Rand E.4. (1859-1924) Library of the Gray Herbarium Page 1 of 4 Library of the Gray Herbarium EDWARD LOTHRUP RAND (1859-1924) PAPERS Biography: Edward Lothrop Rand was born on August 22, 1859. He was educated at Harvard and, while a student there, became involved in a group called the "Champlain Society," which spent summers on Mt. Desert Island, Maine. During the group's outings, Rand developed an interest in nature studies, especially botany. Rand graduated from Harvard in 1881 and received AM and LLB degrees from Harvard in 1884. He began an independent law practice in Boston in 1884 and made it his life's work. He continued to study the flora of Mt. Desert during his summer vacations, and he prepared several checklists of Mt. Desert plants with the help of John Howard Redfield, 1888-1891. In 1894, Rand and Redfield published a Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine. Rand was also active in the New England Botanic Club, serving as its corresponding secretary for 25 years. He gave his herbarium to the NEBC in 1914. Rand married Anne M. Crozier on June 29, 1893. She died in 1921 and he died on Oct. 9, 1924. References: Robinson, B.L. "Edward Lothrop Rand." Rhodora 27: 17-27. Who was Who in America, 1897-1942. Scope and Content: The Rand papers consist of letters to Rand concerning his Mt. Desert flora and manuscript materials pertaining to the Champlain Society and to the plants of Mt. Desert Island. The letters include about 20 letters from John Howard Redfield to Rand, 1894-1895, and about 80 letters mostly to Rand (but a few to Redfield) from about 60 correspondents, mostly in 1894. They are arranged alphabetically by sender. It is likely that a group of the letters was lost at some time because there are no letters from people with last names beginning A - E. There were also a few reviews with the letters; these are now in a separate file. The manuscript materials include two lists of Mt. Desert plants, roughly 75-80 pages each, and a number of smaller manuscripts pertaining to Mt. Desert plants; one set of materials pertaining to a celebration of the Champlain Society; 6 volumes of annual reports of the Champlain Society Botanical Department, 1880-1888; and an incomplete diary of the 1885 session of the Champlain Society. See also: Gray Herbarium, Administrative Correspondence files -- about 350 letters from Rand Historic files -- 8 letters from Rand http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/RAND.html 10/18/2013 Library of the Gray Herbarium Page 2 of 4 Provenance: The letters to Rand about the Mt. Desert flora were received at the Gray Herbarium from Rand's estate through Miss Margaret A. Rand. The provenance of the Mt. Desert and Champlain Society manuscripts is unknown; they were stored separately in the manuscript case. Container Listing: (BOX W) Folder 1: Letters from: John H. Redfield to Rand, 1894-1895 Folder 2: Letters from: W.G. Farlow M.L. Fernald Edwin Faxon James Fowler Kate Furbish William F. Ganong D.G. Gilman G.L. Goodale Jane L. Gray R.W. Greenleaf Bessie E. Johnston Gresham Thos B. Gresham C.M. Halden A.A. Heller Herbarium of Harvard University Harriet S. Hill Isaac Holden J.D. Hooker E.C. Howe Herbert Jaques Francis H. Johnson Kansas Academy of Science I. Kendall Kew Folder 3: Letters from : A.E. Lawrence Lea E. Liverissey (?) C.G. Lloyd Conway Macmillan Maine State College Library Jennie M. Mason Thomas Meehan Mary Minot Arthur H. Norton (?) http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/RAND.html 10/18/2013 Library of the Gray Herbarium Page 3 of 4 Maria L. Owen F.P.L. (?) Peabody Chas. H. Peck Thos. C. Porter Portland Society of Natural History B.L. Robinson John Robinson J.F. Rothrock C.S. Sargent F. Lamson-Scribner J.M. (?) Sears Benj. H. Smith John Donnell Smith Geo. A. Somes J.B. Thayer Dexter Tiffany C.W. Tornford (?) Wm. Trelease Lucien M. Underwood Theodore G. White John Wilson & Son Mary L. Wilson Clem(?) L. Wulley(?) Wm. L. Worcester Folder 4: miscellaneous reviews of Flora of Mt. Desert Island Manuscript Materials: 1. "Plants of Mount Desert Island Maine / Working List. 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886 / Botanical Department. C[hamplain] S[ociety]" 2. "Champlain Society. Flowering Plants of Mt. Desert Island Me. Compiled by Edward L. Rand. Botanical Department" -- roughly 75 pages, same arrangement as above 3. Folder labeled "Plants of Mt. Desert 1888" -- contains poems and a program for a birthday celebration for Harry Seaton Rand, 1888 4. Folder of loose materials: List of plants -- Miss H. Hill; Mimeographed lists of Hepaticae, Mosses; List of plants -- Frank M. Day; Davenport ferns; Ranunculus; Redfield's lists Supplementary List : 1888 Champlain Society Second Annual Supplement to the Preliminary List of the Phaenogams and Vascular Cryptogams of Mt. Desert Island Maine edited by Edward L. Rand. Cambridge, Mass. April 1890 miscellaneous notes. BOX AK http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/RAND.html 10/18/2013 Library of the Gray Herbarium Page 4 of 4 5. "Champlain Society. Report of the Botanical Department. 1880. First Annual Report. Cambridge 1881." Handwritten report, bound in paper with brads, described as written by W.H. Dunbar and E.L. Rand. 71 pp. 6. "Champlain Society. Report of the Botanical Department. 1881. Second Annual Report. Cambridge 1882." Handwritten report bound in paper with brads; introductory poem by John McGaw Foster, one article by Henry C. Jones, and three articles and List of Plants by Edward L. Rand. 75 pp. 7. "Champlain Society. Report of the Botanical Department. 1882. Third Annual Report. Cambridge 1883." Handwritten report, bound in paper with brads; authorship of sectons not stated. 33 pp. 8. "Champlain Society. Report of the Botanical Department. 1883. Fourth Annual Report. Cambridge 1884." Handwritten report bound in paper with brads, signed at end as submitted by Rand. 44 pp. 9. "Champlain Society. Report of the Botanical Department for the years 1884, 1885, 1886. Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Annual Reports. Cambridge 1887." Handwritten report, bound in paper with brads, signed at end as submitted by Rand. 44 pp. 10. "Champlain Society. Report of the Botanical Department for 1887-1888. [Eighth & Ninth Annual Reports.] Cambridge, 1889." Handwritten report, bound in paper with staples; signed at end as submitted by Rand. 21 pp. 11. Notebook (bound with hard cover); contains 2 loose sheets of poems by Rand and sheet listing Endogens. Journal entries for August 5 and August 6, 1885 (beginning of Champlain Society camp for season). Indexed in main file under: Edward Lothrop Rand John Howard Redfield Champlain Society | Gray Herbarium Archives Home Page | Botany Libraries Home Page | Harvard University Herbaria Home Page http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/RAND.html 10/18/2013 ArchiveGrid : Papers of Edward Lothrop Rand, 1880-1895 (inclusive). Page 1 of 2 ARCHIVEGRID Papers of Edward Lothrop Rand, 1880-1895 (inclusive). Rand, Edward Lothrop, 1859-1924. Harvard University - Economic Botany Library of Oakes Ames Access to qualified researchers by appointment only. i Contact Information (/archivegrid/collection/organization/408) Details Less than 1 linear ft. Access to qualified researchers by appointment only. Consists of correspondence concerning Mt. Desert flora and manuscript material pertaining to the Champlain Society and plants of Mt. Desert. Major correspondent is Redfield, and about 60 other individuals. Manuscripts include two lists of Mt. Desert plants, each ca. 80 pages; six volumes of annual reports, 1880-1888, of the Champlain Society Botanical Department; journal of their 1885 session; and other material pertaining to a Society celebration. Edward Lothrop Rand Papers. Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University Herbaria. Rand (Harvard, LL. B. 1884) became active in the Champlain Society and took field trips to Mt. Desert Island, Maine. He also practiced law in Boston. In 1894 Rand and John Howard Redfield published a Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine. Unpublished finding aids available in repository. Related Resources View this description in WorldCat: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/177498910 Topics Botany http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/177498910 11/1/2013 ArchiveGrid : Papers of Edward Lothrop Rand, 1880-1895 (inclusive). Page 2 of 2 Botany -- Maine. People Farlow, W.G. 1844-1919 Fernald, Merritt Lyndon, 1873-1950 Rand, Edward Lothrop, 1859-1924. Redfield, John Howard, 1815-1895 Groups Champlain Society Harvard University. Gray Herbarium Places Maine http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/177498910 11/1/2013 FREE Express Sh Search Over 30 Million Products Sear Books oks stand L Games & Gifts S & TV ards n Books FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND, MAINE A PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS GROWING ON MOUNT DESERT AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS EDWARD LOTHROP RAND AND WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS AND JOHN HOWARD REDFIELD ra of Mount Desert Island, Maine; A Preliminary Catalogue ( unt Desert and the Adjacent Islands ward Lothrop Rand Be the first to write a review Add to L www.barnesandnoble.com/w/flora-of-mount-desert-island-maine-a-preliminary-catal 11/1/2013 HOLLIS Page 1 of 1 Search & Find HOLLIS HOLLIS Classic Citation Linker Get It Find a Library Hours My Accounts / Renew Tell Us Text-Only / Accessible Version My Discoveries [TRIAL] Help Ask a Librarian / Requests My HOLLIS Account / Renew Champlain Society Submit Query HOLLIS feedback Authors: Rand, Edward Lothrop, 1859-1924. Title: A preliminary list of the Phaenogams and vascular Cryptogams of Mt. Desert Island, Maine / edited by Edward L. Rand. Published: Cambridge, Mass. : [s.n.], 1888. Description: 43 leaves ; 24 cm. Other title: Phaenogams and vascular Cryptogams of Mt. Desert Island, Maine Cover title: Plants of Mt. Desert, 1888 Notes: At head of title: Champlain Society. Hectograph copy. Subject: Botany -- Maine -- Mount Desert Island -- Classification. Botany - Maine -- -- Mount Desert Island -- Nomenclature. Authors: Champlain Society. Other titles Harvard Botany Libraries preservation microfilm project ; 00476. HOLLIS number 006421931 MARC HOLLIS Classic Link to this record http://hollis.harvard.edu/?itemid=|library/m/aleph006421931 Botany Arnold (Cambr.) F174.1 R15 1888 http://hollis.harvard.edu/default.ashx?c_over=1& 11/26/2013 Vol. 2, # 85 E.Rand. OCTOBER 9, 1889.] Garden and Forest. 483 'The hills on the west side of the valley were also occu- The forests of Mount Desert were once full of wealth, and pied by an uninterrupted chain of gardens" from Monte Mario would still be a source of wealth if the lumberman and the to the southern ridge of the Janiculum. "The banks of the forest-fire had not done their work so well. The first perma- river also had been transformed into a garden by Augustus, nent settlement on the island was founded on the lumber Pompey the Great, Domitian, Nero, Caligula and "others." business, which drags out a slow existence there to-day. And in and around the palace of the Caesars on the Palatine While atits best, the business was profitable saw-mills sprang Hill were gardens more sumptuous and varied than all others. up over the island-even between 1865 and 1870 there were at Within the precincts of the Golden House of Nero were com- least eight saw and shingle-mills in the three towns of Mount prised waterfalls supplied by an aqueduct fifty miles long Desert, Eden and Tremont-the brooks ran full and turned lakes and rivers shaded by dense masses of foliage, with har- the wheels, vessels were built, and the lumber found a ready bors and docks for the imperial galleys porticoes three market. High up on the mountains, through the mountain thousand feet long farms and vineyards, pasture-grounds gorges, along the ponds, everywhere, the great trees growing and woods teeming with the rarest and costliest kinds of on the thin but rich wood-soil were taken out, not one by one, game; zoological and botanical gardens," and an incredible but all together, and the forest-fire followed. One of these wealth of works of architectural, plastic and pictorial art, conflagrations, fed by the dried refuse left by the lumbermen, among them banqueting-halls with ivory ceilings, 'from laid waste much of the central part of the island. To-day which flowers and precious perfumes could fall gently on nearly every saw-mill is in ruins ; the mountains are bare; the reclining guests. After the murder of Nero, Vespasian acres upon acres are overgrown only with a poor wood-growth and Titus gave back to the people the greater portion of the that years will bring to little or nothing the soil has been ground which he had usurped for his private satisfaction, and burned off or washed away ; the streams preserve no even the Colosseum was built on the site of his enormous lake. In flow. There is no longer much to fear from lumbering, but short, wherever one looked in imperial Rome in every direc- two saw-mills at Somesville are still doing infinite harm to tion the architectural masses were broken and enframed in the beautiful Great Pond Woods, and should be stopped with- the green of gardens and parks," while water was used in out delay. If the town of Mount Desert values its attractions as canals, fountains, basins and cascades to an extent unknown a'summer resort, it could well afford to purchase and destroy before or since. both these mills, and even support the owners at the public The design of the Roman pleasure-ground was, in general, expense if they were unable to earn a living in any other man- strictly formal, and trees and shrubs were frequently cut into ner. the most artificial shapes. But there were exceptions. The This great reason for jealously preserving the remaining poets constantly protested against the reigning fashions, and woods of Mount Desert Island is their infinite value as a part of perhaps it was owing to their words at this time (as it certainly the wild scenery of the place, and their wonderful attraction to was in the eighteenth