awarded a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard. 10 Over his life, Rand wrote and edited a number of works of philosophy, including the Locke/Clarke correspondence and the works of Shaftesbury. He was also involved with the creation of the B Class (Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion)¹ of the Library 11 of Congress Classification system, which is still in use today. George Herbert Palmer and Ralph Barton Perry both praise Rand's dedication to the development and maintenance of Robbins. 12 After Rand's death, the library was managed by a succession of graduate students on a volunteer basis. In April 2003, the Department hired its first professional librarian, Jason Pannone, to overhaul and update the collection in a time of rapid technological change and changing research needs and practices. With electronic resources and tools opening up and reshaping ways of accessing hitherto undreamed resources, the Department looks to preserve the legacy of the Robbins collection while keeping it relevant and useful to the research and pedagogical needs of its 21st century students and faculty. Over its history, Robbins had its share of famous visitors, and not just philosophers. While we have no proof at present that T.S. Eliot (A.B. 1910), one of the Department's most famous alumni, used Robbins, it seems unlikely that he would not have spent some time in Robbins, given that he was a philosophy concentrator. Another famous alumnus of Harvard, J. Robert Oppenheimer (A.B. 1926), the father of the atomic bomb, spent a good deal of time in Robbins, as he mentions in a letter to a friend. 13 It is also likely that Bertrand Russell, Rudolph Carnap, and Alfred Tarski used Robbins when they were teaching at Harvard in the 1940-41 academic year. In conclusion, Robbins Library, like the Roman god Janus, looks both backwards and forwards: backwards, towards its rich legacy and history, and forwards, towards the future. We preserve the best of the past, keep firmly rooted in the present, and seek to embrace the future of philosophy and of technology. In this way, we seek to part of the ongoing conversation of philosophy, and assist faculty, students, and patrons in making their contributions to the discourse. 10 Rand, B. (2004). The Classical Moralists: Selections Illustrating Ethics from Socrates to Martineau. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. Retrieved 22 July 2009 from http://books.google.com/books?id=S- 1xHAbyfc8C&lpg=PT1&ots=4gvGHIByGG&dq=benjamin%20rand%20harvard&pg=PT1 11 To view the complete B Class, please go to http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco. 12 See their article on the Department in Morison (1930), 31. 13 Bird, K. & Sherwin, M. J. (2006). American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Vintage Books, 35 4 Last updated November 2009 EBSCOhost Page 2 of 19 Philosophy The Origins and Eag Year of th Consolidating Change American Psychological Association, Footnotes REFERENCES 1890-1906 Americas Psychologist 47,#2 By: Michael M. Sokal (1992) . Department of Humanities, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Michael M. Sokal, Department of Humanities, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609. The American Psychological Association (APA) emerged at a particular time, in a unique social and institutional environment, and as the result of actions of specific individuals. Like any organism suddenly appearing in a given environment, it had to adapt to its ecological setting and find itself an ecological niche in which it could thrive, or at least survive. The course of events surrounding its establishment reflected American in the late Gilded Age, its emerging university system, the organizational precedents set by other American scientists of the period, and the personal interplay between G. Stanley Hall and his contemporaries. These factors did more to shape the course of events surrounding its establishment-and its character during its earliest years-than did any of the intellectual and scientific issues to which psychologists devoted their attention during that period. From the start, APA was explicitly the American Psychological Association; although its membership always included Canadians, its character has always reflected its U.S. base. In particular, through the Gilded Age, the nation's intellectual life gradually coalesced around America's newly emerging universities. As the institutional builders of the period looked to Europe and adopted (in large part) the German research ideal as the basis for new universities in Ithaca, New York (Cornell, founded in 1865); Baltimore (Johns Hopkins, 1876); Worcester, Massachusetts (Clark, 1887); Chicago, Illinois (University of Chicago, 1891); and Palo Alto, California (Stanford, 1892), the older colleges-which an earlier society had charged with instilling discipline and piety in its professional leaders-began converting into universities that emphasized graduate education. (In short, they adapted, and even mutated, in response to changes in their immediate environment; see Veysey, 1965.) So, too, did many state universities; by 1890, those in California, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, for example, had more in common with the private universities than with most other public universities. In all of these institutions, the educational magnates adopted the principle of division of labor that their industrial counterparts had found so successful; thus, highly specialized departments thrived. These usually focused on