century in northern Europe) that a par- the city-wearied man or woman in search of a summer home tial reaction in favor of more natural kinds of beauty came and resting-place. With the destruction of the the forest- about. /Many portions of the great garden of Nero were beauty and the impairment of the scenery will come depre- naturally disposed, and more than one ancient writer com- ciation in land values and diminished attentions as a summer ments upon his love for rural, picturesque landscape effects. resort. In the gardens of Lucullus the designs of Oriental pleasure- First of all it must be understood that here, as on the Maine grounds were imitated. coast generally, the soil is exceedingly thin along the shores New York, M. G. Van Rensselaer and upon the rocky hills and mountains, If deprived of the protection of the woods this soil is soon washed into the The Woods of Mount Desert Island. ravines and valleys if exposed to fire it is burned like fuel. M OUNT Desert Island has an area of about one hundred The peaks of Mount Desert always barren and desolate, washed by the ocean on the south, by broad nor were the rocky islets all along the coast bare as they now are, with hardly a bush to cover them. Some of the moun- bays on the east and west, and almost joining the mainland in the extreme north. Its outline is very irregular, like that of tain summits may have been always bare, but it is plain that, the Maine coast in general, with harbors and indentations as a whole, the mountain masses were well wooded and pro- everywhere By the largest of these, Somes Sound, a long, tected. To-day the steep side of Beech Mountain still shows some of the oldest, most beautiful woods on the island, while deep fiord of the sea, running far into the land between moun- tainous shores, the island is nearly bisected. There are thir- upon the sides, almost upon the summits of other greater teen or more mountains, mostly bare, rocky summits, vary- mountains, we find evidence of great trees gone to destruc- ing in height from a few hundred to fifteen hundred feet, lying tion years and years ago. What the island was in those early across the centre of the island, from east to west, like a great days of its full beauty must be far beyond the conjecture of belt, with deep, blue lakes nestled between them. To the the tourist of the present time. Some idea of these moun- north, the north-west and south-west the surface is more flat, tain woods may still be gained by visiting the western peak of Western Mountain, the most beautiful mountain of the with lower, more undulating hills. On the south-east and east the mountains approach the shore very closely in a coast of pre- island. On the other hand, the eastern peak of the same cipitous cliffs and bold, rocky headlands that has made the mountain shows, in vivid contrast, the desolation wrought by fire-a mere mound of white rocks, with here and there island famous. Nowhere on the Atlantic coast of this country skeleton trees, a scene only softened by the covering of green is there such a wonderful combination of natural scenery no- where a spot where mountain and shore are so blended. For that Nature kindly gives the wounds inflicted on her earth. In a few localities organizations have been formed to pro- years it has been renowned as the crowning glory of the beau- tiful, countless-harbored coast of Maine. tect the forests from fires, but these should be extended and The destruction of the forests of the island has already done made efficient, not only to check wood-fires, even the most much to mar the beauty of this unique resort, and, certainly, insignificant, and at the very outset, but to prosecute to the full extent of the law offenders, whether inhabitants or sum- the importance of preserving the woods which still remain, should be admitted by every lover of Nature. The character of mer visitors, although, with two or three exceptions, nearly all the wood-fires on Mount Desert have been caused, not by the the soil, the ruggedness of the surface, the stunting influence of the cold sea winds upon its southern shore, all make the visitors, but by the gross carelessness of the inhabitants them- selves. question of economic forestry one of secondary importance. That trees must be spared not for the lumber they yield, but The system of wood-chopping is most wasteful. Whoever for the beauty they may add to the landscape, should be the wants fire-wood for home use at once goes into his wood lot, argument to the mind of the land-owners of Mount Desert. hacks right and left, leaving behind him a desolate tract COV- Wild beauty means summer visitors as long as the island en- ered with debris to dry beneath the hot sun until it is tinder, dures, and such summer residents have, within the last twenty waiting for a spark to begin still greater destruction. If he owns land in some convenient spot by the roadside, so much years, made its fame and fortune. Mount Desert is in no sense an agricultural region. The soil the better for him, SO much the worse for the scenery The is thin, very little of the surface is level, and the lowlands are result, of course, is ruin to the very beauty he should do his so wet that the cost of draining would be beyond the means best to guard. This is especially to be lamented because such of the owners. A few favored spots in the northern part of the destruction is entirely unnecessary. The forest could be made island, where the climate is more genial, can be profitably de- to supply the needed fuel without destroying its wildwood voted to the plow, but the inhabitants of the island could not beauty, which must be spared if the island is to retain its charm. live by farming alone, and have no excuse for regarding the Vigorous public sentiment, and town interference where it is possible, should at once put a stop to such wanton destruction woods as their natural enemy. asthat on Western Mountain, on the Bubbles, and on the south- Friedlander Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms," western slopes of Sargent's Mountain. 484 Garden and Forest. [OCTOBER 9, 1889. Not very many years ago there was no more beautiful spot eastern plant. Dr. Parry points out, too, in this paper that on the island than Hunter's Brook Valley. Great woods shel- Alnus rhombifolia may be distinguished always from the tering the rare, shy wood-plants, and giving deep seclusion, filled the valley and extended up the mountain sides. To the northern A. rubra, Bong., by its early flowers which begin south, the woods became less worthy of the name, but were to appear in California in January, before the leaves of the still woods until the explorer suddenly emerged on the stony previous season have all fallen, fertilization being com- beach where the brook emptied into a cove between two pleted by the ist of February, "at least as far north ás the mighty headlands, and the ocean lay before him. Northward lower Sacramento Valley, the smaller winter streams over the brook flowed down amid the wildness of the deep forest which they lean, as well as the adjoining banks, being from the ravines of the Triad, Pemetic and Green Mountains, copiously strewn with the effete male tassels resembling and the watershed of Bubble Pond. The spot was one of the gems of the island to every lover of nature. Its beauty, how- torpid caterpillars." ever, did not save but proved its ruin. A 'practical" man saw 304. ALNUS SERRULATA, the common Alder dollars in the timber of the wild valley, hired a gang of French of the southern States, is rather a shrub than a tree, although Canadian wood-choppers, built a road of a mile or two in length I have seen it sometimes growing to the height of twenty towards the headwaters of the brook, and established a logging feet, but always with a number of stems from a common camp. Utter ruin followed, the wild woodland became a root, It may well be dropped from the Silva of North desolation, and this priceless beauty was lost forever. America. In some parts of the island there is a partial realization of at least the practical value of beauty. At North-east Harbor, 305. ALNUS INCANA, common northern brook- especially, is there evidence of this. And yet, it will not side Alder, although it grows sometimes quite tall, is a answer to leave merely a narrow strip of woods along the roads, shrub and not a tree, and it should be dropped from the while the work of destruction is carried on behind them, to Silva. repel the very people who bring prosperity to the island. The method of road-making, now practised, is most destruc- 306. SALIX NIGRA, Marsh.-Under this species should be tive of natural beauty and attractions. It is of great impor- added var. longipes, Andersson in Ofr. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. tance to the inhabitants to prevent this in every possible way. (1858) 22-a rather common Florida tree (St. Mark's, Rugel; Many visitors to the island are unfortunate enough to see little Jacksonville, A. H. Curtiss Duval County, J. D. Smith; further into it than along its roadsides, and these are too often Miami River, Sargent), with paler leaves, shorter aments, masses of stones, and piles of withered brush. If these way- and longer pedicelled capsules than are found on the sides cannot be adorned, their natural beauty might be spared. Shrubbery and trees could be left generally, and where cutting ordinary northern form. It is the Salix Humboldliana is needful, the brush could be removed instead of being left of Wright's Planta Cubenses No. 2132. to shut off access to the woods, and to dry into tinder to catch 315. SALIX CORDATA, var. VESTITA, Andersson.--The so- the first stray spark and become a forest-fire. That such called Diamond Willow of/Nebraska and Dakota, may be devastation is allowed to go without reproof, and that telegraph dropped from the Silva. It is not probable that any form companies, when erecting poles and stretching wires, are per- of Salix cordata ever becomes a tree; and the large speci- mitted to mutilate trees as they choose, is proof that the au- thorities do not realize that the beauty of the island is its real mens on the banks of the Missouri River in Dakota, with value. Some resolute policy must be adopted for protecting the peculiar diamond markings, if they exist at all, belong the forest-scenery of Mount Desert, or it will be robbed of its probably to S. amygdaloides. peculiar charm and be converted into an inhospitable waste. 329. CHAMECYPARIS/SPHEROIDEA, first name Boston. E. L. Rand, for this tree is Cupressus L.; and this specific name Notes Upon Some North American Trees.-XIII. should be retained/ the name of the White Cedar becoming Chamoeyyaris thyoides. 290. CASTANEA VULGARIS, var. AMERICANA, A. DC.-There 330. CHAMECYPARIS NUTKAENSIS, Spach.--The orthography is a much older name for the Old World Chestnut than that of the specific name as written by Lambert (Gen. Pinus, of Lamark (1783) taken up by Alphonse DeCandolle, ii., 18), with whom it originated, is Nootkalensis. namely C. sativa of Miller (Gardeners' Dictionary, 8 ed., JUNIPERUS FLACCIDA, Schl.-Dr. Havard has discovered 1768), already adopted by Nyman and by K. Koch, so that this north-Mexican Juniper on the Chisos Mountains in our American Chestnut, considered only a variety of the western Texas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii., 504), and it Old World tree, must become Castanea sativa var. Americana. must be included therefore in the North American Silva. 292. OSTRYA VIRGINICA, Willd.-T oldest name for our It is a shrub or small tree, with shreddy bark, spreading, Hop Hornbeam is that of Miller (Gardeners' Dictionary 8 slender branches, acute and somewhat spreading denticu- ed., 1768), Carpinus Virginiana so that it may be more late leaves, and large globose or tubercled fruit. This is a properly written Ostrya Virginiana, Koch, than Ostrya widely distributed tree apparently, although nowhere Virginica, Willd, very common. It should follow Juniperus pachyphlae in 294. BETULA ALBA, var. POPULIFOLIA, Spach.-It seems de- the catalogue. C. S. Sargent. sirable to consider our Gray Birch as distinct from its Old- World congener, and to restore to /it Marshall's name, Betula New or Little Known Plants. populifolia. The two plants are distinct in geographical distribution; in the shape of the leaves; in bark, size, and Dendrochilum filiforme. habit. The bracts of the fruiting catkins of the American specimen of this lovely tree are nearly triangular and covered on both surfaces on page 485, received the first with pubescence; those of the European plant are con- prize as the best single Orchid at an exhibition of the Mas- tracted into a long, narrow base and are quite glabrous. sachusetts Horticultural Society in June last. It came from There are differences, too, in the size of the fruit and in the the fine collection of Mr. John L. Gardner, of Brookline, size and shape of its wings, which will aid in distinguish- Massachussetts, where it was grown under the care of ing the two species. Mr. C. M. Atkinson, the able head-gardener of the estate. 302. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA, Nutt.--D Parry (Bull. Cal. The plant had altogether forty-eight flower spikes, most Acad. Sci., ii., 7,351), shows that this common Alder of of them being over a footlong. California extends through Arizona and New Mexico to A specimen of this size is rarely met with and presents a northern Mexico, and that Alnus oblongifolia of Torrey, spectacle not soon forgotten. The individual flowers are (No. 303 Census Cat.) is the same plant, which he dis- small and of a rich yellow color, but they are so abundant tinguishes by the number of stamens which instead of four and so closely set that they fully justify the name of 'The in each flower are only two, sometimes increased to three Golden Chain," which has been given to the plant. or more rarely reduced to one. A specimen collected by Dendrochilum fliforme was introduced from the Philippine Greene at Silver City, New Mexico, shows that this char- Islands as far back as 1836, but it grows also in quantities acter in the number of the stamens holds good in the on Mount Mulu, in Borneo, where I found it a few years 2/11/19 HARBOR PUBLIC Biography Rand - Edward Lothrop Rand (1859-1924) Born as Edward Sprague Rand IV, he changed his name to Edward Lothrop Rand on July 2, 1878 after his father's disgrace. Edward Lothrop Rand became a noted botanist, like his father, famous on Mount Desert Island as one of the driving members of the Champlain Society, first Chairman of the Path Committee on MDI, the author of "Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine" and the early maps of what would later become Acadia National Park he produced with Waldron Bates. Bates - Waldron Bates (1856-1909) Note: His mother's family name and his brother's middle name were spelled Lathrop, but Edward's was recorded on his name-change petition as Lothrop and remained spelled as Lothrop. Father: Rand - Edward Sprague Rand III (1834-1897) Mother: Lathrop - Jane Augusta (Lathrop) Rand (1837-1918) Birth Date: August 22, 1859 Born at: Dedham, Massachusetts Significant Siblings: Rand - Henry Lathrop Rand (1862-1945) Significant Education: Hopkinson Classical School 1881: Harvard University - Phi Beta Kappa, cum laude 1884: Harvard Law School Spouse Name: Crozier: Annie Matilda (Crozier) Rand (1856-1921) Spouse Parents: Thomas Crozier and Mary Shattuck Wedding Date: June 29, 1893 Wedding Place: Boston, Massachusetts Occupation: Lawyer: 53 State Street, Room 740, Boston, Massachusetts Avocation: Botanist Childhood Home: Jane Augusta Lathrop Rand House MA - Cambridge - Kirkland Street - 049 Childhood Summer Home: 1866: See: The Rands Come to Eden - Circa 1866.pdf Home: Henry Clay and Henry Seaton Rand estate in the house at 120 Elm Street next door to the main house, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1908: 3 Bishop Street, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts Death Date: October 9, 1924 Death Place: At home in Cambridge, Massachusetts Cemetery: Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1880: Charles Eliot, son of Harvard president Charles W. Eliot, organized the Champlain Society, a group of Harvard undergraduates, to explore Mount Desert Island and study various topics of natural history: botany, ornithology, geology, etc. One of the members of the group was Edward Lothrop Rand, brother of photographer Henry Lothrop Rand. Another member of the group was one of the Rand's Wakefield cousins, John Lathrop Wakefield. 1882-1888: "Among the active members of the Champlain Society was Edward Lothrup Rand A student at the time [1880] he served as the director of botanical studies and the Society's secretary, and prepared annual reports and a daily diary. In later years Rand used his botany notes to co-author a text with John Redfield entitled, "Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine (1894) and became actively involved in the development of the trail system From 1882 until 1888, Rand organized the summer camp, which was relocated to near the Asticou Inn and appropriately named "Camp Asticou." After Edward Rand's death in 1925, a plaque was place in Rand's memory on the Seaside Path, outside of the park boundary." - "Pathmakers - Cultural Landscape Report for the Historic Hiking Trail System of Mount Desert Island: History, Existing Conditions, & Analysis" prepared by Margaret Coffin Brown, Olmstead Center for Landscape Preservation, p. 32-33, 108, 2006. To fully understand Edward Lothrop Rand's influence on the land that became Acadia National Park, one would need to read, or at least heavily browse, this entire book. The book is an enjoyable and necessary read for anyone hoping to understand the beginning of the park and its trail system. 1884: When Edward's and brother, photographer Henry L. Rand's grandfather, Edward S. Rand II, grandmother, uncle, Charles, and his family were lost in the wreck of the steamer "City of Columbus" off Gay Head on January 18, 1884, Edward and Henry's uncle Arnold was the representative of the family who journeyed to the Cape to preside over the search for remains. "Conspicuous among them, for the crowding weight of his bereavement was Colonel Arnold [A.] Rand " As the search wound down and sad rows of coffins were assembled he was quoted in the newspapers, "For my part,' he said, 'I earnestly hope my loved ones will never be seen again. I hope they will rest where it has pleased God to place them - if it was the providence of God, though carried out by the negligence of men." - "Disaster on Devil's Bridge" by George A. Hough, Jr., published by The Marine Historical Association, Inc., Mystic, Connecticut, 1963, p. 28, 34, 83, 91, 93, 118, 128 and 145. "Mr. Edward S. Rand [II] was one of the oldest, if not the oldest, conveyancer in the city [of Boston], and at one time had a very lucrative practice in this branch of the law. His knowledge of titles to estates, and his high reputation for integrity and ability, made his services as trustee in great request. Voluntarily relinquishing a large part of his fortune on the failure of his eldest son [Edward Sprague Rand III] several years ago, he continued in the practice of his profession, and retained to the last the esteem and confidence of the community. A zealous churchman, he was one of the trustees of the Episcopal Theological Seminary in Cambridge, and his advice and cooperation were sought in general church matters. Genial and dignified in manner, and kindly and benevolent in disposition, Mr. Rand was at once respected and beloved." - Boston Daily Advertiser, January 21, 1884. Edward Sprague Rand II (1809-1884) Elizabeth Arnold (1810-1884) Rev. Charles A. Rand (1843-1884) and family See: City of Columbus Wreck - 01-18-1884.pdf 1888: "In 1888 the Champlain Society allowed its botanical work to pass into the hands of Edward L. Rand.. - "Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine" by Edward Lothrop Rand, John Howard Redfield, William Morris Davis, p. 8, published by John Wilson and Son, 1894, (with contributions from Southwest Harbor Public Library founder, Annie Sawyer Downs). 1893: "The standard map [of Mount Desert Island] is that prepared for the "Flora of Mount Desert" by Charles Eliot and E.L. Rand, and first published in 1893. Map of Mount Desert Island, Maine - Compiled by Waldron Bates, Edward L. Rand and Herbert Jaques - 1917 - Revised and corrected - adapted from the map dated June 1893, compiled for the Flora of Mount Desert Island. 1894: "Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine a preliminary catalogue of the plants growing on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands" by Edward L. Rand and John H. Redfield. With a geological introduction by William Morris Davis, and a new map of Mount Desert Island, John Wilson & Son, Cambridge [Massachusetts], 1894. 1900-1907: Edward was the first Chairman of the Path Committee on Mount Desert Island. Honorary pallbearers at Edward's funeral were: Eliot - Samuel Atkins Eliot II (1862-1950) - member of the Champlain Society Walter Deane (1848-1930) Lovering - Ernest Lovering (1859-1932) - member of the Champlain Society Dr. B.L. Robinson - Benjamin Lincoln Robinson (1864-1935) see below. Ushers were: Charles Foster Batchelder (1856-1954) - President of the American Ornithologists' Union, and of the Nuttall Ornithological Club Lane - William Coolidge Lane (1859-1931) - member of the Champlain Society Spelman - Henry Munson Spelman (1861-1946) - member of the Champlain Society Robert A. Ware - Botanist specializing in ferns Dr. Charles W. Eliot, president emetitus of Harvard University and father of Champlain Society founder, Charles Eliot 1919: Edward Lothrop Rand was "appointed Botanist in the Lafayette [Acadia] National Park" in 1919. - Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1881 of Harvard College, 1921. Member: Massachusetts Bar Association Bar Association of the City of Boston Military Order of the Loyal Legion New England Botanical Club Episcopalian Club Phi Beta Kappa "Among the active members of the Champlain Society was Edward Lothrup Rand. A student at the time [1880] he served as the director of botanical studies and the Society's secretary, and prepared annual reports and a daily diary. In later years Rand used his botany notes to co-author a text with John Redfield entitled, "Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine" in 1894 and became actively involved in the development of the [island's] trail system - "Pathmakers - Cultural Landscape Report for the Historic Hiking Trail System of Mount Desert Island: History, Existing Conditions, & Analysis" prepared by Margaret Coffin Brown, Olmstead Center for Landscape Preservation. "The name: Ned Rand conjures up, to those who knew him well, certain pictures. One is the small law office on State Street. [Boston] Its walls were lined with books. The table, the chairs, and the floor even, groaned beneath other piles of books, while the desk was heaped high with books and papers. There was a small oasis of a clearing on the desk where the room's occupant wrote. But the most important thing about that room was its window. This was SO placed that the writer at the desk, by raising his eyes, could gaze out between the encompassing buildings far down the harbor and enjoy a vista of gleaming water, passing boats, and changing skies. Another picture is one of Rand, arrayed in his leggings and all his botanizing paraphernalia, starting forth, with his slightly side-long stoop, to explore some remote sphagnum bog, in search of botanical treasures. The window and the rig alike testify to Rand's love of the out-doors, and to his lifelong devotion to his chosen avocation, botany. It was in the pursuit of this avocation that his heart chiefly lay. It was before his college days that his interest in botanical studies showed itself, but it was during his college vacations, in connection with the group of young men who camped on Somes Sound, Mt. Desert, and called themselves the Champlain Society, that his enthusiasm was roused to discover and record the flora of that region During the same period he had opportunity for exploration in the Rangeley Lake region. Later he published his exhaustive Flora of Mt. Desert, and had much to do with the making of the map of the island. He became corresponding secretary of the New England Botanical Clue, and was concerned in various ways in the publication, Rhodora. B. L Robinson, curator of the Gray Herbarium, in an address before the club, published in Rhodora, says of him: "He was an acute observer, an indefatigable collector, and critical in the acquisition of scientific literature, but his keenest interest was in the human side of science, that impulse which leads to cordial relations with one's fellow-workers "From Harvard College, Class of 1881," page 333. See: Champlain Society Eliot - Charles Eliot (1859-1897) Rand - Edward Lothrop Rand (1859-1924) After Edward Rand's death in 1925, a plaque was place in Rand's memory on the Seaside Path, outside of the park boundary." - "Pathmakers - Cultural Landscape Report for the Historic Hiking Trail System of Mount Desert Island: History, Existing Conditions, & Analysis" prepared by Margaret Coffin Brown, Olmstead Center for Landscape Preservation, p. 32-33, 108, 2006. To fully understand Edward Lothrop Rand's influence on the land that became Acadia National Park, one would need to read, or at least heavily browse, this entire book. The book is an enjoyable and necessary read for anyone hoping to understand the beginning of the park and its trail system. See: The Papers of Edward Lothrup Rand (1859-1924) at the Botany Libraries of Harvard University Library. For a timeline of the publications of charts, coastal surveys, Edward L. Rand's contributions and those of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler see "Mount Desert, A History" by George E. Street, Edited by Samuel A. Eliot, p. 358-360, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1905. SEASIDE INN, SEAL HARBOR, MAINE. September 18, 1916. George B. Dorr, Esq., My dear Mr. Dorr: Mr. Edward Rand said that I might write to you, though my only excuse is that I have been on the Island for twenty-six years, and that I am a member of the Path Committee here. I came to the meeting at the Building of Arts when the new Reservation & National Park was explained and hears the very interesting speeches. The point which struck me most forcibly and which I have felt most keenly myself, was that the mountains and forests would be protected from the dangers which which large private ownership often brings. So I with many others, am distressed to learn of the plans for the new road which is to go over the shoulder of Jordan Mountain and around the Amphitheatre. To us this seems the very danger which we had hoped would be averted. We were not happy about the southern end of Jordan stream, Squirrel Brook and Mitchell Hill, which made a large slice of territory to be taken away from the walkers and from those who really love the Island and regret the efforts to make it into a White Mountain or Adirondack Park -- but of course if a man owns land he may do what he will with it. When it comes to the Govern- ment Reservation it seems to me a very different thing, and I hope you will realize that there is another and very different point of view from the Mr. Rockefeller's. Will you not consider us also and do not take away from those who have spent the most of their life in summer here, all that they care for; for I suppose that one road will follow another closely if the present plans are followed. I am glad to hear that you do not approve of taking out all the firs and spruces from the side of the road, or of grassy banks which need a lawn mower, or of skinning the bluffs and roads to show the unhappy bare skeletons of what were once mossy cliffs covered with ferns. Will you not consider, before this side of the Island becomes a series of thoroughfares? Thank you for your patience in reading my suggestions and protest. Very truly Yours, Elsie L. Shaw . Miss E. L. Shaw, Seaside Inn, Seal Harbor, Me. Copy Bar Harbor, Maine, September 21, 1916. My dear Miss Shaw: I am glad to have your letter. It expressed well one point of view, and an important one. The aim of this National Park must be to intensif as much as possible the wild beauty of the