one of the research-based academic disciplines that had emerged in the 19th- century German universities. Johns Hopkins and others, for example, bragged regularly about their seminar-based instruction in classical philology (Hawkins, 1960). Physics, too, emerged from natural philosophy, as for the first time large numbers of Americans began to call themselves scientists and practice research (Kevles, 1978). Meanwhile, through the 1880s, research-oriented scientists based in universities and in federal scientific agencies grew dissatisfied with the older scientific organizations, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), founded in 1848. The AAAS opened its membership to all who paid its dues, published only summary proceedings of its peripatetic summer meetings, and comprised only two general sections, which limited program time for any one discipline. In 1882, responding to the interests of researchers, the AAAS adapted itself by establishing nine slightly more specialized sections, each of which could hold its own scientific programs. But this halfway move did little to satisfy these special interests and led instead to further adaptation by promoting further discussion that led to the formation of disciplinary societies with restricted membership (Appel, 1988). In 1883, biologists and geologists founded the Society of Naturalists of the Eastern United States (soon renamed the American Society of Naturalists) that "encouraged the formation of disciplinary societies" including, eventually, the APA-" and enabled them to survive their early years when there were still few prospective members with the desired training and attainment" (Appel, 1988, p. 90). In topg 119 http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=27&hid=108&sid=137e6388 11/2/2006 Ironically, in its early years the association achieved Gradual Independence for Philosophy perhaps its greatest success by promoting the development of philosophy, its parent discipline, in a way that en- Although APA's early support for philosophy may seem couraged it to be professional and grow through the early out of place to at least some late 20th-century psychol- 20th century as other disciplines had done in the late logists, through the century's first half decade, at least, 19th century. In doing so, the APA alienated many of psychology's position as a newly scientific offspring of those psychologists who had campaigned most strongly philosophy made ties between the disciplines seem quite for psychology's independence from philosophy, a group appropriate. Even as it complained about the retirement of experimentalists that included both those with func- of the experimentalists and decried the format of APA tional concerns and those whose work continued the tra- annual meetings, the American Journal of Psychology ditional research fostered since the late 1870s by German noted that "the plan and restrictions of the meetings are psychological laboratories. In several ways, this second of a kind to favor" the philosophers, and admitted that group seemed to many to be APA's natural constituency. "it is not that the systematic psychologists are forcing After all, the physiologists and others had founded their their way unduly to the front" ("The American Psycho- scientific societies to promote basic research, and the logical Association," 1896, p. 448) Other more general membership criteria their societies adopted decried the factors also shaped these developments, as many late 19th- kinds of practical issues that interested many American century philosophers tried to help their discipline evolve psychologists. But just about all up-to-date life science in its new intellectual environment. In particular, as they after Darwin, whether physiological or psychological, was worked to adapt their field for the new universities' hi- functional, and "functional" in psychology typically im- erarchy, they sought to follow their specialized siblings, plied a concern for life in the real world, not necessarily and inasmuch as they lacked their own national society, implied by "functional" in physiology. As John O'Don- they flocked to APA (Veysey, 1979; Wilson, 1979). At nell (1985) has shown, functional concerns led American times their presentations seemed to dominate the asso- psychology to evolve toward behavioristic perspectives ciation's meetings, as interpretations of "The Freedom typically unsympathetic with traditional experimental of the Will" (Chrysostom, 1895) and similar topics pro- psychology. Those APA members with these concerns thus voked much discussion. An early 20th-century statistical felt slighted on two accounts: that is, by the association's analysis concluded that only about 12% of the papers support for philosophy and by their psychological col- presented at annual meetings during APA's first decade leagues' interest in practicable problems. As early as 1896, focused on philosophical issues (Buchner, 1903). Only an American Journal of Psychology comment-almost one other subject, experimental psychology, commanded surely written by Titchener, who (with Sanford) had more attention, and at several meetings-notably those joined G. Stanley Hall as editor the previous year-com- of 1896 at Harvard, under the presidency of Mary W. plained about "the retirement of the experimentalists" Calkins, and 1898 at Columbia-APA members actually from the association. Although Titchener overstated the heard more philosophical papers than papers on any other case, he did emphasize another reason for his dissatisfac- single