Island, not to civilize its spirit or destroy the conditions favor- able to its native life. To what extent roads, if not motor roads nor wide, will hurt or help is a matter people differ on. To make certain difficult parts of striking scenery accessible to the less strong and active is a gain from the public point of view, if not achieved at the sacrifice of what gives their charm. The problem is to keep this charm and yet serve at the same time the interests of the many, as public property must do. All that I can do to preserve the native character of this primeval landscape, of rock and ocean, of northern forest and interesting under -vegetation, I certainly shall do. That such a road, however, as that which I now understand to be intended must of necessity destroy this character, if rightly planned and built, I do not frankly think; if it did, the manner of the use or doing rather than the road itself would seem to me the cause. Openness and wide accessibility without impairment of the beauty of the scenery, of its appeal to the imagination or its scientific interest is the problem that we have to solve. Some compromise may be necessary between these different needs, but I believe that it is possible so to work them out that each shall strengthen and sustain the other. Yours sincerely, GungeR. work 2/11/2019 Rand - Edward Lothrop Rand (1859-1924) . Southwest Harbor Public Library Digital Archive Digital Archive none Conta Rand - Edward Lothrop Rand (1859-1924) Relationships Enlarge Citation "Rand - Edward " Lothrop Rand (1859-1924)," Southwest Harbor Public Library Digital Archive, accessed February 11, 2019, https://swhplibrary.net/digitalarchive/items/show/859 5. Item 3551 3551 Rand - Edward Lothrop Rand (1859-1924) Reference People Born as Edward Sprague Rand IV, he changed his Rand - Henry 7 of 21 Edward Lothrop Rand on July 2, 1878 after his fa Lathrop disgrace. Edward Lothrop Rand became a noted Rand (1862- his father, famous on Mount Desert Island as one 1945) driving members of the Champlain Society first ( View this the Path Committee on MDI, the author of "Flora Item #3441 Desert Island, Maine" and the early maps of what Request this become Acadia National Park he produced with I Image Bates 9940.jpg RIGHTS In Copyright . Non-Commercial Use Permitted images 2/11/2019 Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine : - Title Page MERIZ LIBRARY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN flora of Mount Desert Island, maine. A PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS GROWING ON MOUNT DESERT AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS. BY EDWARD L. RAND AND JOHN H. REDFIELD. with a Orological Introduction BY WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS, AND A NEW MAP OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND. CAMBRIDGE JOHN WILSON AND SON. University Press. 1894. Rand - Edward Sprague Rand Lathroo Jane August il (1834-1897) (Lathrop) Rand (1237 1918) Grandparents Item 3690 item 3646 X John 796 Edward Lothrop Rand and Group at High Head 1 of 21 View this Item #5316 Request this Image 5316.jpg Member of Item 3007 The Champiain Society 1920 Path-Map of Mount Dessert Island, Maine 1917 Map of Mount Desert 1911 Path Map Island Maine Eastern Part of Desert stand / Item 2631 Item 2630 item 2629 X Edward Lothrop Rand and Group at High Head 1 of 21 View this Item #5316 Request this Image 5316.jpg https://swhplibrarv.net/digitalarchive/items/show/8595 4/4 Item 3488 Raad Edward Sprigue Rand Grandparents Item 3690 team 3646 X Edward Lothrop Rand and Group at High Head 5 of 21 View this Item #5315 Request this Image 5315.jpg Member of item 8007 1920 Path Map of Mount Dessert Island, Maine 1917 Man of Mount Desert 1911 Path Mao Island Maine Eastern Part of Desert Island, / Item 2631 Item 2630 Item 2629 X 1930 Path Map Western Partic Desen Island > Edward Lothrop Rand and Group at High Head 5 of 21 View this Item #5315 Request this Image 5315.jpg https://swhplibrarv.net/digitalarchive/items/show/8595 4/4 Rodays the director of botanical studies and the strategy formed by the Champlain Society for protect- metary, and prepared annual reports and a ing the island. 20 later years Rand used his botany notes a text with John Redfield entitled Flora of Is it possible to protect the natural beauty of the island Island, Maine (1894) and became actively in any way? There appears to be three ways of doing development of the trail system.6 The this, but only one I think feasible: - for the State of Society set up a summer camp on the island Maine to purchase the unsettled portions of the Island conduct their studies. In the summers and make them a protected public park; for the inhabit- their tent camp, called Camp Pemetic, ants of the Island to do this themselves; or for other th of Asa Smallidge's house on the private parties to do it. The first I think is impossible, Sound in Northeast Harbor. From 1882 because the State has too much wild land to care to organized the summer camp, which preserve any of it. The second plan would be defeated to near the Asticou Inn and appro- by the pig-headedness of the people - which is great! "Camp Asticou." From their camp, for they care, as a general thing, only for the present, Champlain Society set out on daily and do not appreciate Nature in the least degree. The SIS the island in an effort to locate new third plan appears to me to be the best. A company of and record other natural features. From interested parties could buy at small cost the parts of they used their "C.S. [Champlain Soci- the Island less desirable for building purposes. To these the mountains. This trail extended they could add from time to time such of the more ok, located just north of the camp, and desirable lots as they could obtain control of either by thern shores of Lower and Upper purchase or by arrangement with the proprietors. This to the base of Sargent Mountain. From tract of land should then be placed in the charge of a the group followed the "Wood Trail to forester and his assistants; the lakes and streams should [Asticou Trail].62 Youthful and aca- be stocked with valuable fish; the increase of animals notes vary. and birds encouraged; the growth of trees, shrubs, plants, ferns and mosses cared for. This park should be group took a boat to the base of Dog free to all on the condition that no rules of the Associa- hich they ascended with much toil reach- tion were violated. Exactly what these rules should be, with scarce enough strength to engage and how the scheme may be a pecuniary success, are occupation of rolling stones over the cliff." matters on which as yet I have formed no opinion. and Foster decided to penetrate the As this is hardly the place for a full discussion of this to the summit of Sargents Mountain. " important plan, I must leave it here; I hope, however, they "put a stone on the pyramid" and that we may have the pleasure before long of listening long ridge to the southward. to a paper on this subject by one of its earnest advo- cates, "Captain" Charles Eliot.6 trails are mentioned in Rand's the notes are filled with the begin- In his 1885 annual report Rand wrote with increased the protection of the mountains frustration about the unabated woodcutting on the In his 1880 report, Rand wrote island. Regarding protection efforts, he wrote: that many of the wild orchids and collected by summer cottagers, to We believe that some years ago a committee was as "flower fiends," thereby destroy- appointed by the Society to consider the important beauty of the island. Rand described a subject of the Preservation of Mount Desert from attacks of vandalism and from destruction by avoidable on C Brown Pothforder 2006 33 PATHMAKERS 55 Clara Barnes Martin, Mount Desert on the Coast of Maine, rev. ed. 70 The Lee & Mar (Portland, ME: Loring, Short, & Harmon, 1885), 86. shows the Brow 56 The names of the roads are not used in Martin's descriptions as Browns Brook a described in Table 5. A. A. Murphy as probably a bush 57 The first recorded hiking club was the Alpine Club of William- David Goodnch stown, formed in 1863 "to explore the interesting places in the October 29. 200 vicinity, to become acquainted, to some extent at least, with the natural history of the localities, and also to improve the pedes- 71 Ruth Ann Hill [ trian powers of the members." In Waterman and Waterman, Park (Camden, n Forest and Crag, 183. 58 Waterman and Waterman, Forest and Crag, 185-191. 59 Charles W. Eliot, Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co, 1902), 25. 60 Edward L. Rand, First Annual Report of the Champlain Society, 1880, Edward Lothrup Rand (1859-1924) Papers, Gray Herbar- ium Archives, Harvard University. 61 Rand also served as the Path Committee chairman for the Seal Harbor Village Improvement Society from 1900 to 1908, as will be described later. 62 These routes are marked on a map included in the 1882 Annual Report of the Champlain Society. 63 Champlain Society Collection, Mount Desert Historical Society, notes by E. L. Rand, 1881. 64 Rand, First Annual Report of the Champlain Society, 1880, 56-58. 65 Rand, Report of the Champlain Society for 1884, 1885, & 1886, 24. The committee to which Rand refers included W. C. Lane, Charles Eliot, Charles Townsend, Samuel Eliot, William Dunbar, and Edward Rand. This information contained in the Champlain Society Records in the Anne Lincoln Collection, Mount Desert Island Historical Society. 66 Work was supervised by F. W. Cram, superintendent of the Euro- pean and American Railway. The train held nearly fifty passen- gers. To construct the line, the soil was cleared off and the ledge exposed. The rock was drilled and inch iron bolts were inserted, protruding 8 to 12 inches. "The Green Mountain Railway," Mount Desert Herald, May 10, 1883, p. I, col. 3. 67 Martin, Mount Desert (1885), 80. 68 DeCosta states that he rowed across Somes Sound and landed at Seal Cove (which was also known as Sargents Cove). He then walked through farms on a road at the base of the mountain, sug- gesting either the Southwest Valley Road or the road at the base of the Giant Slide Trail, then bushwacked up the north ridge of Sargent, probably along the route of the Aunt Bettys Pond Path. From the summit DeCosta walked south to Lake of the Clouds [Sargent Mountain Pond] and descended through rocky defiles, suggesting the Maple Spring or Hadlock Brook Trail, to the Notch Road, emerging opposite the cliffs of Mount Mansell [Norum- bega]. David Goodrich, correspondence with author, July 28, 1999. 69 DeCosta's description would possibly place his ascent along the fissure that forms the south side of the Ladder Trail. His descent and ascent between Dry and Green Mountains [Dorr and Cadil- lac] were likely south of the existing paths, because he describes a very difficult descent among loose rocks and then crossing a brook. David Goodrich, correspondence with author, July 28, 1999. Epp, Ronald From: Idecesar@oeb.harvard.edu Sent: Monday, January 03, 2005 10:43 AM To: Epp, Ronald Subject: Papers of Edward Lothrup Rand (1859-1924) Dr. Epp, Your request was forwarded to me. I am sorry that it has taken me so long to get back to you but our library has been closed since Thursday December 23rd. Unfortunately this morning I am away from my desk at our Cryptogamic Library. I can't give you much more information on the Rand holdings but I can tell you that our "Historic Letter" collection is almost totally letters to Asa Gray. The 8 letters you list are probably letters from Rand to Gray. The other 350 letters that you mention are part of our "Semi-Histor Letters". This is a collection of letters to members of the Gray Herbarium staff. We do not have a detailed index of these letters, just a number and date count. If you are interested in setting up a time to view these letters I would be happy to schedule something. Please let me know when you will be in the area and I will check my schedule. I look forward to hearing from you. Lisa DeCesare Head of Archives and Public Services Included Message >>Date: 22-Dec-2004 14:28:04 -0500 >>From: "Epp, Ronald" >>To: >>Subject: Papers of Edward Lothrup Rand (1859-1924) >> >>The Scope and Content fields of Hollis' Guide to the Papers of >Edward >>Lothrop Rand offers in the concluding sentence a "See also: Gray >>Herbarium, Administrative Correspondence files--about 350 >letters from >>Rand Historic files - - 8 letters from Rand. " >> >>As part of a biography I am writing on Harvard alum (1874) George B. >>Dorr, founder of Acadia National Park, I am investigating his >>relationship with the Champlain Society which was founded by >landscape >>architect Charles Eliot, son of President Eliot. Edward Rand >served as >>Secretary of this society and edited many of their scientific >reports >>centered on Mount Desert Island, Maine. >> >>Could you provide me with additional information on "the Rand >Historic >>files" and their accessibility. I will be in Cambridge in >mid-January >>and would appreciate an opportunity to examine Rand's Papers. >Thank you. >>Seasons Greetings!! >> >> >>Ronald H. Epp, Ph.D. >>Director of Shapiro Library >>Southern New Hampshire University 1 The Changing Flora of Mount Desert Island Caitlin McDonough MacKenzie I have a favorite piece of correspondence from the Edward Rand archives at Harvard's Gray Herbarium-a letter dated 1894. I have looked into the list of plants, and I am pleased to recognize so many old friends. Some of them are old White Mt. friends, and some I well remember in their nooks in Mt. Desert itself. I have never had the opportunity, or perhaps the ability, for such a careful study as you have made, but I know just enough of flowers to enjoy and value your work, and I have love enough for Mt. Desert to give it special interest. Please accept my congratulations on the book.1 - William Worcester, Champlain Society member and Harvard Class of 1881 I combed through these archives during my first year as a Ph.D student in the Biology Department at Boston University, and I remember Caitlin with Edward Rand's plaque. Courtesy of Caitlin McDonough MacKenzie stopping at the letter, charmed and stunned by the sentiment. It seemed to capture my own gratitude, my own admiration, and my own feelings the "Champlain Society" after the seventeenth-century French explorer of intimate friendship for Rand-except that it had been written 116 who named the island. In 1880, Acadia National Park would not exist for years before I first read Rand's Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine, another three decades and Bar Harbor's reputation as a summering place During my field seasons researching plant ecology on Mount Desert for the East Coast elite was in its infancy. The Champlain Society allowed Island, I have occasionally walked the Seaside Path from Jordan Pond Harvard gentlemen a chance to get out of Cambridge and into the wild. to Seal Harbor and paused at the boulder that bears a plaque honoring As his Harvard companions wandered away from the mission of natural Edward Rand. It's well hidden, tucked into the shade of spindly spruces, history study-and towards the balls and ladies at Southwest Harbor with an antiqued coppery green patina that lauds his "pioneer service and hotels-Rand cleaved hard to his botanical mission. The legacy of Rand's labor of love in making known the flora of Mount Desert." I stop here commitment is his book, Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine. This book and pat the mossy granite mass of Rand's boulder and say, "Please accept is also the cornerstone of my own dissertation research on climate change in Acadia National Park. my congratulations on the book." For fourteen years, Rand dedicated his summers to cataloguing the Given a time machine and calligraphy lessons, I could have written island's flora, creating an herbarium of specimens, and publishing a book William Worcester's letter to Edward Rand. "I have looked into the on the plants of Mount Desert Island. Rand was one of a handful of list of plants, and I am pleased to recognize SO many old friends." Like Harvard boys who in 1880 sailed to Mount Desert Island and camped on Worcester, I came to the flora of MDI from the White Mountains of Somes Sound. They planned to study the natural history of the island New Hampshire; I spent college summers working in the backcountry botany, geology, meteorology, and ornithology and dubbed themselves huts of the Whites and studied the alpine plants on the Presidential and Franconia ridges for my master's project. The ridges and peaks of Mount Chebacco. 16 (2015) . 126-38. I hebacco The Journal of the Mount Desert Island Historical Society Volume XXII SUMMERS OF SCIENCE AND WONDER THE CHAMPLAIN SOCIETY LOGBOOKS 1880-1882 2021 Mount Desert, Maine Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 27. February, 1925. No. 314. EDWARD LOTHROP RAND. B. 1., ROBINSON. With portrait I RECREATIVE interest in science brings its devotee into many new relations. If enriches life. diversifies activities, develops 1111- suspected faculties, andisapt greatly to extend personal acquaintance The direction of such it hobby may be decided by some special op- portunity, by environment. or even by accident; but its development will be individual and determined by personality. Some persons are attracted by concrete facts and become primarily observers. Others get pleasure in records and are moved to set down descriptive memo- randa regarding objects and phenomena. On the other hand there are those who find facis interesting only as they can be correlated, interpreted, and made the basis of theory or generalization. Even more frequently the anateur possesses the instinct of acquisition, forms collections and tends to immerse himself in the preparation, mounting, labelling and classification of specimens. Some revel in field-work, exploration, and out-of-door observation. Others derive much of their pleasure from the literature of their chosen subject: they build up libraries bearing upon it, and become discriminating Sincerely your in the matter of editions and critical of publications. Finally, there Eaward Rand is a far more hundred approach to science, namely the impulse which leads its possessor into cordial relations with his l'ellow workers and which stirs his interest in their traits as well as their activities. Those gifted with this type of interest have an important function. They are exceedingly helpful to science. IL is they who form clubs in memorial address delivered before the New England Botanical Club Pub. 6, 1926. Rhodora FERRUMO 1925 Robinson, Edward Lothrop Rand 19 and associations 11 is they who correspond widely 11 is they who They were fresh from their college studies and they determined to are api to be keen about the history of their subject and help much accomplish it creditable amount of field work in various natural in its record and preservation. They cheeram encourage: through sciences. These were discussed and volunteers were called for to them much that would otherwise be dry routine and detail becomes undertake special interests. Among the subjects selected were humanly altractive because viewed as the work of human beings ornithology, botany, entomology, geology and meteorology with individual characteristics and the peculiarities of distinct Among the members of this Champlain Society were Charles and personality. Very notable in this valuable phase of scientifie interest Samuel A. Eliot, sons of President Eliot of Harvard University, who was hunself at that period it summer resident of Northeast Harbor. was our late secretary. He was, il is time, himself all active observer. He was an indefatig- Other members were Benjamin Bates, Henry W. Bliss, Walter 1, able collector. He was also critical in the acquisition and interpreta Burrage, William 11. and G. B. Dumbar, Morris Earle, John McGaw Lion of scientific literature; but his keenest interest, at least in the Foster, Robert W. Greenleaf, Henry Chaunpion Jones, William last twenty-live years of his life, was in the human side of science Coolidge Lane, Ernest Lovering, John Preutiss, Edward Lothrop Edward Lothrop Rand WILS born in Dedham, Massachusetts and Henry 1. Rand, Henry M. Spelman, Roland Thanter John August 22, 1859, the son of Edward Sprague and Jennie Augusta L. and Julius Wakefield, William L. Worcester, and Robert Worth (Lathrop) Rand. Alter preparation at the Hopkinson School in ington. As these names have been derived chiefly from the botani Boston, he entered Harvard College in 1877. His first serious efforts cal records it is probable that the list is by 110 means complete. to acquire a knowledge of plants appear to have taken place in the Few enthusiasms are more keenly pleasurable than those of obser- summer of ISSO during the vitecation between his junior and senior vant persons who set themselves the task of discovering and record. years. OF this summer he was able TO spend a part on Mt. Desert ing the flora or farma of it region new to their requaintance. Every Island in exceptionally stimulating companionship and under condi- member of our own Club must at times have experienced this joy as on some summer outing he has attempted to list in it locality new to tions well nigh ideal. He was one of a group of Harvard students who camped all Somes him all the trees, all the ferns, orchids, mosses or possibly all the Sound. They were much alive LO the joys of wooderaft, of hoating, flowering plants. To anyone who has enjoyed this particular zest fishing, of mountain-tranping, and were keen to perfect themselves it will be easy to understand the enthusiasm of this group of young in the technique of sailing and of camping Mt. Desert forty-five men as they entered upon their exploration of the di iversified and years ago seemed much more remote than it does today. Its summer picturesque island of Mt. Desert. population was relatively sparse. There were still considerable Happily, they kept, at least regarding their botanical activities, cracts of land sufficiently wild to stimulate the spirit of adventure admirable records from the outset. The work of each year from and exploration. This group of young men formed themselves into 1880 to 1888 was made the subject of a formidable quarto brochure all association which they called the Champlain Society, after Samuel written out in long hand. These reports form human documents of small interest. de Champlain, the voyager who discovered and named Mt. Desert. The organization seems at no time to have been very large. 11 They show ample evidence of boyish exuberance. They are deco- ated with sketches of croup (01" vacht ensigns, and are embellished included some twenty, perhaps twenty-five members, but owing to The scattered periods of their outings and limited camping equip- with ports The first list of plants covered those observed and ment it was rare for more than ten or il dozen (1) be in camp itt any identified in 1880. It dealt almost exclusively with the larger- one time, 11. is clear that these young men were there primarily for flowered phanerogans and a few of the more readily recognized recreation and were wholesomely successful in getting it, but they ferns. Even the trees were not attempted to any great extent, and the grasses and sedges were frankly omitted The entire number of seem early to have grasped the idea that the pleasures of il summer species was but 170. The nomenclature is that of the then current outing call be much increased by all intermingling of serious purposes. 20 Rhodora 1985 Robinson, Edward Lothrop Rand 21 fifth edition of Gray's Mannal Authorities were not thought need- the fourtle report the number of species was advanced to 192, ful and many of the names are those which have long passed into including 53 grasses, sedges and rushes listed by Robert Greenleaf the limbo of synonymy, though some of them, such as Thulietrun asmall beginning in the record of the mosses by Walter L. Burrage. Cornuti, Termine Homoroso and Naturals other will still linger in the This may be regarded as the culminating achievement of the recollections of the older members of our Club. Champlain Society. No such group of young men, however coll. This first list appears to have beendrawn up by Mr. W 11. Dumbar, genial, could hold together during the strentions period when they though much of the report was contributed by Mr. Rand and it was were just entering their professions or getting a start in serious busi- he who prepared the chief matter of all the succeeding botanical ness activities. It was no longer possible for them to arrange eginei- reports. The second already shows marked improvement, though dent vacations. Fewer and fewer could get to the camp even for a still difficient and amateurish The number of plants was increased short outing, and those who did had lost something of their earlier to 372. There was greater care Authorities are appended to all enthusiasm. the scientific names. Ten grasses and six sedges are included, and IFC find the report for ISSA a bit mournful and such Frank expres- special list of trees and shrubs is added, together with it. very solenu sions as the following creep in: "as far as scientific work was col- essay on the value forests and the importance of their conservation. cerned the expedition was an absolute failure Nobody did any work The Champlain Society sometimes held meetings in the winter. except Messrs. Wakefield, Burrage and Rand of the Botanical Depart- These were under the leadership of Charles Eliot and chiefly at his ment, and their work was not very successful. One member pro- rooms. It was doubless on these occasions that the reports were claimed that he "would do 110 work during his vacation" and is reads At these meetings attention was also given to the history and stated to have remained "most faithful 1.0 his resolution. traditions of Mi. Desert, it subject in which Mr. Charles Eliot was Nevertheless, the reports were continued up to 1888 though they particularly interested. drop considerably in volume and the additions to that closely watched About this time Mr. Rand spent parts of three or four summers at "grand total become fewer and fewer. a fishing camp on Lake Moleehunkamunk with his classmates.John W. However, as his associates in the Champlain Society gradually Suter and Ernest Lovering. These trips to the Rangeley Lake region dispersed, Mr. Rand had the great good fortune to meet with it most probably continued from 1878 to 1881. The camp was situated just admirable collaborator in Mr. John Howard Redfield of Philadelphia, below Upper Dam and from this centre the young men made many an accomplished botanist, also a summer resident of Mt. Desert, excursions in different directions From Mr. Rand's notes it seems who had himself been observing, collecting and recording its plants. clear that the chief botanical work undertaken by them in this region Mr. Redfield, already elderly, generously placed his data at the service was accomplished in September 1880, in which Mt. Aziscoos was of the younger man and was able to give him much encouragement climbed and some 160 species were listed, of which, on account of and aid. He was a mail of scientific experience and it personal friend lateness in the season, many had to be identified from fruiting speci- of Dr. Asa Gray. He had wide acquaintance among botanical mens. specialists and it was probably through his influence that the later Some spring trips to Mt. Desert were made by Messrs. Rand and reports entered a new phase in the work, namely that of verification. Lane 10 ascertain and collect the early-lowered plants. This was accomplished by the reference of material to specialists. In the third botanical report. covering work done 111 1882, the The sedges and Rubi were sent 11) Prof. 1. II. Bailey. The name of so-called "grand total was brought up to 410. From this time on Prof. F. Lamson Scribner appears in connection with the grass it is clear that progress was becoming more difficult. The plants of identifications. Prof. T. C. Porter helped about the asters and easy access and ready identification had been largely listed. Aridi- golden-rods. Mr. M. S. Bebb was deferred to about the willows, tions had to be sought among Parer species and in groups of greater and Mr. G. E. Davenport regarding the ferms. Dr. T. F. Allen named technicality. the Characcae and Dr. Morong verified the pondweeds. Dr. N. L. 22 Rhodora (Premium 