topic. Furthermore, as soon became clear, Titchener tion (i.e., the form of presentation demanded by the for- was not the only psychologist who found this trend dis- mat of the association's annual meeting). He thus claimed pleasing. that As a result, in 1895, "the question of the formation of a philosophical society or a philosophical section within Unless the meetings are allowed to take the form of a conver- the present Association was referred to the Council sazione, the apparatus employed shown in their working, and with full power to act" (Sanford, 1896b, p. 122). Thus, the results made to speak for themselves in charts and diagrams near the apparatus, it would seem that the drift of the Association at the 1896 meeting most of the large cluster of "papers must continue in the non-experimental direction. ("The Amer- of a distinctly philosophical character'' were scheduled ican Psychological Association," 1896, p. 448) on one morning (Farrand, 1897, p. 107f But this action did not satisfy all psychologists, and some seemed par- In 1904, Titchener self-assuredly invited both kinds ticularly disturbed that many newly elected members had of experimentalists to meet and focus on just these kinds stronger credentials in philosophy than psychology. Wit- of presentations, which APA meetings continued to ig- mer thus proposed formally (a) that APA "select only nore. This group soon took on a life of its own, evolving such papers and contributions to the program of the an- eventually into the Society of Experimental Psychologists. nual meeting as are psychological in subject matter"; (b) It has its own history, which others have dealt with effec- that the council begin to "plan for the formation of an tively (Boring, 1938; Goodwin, 1985). But as these his- American Philosophical or Metaphysical Association" as torians have made clear, few of its members, besides one of the "present Affiliated Societies"; and, going still Titchener, ever felt the need to withdraw from APA. Psy- further, (c) that the council post, for all nominees for chologists can thus learn much by tracing the course of membership, "a statement of the[ir] contribution or con- APA's inclusive policy as an adaptive response to devel- tributions to psychology" (cited in Farrand, 1897, p. 109). opments in its intellectual and professional environment Although many APA members shared some of Witmer's and by following its influence on the association's devel- concerns, they knew him as one of the association's most opment. contentious members, and few wanted to restrict mem- February 1992 American Psychologist 119 bership. But in 1897, the council did ask nominators to Today's American Philosophical Association comprises list the publications of the new members they proposed, three divisions: Eastern, Central, and Pacific. and for the first time, the association held parallel sessions, "Section A for the discussion of physical and mental Consolidating Change tests, and Section B for the reading of psychological By 1905, the APA could put aside its fears of being dom- papers" (Farrand, 1898, p. 145). inated by philosophers and resume its growth, which had Despite this compromise, many psychologists still been slowed only by the withdrawal of philosophers from perceived problems with the philosophers' large presence, the association in 1902. American universities boomed and at the 1898 meeting-when philosophical papers through the 20th century's first decade, and psychology again dominated the program-they took action. Led grew along with its host campuses. Perhaps more impor- this time by Sanford, one of APA's best-liked members, tantly, other institutions, such as psychiatric hospitals and the association resolved to instruct council to consider schools for the feebleminded, began hiring psychologists, and report on "the organization of the Association with and this development had many longer term implications reference to a possible philosophical section," to poll its for psychology's evolution (Napoli, 1981). During APA's members on their opinion about this matter, and to ar- first decade, these universities and other institutions es- range "the programme for the next meeting to gather tablished 30 new psychological laboratories, and by 1910 philosophical papers into one session" (Farrand, about 70 U.S. institutions supported such facilities 1899, pp. 147-148). During the following 12 months, (Garvey, 1929). In 1906, the association elected 19 new psychologists debated the issue, notes on it appeared in members, bringing its membership to about 181. The the Psychological Review and elsewhere (e.g., Bliss, 1899), council announced plans to tighten its application of the and at the 1899 meeting, although the parallel sessions membership criteria-"*engage[ment] in the advancement appeared to "work satisfactorily, many members of Psychology as a science" (Davis, 1907, p. 203)-that would have been glad to have been present in both sections had been in effect since 1894. As noted earlier, it explicitly at the same time" ("Notes and News," 1900, p. 280). In recognized that its predecessors had "historically and an editorial note written, perhaps, by Sanford, the Amer- consistently recognized two sorts of qualifications: ican Journal of Psychology thus claimed that "there professional occupation in psychology and research" seemed little desire to take any action that might lead to (Davis, 1907, p. 203). With continued growth of psy- an actual division of the Association" ("Notes and chology, however, the council decided that it would strictly