1925] Robinson, Edward Lothrop Rand 25 Britton was consulted and gave aid, Mr. F. S. Collins identified technical matter carefully through press. Indeed, is it possible to some marine algae. The hepaties were named by Prof. 1. M. Under- think of it more favorable preparation for the duties which he was in wood, some of the mosses by Prof. C. R. Barnes and others by Mrs. 1895 called upon to assume? Britton; while the Sphagna were sent to Mr. Edwin Faxon and by By those, like ourselves, who saw Mr. Rand in his botanical him referred to Dr. Carl Warnstorf. Dr. J. W. Eckfoldt and Miss activities, it must be remembered that these constituted merely an Clara E. Cummings furnished information about the lichens, and avocation, that he was primarily engaged in other duties, that he had Mr. Walter Deane was consulted and his aid is stated to have been all exacting profession. After taking his A.B. in Harvard College invaluable in 1881, with it scholarly rank which brought him Phi Beta Kappa The collections of previous years were re-examined and disclosed honours, he continued his studies in the Harvard Law School and unsuspected species of 11 technical nature. [11 1888 the whole work received his LL.B. in 1884 as well as his A.M. from Harvard College. was summarized and recorded in a manifolded catalogue which was Admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1885, lie entered the practice given it certain publication by its distribution to the collaborators of the law. For many years he had his office in the Exchange Build- and to several botanical establishments and libraries. The purpose ing--at first on the seventh, later on the tenth floor-in the very of this preliminary publication was to give it convenient checking heart of Boston's financial district. list for further work. In the years 1889 to 1891 four supplements In his profession he was highly regarded and is believed to have to this list were similarly manifolded and distributed. had talents which would have carried him fur had he not preferred a In 1894, after repeated revisions, much emendation, and most very quiet type of independent practice to association in any of the conscientious Proof-reading, Rand and Redfield's Flora of Mt. prominent partnerships, which would have entailed greater stress, GBD2 Desert appeared. For its epoch it was an exceptionally excellent with presumably less choice in the direction of his activities and local flora, the result of fourteen years of earnest endeavor and well- probably less leisure for his avocations. knit co-operation. It may be placed in the same class as Dame and He was diligent in his work and became specially known as a skill- Collins's Flora of Middlesex County and the scholarly Cayuga Flora ful conveyancer, whose examination of titles commanded high res- Douct of W. R. Dudley. Exceedingly few American floras have attempted pect and was felt to be of exemplary thoroughness. In this capacity the treatment of the thallophytes and bryophytes in conjunction he was one of the lawyers retained in the important legislative case with the vascular plants, and this has been mare for insular floras of of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology regarding the restric- any part of the world. tions of its Boston real estate holdings. He also had considerable It has seemed worth while to trace the evolution of this work from practice in wills and probate law and is believed to have been very its inception in the youthful activities of the Champlain Society to generous of his time in the legal assistance of many worthy but indi- its publication us it finished piece of scientific record. In several gent clients. Rarely, if ever, did eaccept court practice. He seemed respects the story is illuminating. It shows an extraordinary con- to be happy in his work and it was often continued far into the night. tinuity of purpose. gives a striking illustration of carefully matured His opportunities for botany were restricted to Sundays, holidays, and highly creditable work accomplished by an amateur in scattered occasional evenings, and his summer outings. These last were with intervals of limited leisure. It wonderfully explains the training great fidelity spent on Mt. Desert, in his later years at Seal Harbor. which Mr. Rand brought to his later work as secretary of our Club, There he became one of the best known and most beloved members for it makes clear how he had personally acquired experience in of the summer colony and took all effective part in the activities of collecting, in floristic record, in correlating the results of co-operative the Village Improvement Society, serving repeatedly upon its com- work, and finally how in the preparation of his Flora he had acquired mittees. He devoted much cure to the preparation of what is by all extended acquaintance with contemporary specialists and had learned odds the best map of the Island, it time-consuming enterprise of no how to value their aid. It had also given him practice in seeing small magnitude. Fond of boating, he cared little for sailing, but 24 Rhedom EXPIRATION 1985 Robinson, Edward hrop Rand was a capital tramper, extraordinarily observant, always interesting of the editorial board and gave ai on the literary are will as the and interested business side of the undertaking He was one of the most earnest and enthusiastie of the small group 11 sometimes happens that the limetions of an official become of gentlemen of Boston and its suburbs who in the antimm of 1895 inconspienous from the very smoothness and efficiency with which met from time to time informally to consider the founding of a they are performed. It was 80 with Mr. Rand. 11 is in retrospect botanical club which should include both professionals and anateurs. that his services can best be appreciated. Twenty-five years is a When in December of the same year, as the outcome of these efforts, long term in which to conduct the correspondence of it live organi- the New England Botanical Club was formed, it was he who was zation, to prepare and send out its many notices, to take effective chosen its Corresponding Secretary. part in nearly all its deliberations, and to aid in the management of Thereafter, for many years, be never missed a meeting either of the its publication. All this Mr. Rand did and did well. Club or of its Council. He personally knew every member-knew There is another point to be remembered Such associations as them in fact better than they realized. He was so quiet that only our own can prosper only when a litting balance is maintained be- hisintinate friends perceived how close was his observation of people tween scientifie work and socialinterest, between research exploration as well as things. However, his judgement of their characters was and scientifiereore] on the one hand and popularization on the other. kindly rather than critical. He was gifted with it fine sense of humor In preserving this balance, Mr. Rand's uniform taci, vigilant care and and though a very silent guest was apt in the course of general sound judgment have been factors of 110 small importance in the conversation to make from time to time whimsical observations success of our Club. which were the more amusing because unexpected. He scarcely ever addressed the Club except briefly and on business During the early years of the Chili, Mr. Rand was always ready matters. to join in its field-work, if this could be arranged on holidays or at Aside from his admirable Flora Mc. Desert his botanical publi- week-ends. In this way be collected at many points within thirty cations were few and of no reat extent In the MI. Desert Herald or forty miles of Boston. Longer excursions were not frequent in he published in the summer of 1890 a series of eight articles of it those motorless days. However, he made several short visits to the popular nature on the vegetation of the island. To Garden and Monadnock region, with a large vaseulum as an important part. of Forest he contributed three brief notes. In RHODORA he published his buggage. There he collected diligently in Jaffrey, West Rindge, ten short articles, mostly relating to stations for some of the raper Fitzwilliam. Troy, Dublin and Peterboro. He carefully explored phanerogans in the outlying towns of the Boston District, but the upper parts of the Contookook River and is one of the few botan- including a florula of the Duck Islands on the Maine coast and a list ists who have ascended the broken slopes of Little Monadnock and of addenda to his Flora of Mt. Desert. the ledges on the south side of Gap Mountain That his holiday He long cherished the hope of bringing out it revised and supple- gatherings in this region have proved scientifically useful is shown by mented edition of his Flora and 10 the end he continued year after the fact that some of them have from time to time been cited in year his exploration of Mt. Desert and prepared many specimens. RUODORA. However, he was at length forced to abandon this enterprise, for he When in the animom of 1898 our journal was in contemplation he became conscious that there were limits beyond which it. would be was one of the earliest to regard the plan as feasible and one of the mmise to tax his eyesight, always under considerable strain in the most active in soliciting the several hundred advance subscriptions course of his professional work, which involved the close scrutiny of needful to make il practicable When the RUODORA Board was chosen old deeds and obseure probate records. he kindly consented to be a member of the publication comuittee, Mr. Rand gave his herbarium to the New England Botanical Club and thus added further correspondence to that entailed by his duties in 1911 There are portions of it still to be worked over and it is as sceretary. He was very regular in his attendance at the meetings not yet possible to state the extent of the collection. Mr. Rand Svenson,-The White Pine in middle Tennessee 27 26 Rhodora [FBURGARY 19251 himself estimated as fat back as 1901 that it contained at least 15,000 11 will be noted that these are qualities very rarely combined, as they sheets, bnt he subsequently made many additions. It is one of the were in his case, with exceptional powers of observation, it trained most important gifts ever received by the Club and as it close record business judgment and firmness of decision, for his opinions had a of it local flora covering the lower groups as well as the vascular plants, fine definiteness and were in matters of importance tenaciously held. it is unsurpassed amoug the many valuable collections of which our Unflagging loyalty to all avocation, of it scientific and somewhat Club herburium has become the repository. technical nature, taken up in youth and continued throughout life, Mr. Rand had a very refined literary taste, was a copious and is in itself it remarkable achievement. That his botanical activities thoughtful reader and built up it library rich in the best fiction and gave great pleasure to our late friend there can be 110 doubt. They history as well as in works bearing upon his favorite science. enriched his life and brought him into a host of human relations which He wrote letters without number and always in manscript. He he keenly enjoyed. In return for these pleasures, his services were was never reconciled to what Henry James has termed the "inhuman liberally given and they were of an extent and nature to win for him legibility of the typewriter." His business notes had all needful the enduring gratitude of our Chub and insure him an honorable definiteness combined with more human touches. His social cor- place in the history of botany. respondence had distinct charm. His messages of sympathy or congratulation were wonderfully expressive of warm feelings deli- cately worded. THE WHITE PINE IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE. On June 29, 1893, he married Miss Annie Matilda Crozier of II. K. SVENSON Charlestown, il lady of great personal charm. While not herself botanically inclined she was sympathetic with his interest in plants IN August, 1922, Mr. W. C. Dickinson of Peabody College, Nash- and was a very delightful hostess to his many botanical guests. ville, and the writer collected plants in the hills west of Nashville, Besides the New England Botanical Club there were several organi- and found on the summit of the high bull's just south of the village zations to which Mr. Rand was faithfully devoted, namely a local of Craggie Hope, in Cheatham County, about a dozen full-grown Episcopalian Chil, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, and his specimens of Pinus Strobus. This station obviously extends the dining chub), the last-still in existence-being It noteworthy group known distribution of the white pine some distance to the south- of men with scholarly interests in the natural sciences. west. According to Sargent the distribution of this tree is "New- On May 12, 1921, Mrs. Rand died-a blow from which her husband foundland to Manitoba, southward through the northern states to never recovered. In the autumn of the same year he was stricken Pennsylvania, northern and eastern Ohio, northern Indiana, valley down by paralysis. Thereafter, for three years, he led the life of of the Rocky River near Oregon, Ogle County, Illinois, and central an invalid, but 80 far recovered his powers that he could sit up, and southeastern Iowa, and along the Appalachian Mountains to walk about the house, take short strolls in the garden, and even in Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and northern Georgia." Gattinger2 the care of a nurse make longer journeys to the homes of friends. in his Flora of Tennessee reports it "from the Cumberland Mountains, He was glad to see his friends and to the last retained his interest and prominently [in] the Alleghenies along the slopes of the highest in the affairs and the members of the New England Botanical Club. ridges." In the introduction PP. 23-24, lin makes the following At the end, which came October 9, 1924, his passing was mercifully observations: "There are neither pines nor firs the whole length of sudden and lie was spared conscious suffering. distance from Pulaski to Elizabethtown, near Louisville, Ky., nor Among the personal traits of his character which stand out most are any to be found for a great distance east or west of this line (Nash- clearly in our memories of him were gentleness, patience, uniform ville & Decatur Railroad). The scrub piue [P. virginianal is the courtesy, a refined literary interest, a whimsical humor, a cleverness Surgent. C. S. Man. Trees N. A. ed. 2: 3-4. (1921.) in versification often exhibited at our Club dinners and celebrations. Gattinger A. Fil. Tonn. 31. (1901.) flora of Mount Desert Island, maine. A PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS GROWING ON MOUNT DESERT AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS. BY EDWARD L. RAND AND JOHN H. REDFIELD. With a Geological Introduction BY WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS, AND A NEW MAP OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND. CAMBRIDGE : JOHN WILSON AND SON. University Press. 1894. 581.974 R181f CON TENTS. PAGE PREFACE 7 GENERAL OUTLINE OF PLAN OF CATALOGUE. I. INDIGENOUS PLANTS 13 II. INTRODUCED PLANTS 13 III. SYNONYMS 14 IV. ARRANGEMENT AND NOMENCLATURE 14 V. CITATION OF AUTHORS 15 VI. FORMS 15 VII. TERMS DENOTING RELATIVE OCCURRENCE 16 VIII. PLANTS NOT REPRESENTED IN THE HERBARIUM 16 IX. ABBREVIATIONS 17 X. GEOGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE 17 INTRODUCTION. I. MOUNT DESERT AND ITS FLORA 19 II. THE MAP OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND 28 List of Corrections 31 III. BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE CATALOGUE 32 OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. INTRODUCTION 43 THE GRANITE BELT 46 THE PRE-GRANITIC ROCKS 51 THE POST-GRANITIC ROCKS 55 THE GREAT DENUDATION 56 THE GLACIAL INVASION 63 POSTGLACIAL HISTORY 67 52-626 6 CONTENTS. FLORA: CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. PHANEROGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. DICOTYLEDONES, OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS 75 ANGIOSPERMEE POLYPETAL/E 75 GAMOPETALA 107 PREFACE. APETAL/E 139 GYMNOSPERMEE 149 MONOCOTYLEDONES, OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 150 CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. THE territory covered by this Catalogue of Plants PTERIDOPHYTA 184 comprises the Island of Mount Desert and the ad- BRYOPHYTA 190 joining islands, the more important of which are the MUSCI 190 Cranberry Isles, Bartlett Island, Thompson Island, and the HEPATICA 219 Porcupine Islands. The Duck Islands, lying some miles THALLOPHYTA 227 seaward southerly from the Cranberry Isles, are also in- CHARACEE 227 ALGE cluded for convenience, although having no close con- 227 LICHENES 250 nection geographically with the rest of the territory. Politically it comprises the towns of Eden, Mount Desert, SUMMARY 275 Tremont, Cranberry Isles, a small part of Trenton, and a APPENDIX.-LIST OF EXCLUDED SPECIES 277 part of Long Island Plantation, in which the Duck Isl- ands are included. All of this territory, with the ex- ception of the Duck Islands, is shown on the map that INDEX 281 has been prepared to accompany this Catalogue. In 1880 the Champlain Society, an association of college students formed for the purpose of field work and study in various branches of natural science, established its camp on the shores of Somes Sound at Wasgatt Cove, Mount Desert Island. This Catalogue of Plants repre- sents the final results of work begun by its botanical department, while the introductory article on the Ge- ology of Mount Desert represents the work of its geo- logical department. Two years later one of the authors, John H. Redfield, began independent investigation of 8 PREFACE. PREFACE. 9 the Island flora. In 1888 the Champlain Society allowed wise would have been locked up in the herbaria and its botanical work to pass into -- the hands of the other note-books of unknown workers in the same territory. author, Edward L. Rand, who, however, had been con- Specimens of every plant in this list, with very few nected with the work from its beginning. Soon after- exceptions, will be found preserved in the Mount Desert wards the authors consolidated the results of all the Herbarium, at present kept in Cambridge, Mass. These botanical work on the Island, so far as they were able, exceptions, most of which are either Algx or Lichens, and henceforth carried on the work together, with such are denoted by an asterisk prefixed to the name of the assistance as could be procured from other botanists. species. For specimens of plants thus marked, as well as Although more or less incomplete, and somewhat hastily for other plants from collectors now unrepresented, we prepared, this Catalogue is now presented, at the request shall be most grateful. ¹ The Philadelphia Academy of of many interested in the subject, as a preliminary con- Natural Sciences, furthermore, has an almost complete tribution to a Flora of Mount Desert Island. This is duplicate set of the-Phanerogams and Pteridophyta; and done with the hope that it may serve as a means of excit- Dr. Carl Warnstorf of Neuruppin, Germany, has a dupli- ing interest in the undertaking, and thus make possible cate set of the Sphagna. Duplicates from the Herbarium a more complete catalogue in the near future. have also been distributed among various public and pri- So far as the study of its flora is concerned, Mount De- vate herbaria of the country. sert has no history. We are told by the early explorers Much care has been taken to make the Catalogue reli- that wild roses and beach peas were abundant, and that able. Very few plants have been admitted to the list is all. No botanists native to the Island - if any there except on the authority of an undoubted specimen, and in were or are - have given us information as to its plants. every case of exception only on a positive affirmation by a All such information has come from such botanists as have specialist or other botanist of high repute as to the chanced to go there from a distance, usually during the authenticity and identity of the lost specimen. More- summer months only. Even of these the known list is over, we have had the kind assistance of many of the not long, and only few antedate the beginning of syste- leading botanists of the country in the determination of matic work in 1880. It has, furthermore, been extremely specimens in difficult families and genera, and in cases difficult to discover the names of these botanists, and to of doubtful determination, as well as in the criticism and consult their notes and collections, although the authors correction of our manuscript. Prof. L. H. Bailey has have endeavored in many ways to accomplish this. The given his help in Carex and Rubus; Mr. M. S. Bebb, in result naturally has been far from satisfactory. In spite Salix; Prof. William Trelease, in Rumex and Epilobium of all these discouragements, however, the work on the Dr. Thomas C. Porter, in Solidago, Aster, and Mentha; Flora has been carried on with perseverance. It is now hoped that from the very fact of the publication of pres- 1 Any correspondence relating to the Flora may be addressed to Edward L. Rand, 740 Exchange Building, Boston, Mass., or to John H. Redfield, 216 ent results help may be obtained for the future that other- West Logan Square, Philadelphia, Penn. 10 PREFACE. PREF Mr. John K. Small, in Polygonum; Prof. F. Lamson fresh-water Algae and the Fur Scribner, in Graminex; Dr. L. M. Underwood, in Isoetes for the present to omit the and in Hepaticx; Mr. George E. Davenport, in Filices Catalogue. It is hoped tha Dr. T. F. Allen, in Characex; Messrs. Frank S. Collins attention may be given to in and Isaac Holden, in Algx; Dr. Carl Warnstorf, Prof. D. our knowledge of this part ( C. Eaton, and Mr. Edwin Faxon, in Sphagnum; Mrs. E. G. Britton and Dr. Charles R. Barnes, in the other July 1st, 1894. Mosses; Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, Miss Mary L. Wilson, and Miss Clara E. Cummings, in Lichenes; and Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. Thomas Morong, Mr. Walter Deane, and Mr. M. L. Fernald, in various other determinations. The article on the Geology of Mount Desert has been kindly contributed by Prof. William M. Davis, of Harvard College. To these and to all others who have done so much to add to the value and accuracy of this Catalogue, to the various collectors whose names appear therein, and to President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University, through whose interest and kindness the publication of our work has been made possible, we extend our sincere thanks. Acknowledging, as we have at the outset, the incom- pleteness of this Catalogue in many of its divisions, we issue it at the present time to assist those interested in the plants of the Island to the acquirement of a better knowledge of its flora. With this end in view, therefore, it has seemed well to include, for the benefit of specialists, even manifestly incomplete lists of some of the Crypto- gams. The list of Vascular Cryptogams (Pteridophyta), the Ferns and their allies, is fairly complete; the lists of Mosses and Liverworts are well advancing towards com- pletion, and the same is true of the lists of Lichens and of the marine Alg Very little work, however, has been done thus far in the collection and determination of the INTRODUCTION I. MOUNT DESERT AND ITS FLORA. M OUNT DESERT ISLAND, called by the Indians PEMETIC, lies about one hundred and ten miles east of Portland, on the coast of Maine, and less than half the distance from Rockland on the western shore of Penobscot Bay. Its coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean on the south, by Blue Hill Bay and its tributaries on the west, and by Frenchman Bay and its tributaries on the east and north. On the northwest Mt. Desert Narrows, a shallow strait connecting the waters of these two bays, is crossed by means of two bridges, connecting Thompson Island with the mainland on the north, and with Mt. Desert Island on the south. The area of the Island may be estimated at about one hundred square miles; its greatest length being about fifteen miles, from Hadley Point in Eden on the north to Bass Harbor Head in Tremont on the south; its greatest breadth, about twelve miles, from Great Head in Eden on the east to The Cape in Tremont on the west. The coast line, especially of the southern and western shores, is extremely irregular. Up the centre of the Island for fully half its length from north to south, through the mountain range, passes the fiord of Somes Sound (or "The River"), a deep arm of the sea, dividing the Island into two almost equal sections. Across the 20 INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. 21 centre from Western Mt. on the west to Newport Mt. on character. On its coast, enveloped in cold fogs and the east stretches the granitic range of mountains that washed by waters chilled by the arctic currrent, it is has given Mt. Desert its name, rising almost from the no wonder that arctic plants like Montia fontana and sea to heights varying from about three hundred to over Stellaria humifusa should find a congenial home. More- fifteen hundred feet. Towards the north the ground slopes over, this character of the flora is shown by the fact that, to the farming lands of Eden and the great meadow of with one exception, Lycopodium Selago, the mountain the Northeast Creek, and towards the southwest to the plants descend to the sea level. Neither on the one hand meadows of Marsh Creek, to Great Heath and the boggy is the altitude of the mountain summits sufficient to wilderness below the Hio. Between the peaks of the develop an alpine flora, nor on the other hand is the granitic range lie deep valleys, filled either by an arm of warmth and general character of the lowlands sufficient the sea, as Somes Sound, or by a lake or pond of more or to bring many of the plants of the middle temperate region less magnitude. These are mountain ponds for the thus far up the coast of Maine. The flora, then, may be most part, many of them of great depth, with rocky said to be essentially Canadian, having close relations shores broken by stretches of sand or gravel beaches. with the very similar flora of New Brunswick. It also None of the streams are of much size, and the regularity shows, apart from its maritime character, many points of even of their natural flow has been greatly diminished by resemblance to the general flora of the White Mountain the wanton destruction of the woods about their water region. It is in its special problems, however, that sheds. 1 plant distribution becomes of great interest at Mt. Descrt, All of these facts, however, are much better explained and it may be well, therefore, to consider a few cases by by the map itself, and by the article on the geology of way of illustration. the Island by Professor Davis, kindly contributed by The return of vegetable life after the glacial period him for this very purpose. It is better, therefore, in this must have taken place along somewhat more contracted place to make no more than the most general statements lines than are shown to-day. Mt. Desert was then, as in regard to the topography. Neither is it well to attempt now, isolated from the mainland, but was without doubt any detailed description of the flora in its relations to in a state of greater submergence. It is therefore natural these physical and geological characteristics, for as yet that there should exist in abundance on the mainland the evidence seems too fragmentary and disconnected to many plants that are not found at all on the Island, or prove facts of much value. A few brief statements of a are found there only very rarely. The water on the very general nature, illustrated by a few examples, may north of the Island is not of great extent or depth at however be of interest to the botanist. present, yet it appears that some plants, especially those One of the most marked characteristics of the Isl- with seeds not easily transported by ordinary means, have and flora is its not only strongly northern, but arctic 1 About two hundred and thirty of the flowering plants of Mt. Desert 1 See "The Woods of Mt. Desert Island," Garden and Forest, II. 483. are common to the arctic flora. 