News," 1900, p. 280). But others disagreed, and psychol- interpret the first of these criteria, "so that, in the absence logists and philosophers both continued working toward of research, positions held in related branches, such as that end. philosophy and education, or temporary positions, such Only two days after the end of the 1899 APA meet- as assistantships in psychology, are not regarded as qual- ing, philosophers meeting in Kansas City on January 1, ifying a candidate for membership" (p. 203). It even went 1900 organized the Western Philosophical Association, so far as to propose a constitutional amendment that "to stimulate an interest in philosophy in all its branches would have allowed the council, by unanimous vote, to and to encourage original investigation" ("Notes," 1900, "drop any member of the Association who has not been p. 104). Two of the five members of its first Executive engaged in the advancement of Psychology for a period Committee, including its president, Frank Thilly of the of five or more years" (Davis, 1907, p. 203). The asso- University of Missouri, were active APA members, and ciation at large, however, referred this amendment back the organizers clearly profited from APA's example and, to council, which tabled it the following year. APA may indeed, from that set by the other "Affiliated Societies." have decided to adopt a more exclusive membership pol- About 20 months later, philosophers in the East, led by icy, but it was not about to dismiss its long-term members Cornell professor J.1 E. Creighton (who had served on the (Woodworth, 1908). APA Council from 1898), followed the lead of their west- But why did psychologists continue to join the ern colleagues and founded an American Philosophical American Psychological Association through its early Association ("Notes," 1902; cf. Creighton, 1902; and years, even as it failed in its attempts to develop a range Gardiner, 1926). These organizers were again among the of programs in support of its members' research and other many who had spoken at APA meetings as members dur- professional interests? More particularly, why did exper- ing the preceding half decade, and the first president of imentalists retain their APA membership, even as from the American Philosophical Association after Creighton 1904 they annually met together separately to discuss their was A. T. Ormond of Princeton, who had been a charter scientific research? member of APA. As these new organizations appeared, An early American Journal of Psychology editorial fewer individuals sought APA membership. But all three (Hall, 1895), which inflated Hall's role in the origins of societies grew through the early 1900s, and APA met American psychology, emphasized the association's role jointly with the Western Philosophical Association in in encouraging cooperation among the country's psycho- 1902 and 1907, and with the American Philosophical As- logical laboratories and in promoting a psychological sociation in 1904, 1905, and 1906 (see "The American "esprit de corps." Through its first years, the association Philosophical Society," 1902). These philosophical soci- did foster enthusiasm and good feeling that meant much eties thrived and finally amalgamated in the late 1910s. to those who had previously worked in isolation. But this 120 February 1992 American Psychologist Farrand, L. (1898). Report of the secretary and treasurer for 1897. Psy Münsterberg, H. (1898b). The danger from experimental psychology. chological Review, 5, 145-147. Atlantic Monthly. 81, 159-167. Farrand, L. (1899). Report of the secretary for 1898. Psychological Re- Münsterberg, H. (1904, May 28). Letter to J. M. Cattell. In H. Mün- view, 6, 146-148. sterberg papers, Boston Public Library, Boston, MA. Farrand, L. (1901). Report of the secretary for 1900. Psychological Re- Murray, F. S., & Rowe, F. B. (1979). Psychology laboratories in the view, 8, 158-160. United States prior to 1900. Teaching of Psychology, 6, 19-21. Farrand, L. (1902). Report of the secretary for 1901. Psychological Re- Napoli, D. S. (1981). Architects of adjustment: The history of the psy- view. 9. 134-136. chological profession in the United States. Port Washington, NY: Farrand, L. (1903). Report of the secretary for 1902. Psychological Re- Kennikat Press. view, 10, 150-153. Notes. (1896). Psychological Review, 3, 705. Farrand, L. (1904). Report of the secretary for 1903. Psychological Bul- Notes. (1898). Psychological Review, 5, 344-346, 554, 677. letin, 1, 33-36. Notes. (1900). Psychological Review, 7, 104, 323-324. Farrand, L. (1905). Report of the secretary for 1904. Psychological Bul- Notes. (1902). Psychological Review, 9, 103, 216, 327-328, 431-432. letin, 2, 37-38. Notes. (1903). Psychological Review, 10, 223-224. Fernberger, S. W. (1932). The American Psychological Association: A Notes and news. (1900). American Journal of Psychology, 11, 280-281. historical summary, 1892-1930. Psychological Bulletin, 29, 1-89. Notes and news. (1904). Psychological Bulletin, 1. 45, 133-135, 291-292. Fernberger, S. W. (1943). The American Psychological Association, 1892- Nyhart, L. K. (1979). The American Naturalist, 1867-1886: A case 1942. Psychological Review, 50, 33-60. study of the relationship between amateur and professional naturalists Franklin, C. L. (1900, December 21). Letter to J. M. Cattell. In J. M. in nineteenth-century America (Senior thesis), Princeton University. Cattell papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. O'Donnell, J. M. (1985). 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