22 INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. 23 always found difficulty in crossing it from the mainland. southeastern coasts of Mt. Desert, - an opportunity, how- This difficulty has had its effect in decreasing the Island ever, which would readily be presented on the low shores, flora. and in the coast marshes and lagoons of the Cranberry Again, in the development of their flora the Cranberry Isles. Yet it would seem improbable that all these plants Isles have shown some peculiarities. These islands, once reached the Cranberry Isles only. Montia has been found doubtless a part of Mt. Desert, and through it connected also on the Duck Islands, and might likewise, and as with the mainland, were later submerged, and then ele- readily, be carried by ocean currents farther on, at least to vated again to develop their flora independently of Mt. the westward adjoining shores of Mt. Desert. There in Desert, except so far as the flora of the smaller area the southwestern part of the Island similar conditions came from that of the greater, then doubtless more existed for the colonization of these plants as on the Cran- advanced in the renewal of its vegetation, owing to berry Isles, yet in fact they do not appear, SO far as known. its greater altitude and consequent earlier elevation. If, on the other hand, they came from the south, remain- That there was some independent development is well ing behind in the progress of plant life northward after shown by the fact that between the Cranberry Isles and the glacial period, and finding here favorable surroundings the adjacent portion of Mt. Desert about the Sea Wall for their existence, all the more we should expect to find there exist some remarkable differences in the flora, as these plants also in the southwestern projection of Mt. well as some strong points of union. Under almost pre- Desert Island. Here the land would be reached earlier cisely the same conditions, we find Corema near the Sea in the northward march, and would be found to present Wall, but not on the Cranberry Isles; we find Montia, the same conditions of soil and of general physical char- Stellaria humifusa, and Rubus Chamomorus on the Cran- acter as the Cranberry Isles. As, however, none of these berry Isles, but not on Mt. Desert; we find Symplocarpus peculiar plants except Symplocarpus and Hippuris appear feetidus and Hippuris vulgaris on the Cranberry Isles and even on this part of Mt. Desert, the evidence at present also on Mt. Desert, but at the Sea Wall alone. Such seems in favor of a later migration from the north, rather evidence as this may point to the introduction of certain than of the much earlier introduction from the south. plants on Mt. Desert by way of the Cranberry Isles, while The whole subject is one of great interest, and will repay on the other hand doubtless most of the plants of the careful study. Cranberry Isles came from Mt. Desert. Another interesting feature of the Mt. Desert flora is It is certainly far from improbable that the more shown by the comparatively small representation of in- northern plants came to the Cranberry Isles by sea, either troduced foreign plants, especially of weeds of cultivated from the north in later times, or from the south when ground. Excluding garden escapes and a few plants these islands first appeared above the sea at the conclusion naturalized by intentional introduction, we find that the of the glacial period. If from the north, there would be number of weeds is very small in comparison with that little opportunity for colonization on the rocky eastern and of similar areas in New England. The reason is a very 24 INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. 25 simple one, - the slight development of the Island for constantly need the aid of man to secure and maintain a agricultural purposes, - an explanation that is fully sus- foothold. Such is the case. The weeds of those days tained by the facts. were obliged to adapt themselves to the most hostile In earlier times very little attention was paid to farm- conditions. If they could not do this, they lingered on ing, doubtless because the physical character of the Island year by year wherever they could maintain a foothold, is not of a nature favoring agriculture except under and then almost disappeared from the flora of the Island. limited or somewhat expensive conditions. The surface Consequently these weeds were largely of native origin, is mostly mountainous or rocky, the soil is usually thin and not many in number. and poor, and has often disappeared as a covering, - a But within a few years a new state of things has arisen. result of reckless wood cutting and of the consequent Not only have the old weeds been gaining a stronger and forest fires. Taken as a whole, the north of the Island stronger foothold, but additions to the list are reported contains the best farming land; the south, for the most every year, chiefly at Bar Harbor or in its neighborhood, part, is too near the dominant granitic range to furnish whence they spread to other parts of the Island. Only a deep soil or level ground save under exceptional condi- few years ago such common weeds as Portulaca oleracea, tions. Moreover, under these unfavorable conditions Amarantus retroflexus and A. albus, Medicago lupulina, there was nothing to encourage farming as a means of Lepidium Virginicum, Mollugo verticillata, and Plantago support, for there was no market for garden products. lanceolata were either unknown or so rare that it was diffi- It is not strange, therefore, that fishing, lumbering, ship- cult even to secure specimens of them. They are now building, and other pursuits, were the more profitable becoming more and more common, and appearing slowly employments of the early settlers. All agricultural but surely throughout Mt. Desert. Some of these obtain operations were conducted on a very limited scale, and their foothold through cultivation of the soil, and all seem for the most part involved nothing more than the cultiva- to come, as many people do, because it is the fashion, tion of small vegetable patches for home purposes. These taking advantage of the increased means of introduction patches were seldom well cared for, and were rarely culti- afforded by the importation of foreign seed, of foreign vated in the same spot for more than a year at a time. soil with other plants, of hay, and of the various other Of late years, however, it has been found profitable by methods by which weeds travel about from place to place. many landowners to raise vegetables to supply the sum- This explanation, it is hoped, will show why SO many mer demand at Bar Harbor and the other summer resorts of the common weeds find no place in this Catalogue. It of the Island. Consequently there has been more sys- also shows that at any time such additions to the flora tematic cultivation of the ground both for agricultural are likely to be reported by any botanist who happens to and for horticultural purposes. examine the waste and cultivated grounds and the way- In the earlier days of the settlement of the Island, sides of the constantly growing villages and settlements. therefore, we should expect to find few of those weeds that Of these newcomers it will be well to ascertain and note carefully the date of introduction. 26 INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. 27 It is interesting also to notice what does not appear, as are naturalized on this continent from Europe two are well as what does appear in this Catalogue. It was once introduced from other parts of North America; two more, said, indeed, that the flora of Mt. Desert was more as appears from circumstantial evidence, may also have remarkable for what it did not include than for what it been so introduced; leaving only four species that are did, - a statement that our present knowledge of the indigenous in the common sense. This would seem to flora hardly seems to justify Yet there are many impor- prove that at Mt. Desert there was some obstacle besides tant gaps in the Catalogue that it is hard to account for in climate which leguminous plants found it difficult to any satisfactory manner. It can only be said that for surmount. That it is not some hostile condition at the some reason or other these missing plants do not occur on present time appears from the fact that when northern this part of the coast, or, in cases where they do occur on species of this family are introduced on the Island they the adjacent mainland, that they never were able to cross flourish as well there as elsewhere. the water to Mt. Desert Island. It is certain that the Further instances are the genera Asclepias and Gen- latitude is not the cause, for these plants are found much tiana, and many others, - of which no representative farther north. Doubtless the cold east winds and the sea whatever is found, and a number of species belonging fogs may have driven back many plants trying to effect a to different genera, which are found northward on the lodgment here; but in that case there should be a marked mainland, but not on Mt. Desert. It may be that some difference between the flora of the exposed southern and day many of these missing plants will reach the Island, eastern coasts, and that of the northwestern, central, and but at present their absence seems as unmistakable as northern parts of the Island. A study of the Catalogue it is unaccountable. will show that there is some such difference, but not so For its disappointments, however, the flora makes am- marked, we think, that it can be relied on as evidence to ple compensation. For SO limited and circumscribed an any very great extent. It proves, however, that no one area our territory possesses many plants interesting to can be well acquainted with the flora until he has studied any lover of our New England flora, and has contributed carefully the plants of the country lying north of the main some forms that are of interest to the general botanist as granitic belt, as well as those of the better known and well. Even its most common flowers take new and unex- more frequented parts of the Island. pected deepness of color from the cool sea air, and are a It may be interesting to mention some cases of these constant delight both to botanist and mere flower-lover. missing plants. The Pulse Family, Leguminosce, will fur- Our work has been a labor of love, the fruit of happy days, nish a striking instance. The Catalogue shows that the and the source of pleasant memories. If this Catalogue Island flora contains only eighteen species, representing proves a help to those for whom it is intended, and en- eight genera, obviously a very insufficient representation ables them to share the pleasure we have gained on this when we consider that shown by many points farther north wonderful island of Mt. Desert, we shall be more than with otherwise much the same flora. Of these species, ten satisfied. 28 INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. 29 natural result of all these errors was to establish two II. THE MAP OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND. sets of names, one known to those acquainted only with the maps, the other to those who either lived on the SOME years ago it became very evident that there was Island, or knew the Island independently of map knowl- to be great difficulty in properly indicating stations for edge. Furthermore, the matter of nomenclature was the various Island plants needing such limitation. While much complicated by the insufferable tendency of sum- it was necessary in some cases to make the station some- mer visitors to give new names, often showing the worst what indefinite in description in order to guard against possible taste, to any natural feature that might happen extermination on the one hand by the flower-puller and to attract their attention. Such names deserve preser- the plant-digger, and on the other by the over-zealous vation only in rare cases, and should not be tolerated botanist, yet it was necessary in all cases to give a name for a moment unless by lapse of time or by custom the to the station that should be both accurate and well new name has fairly superseded the old for all practical known as a matter of geographical nomenclature. To purposes. some it may seem that this involved merely a reference To remedy these evils, and to secure a standard for to any map of the Island to ascertain the necessary citation in our Catalogue, it was decided to make as thor- information, but this was a solution of only a portion of ough an investigation of the geographical nomenclature the difficulty. In the first place the two maps most of the Island as possible, to adopt a system of correct readily consulted, the Land Map of Colby and Stuart and nomenclature, and finally to prepare a map that should the Coast Survey Map, pay very little attention to the set forth the results of our work. For over three years names of the points of minor interest on the Island. As this investigation was carried on, until, in June, 1893, the such points are often of the greatest botanical interest, map was published. If we may judge by what we have and must be referred to, it was clear that the present heard ourselves, or by what has been reported to us by maps would not be of much assistance in these cases. In others, very little fault is found with the nomenclature the second place, the geographical nomenclature employed adopted. It is to be borne in mind that where the nomen- on the Coast Survey Map, and followed in some degree clature of our map differs from that of the Coast Survey on the Land Map, is often, regret to say, absolutely it is to be explained on one of two grounds: either erroneous. In many a case, indeed, there is no explana- because the Coast Survey attached a name to the wrong tion whatever to account for the blunders, except that the locality, or because it coined a name or substituted one officers in charge of the work must have coined names for of no authority to replace a name well known and in their own use, regardless or in ignorance of the fact that common use upon the Island. A very striking instance there might be names already attached to the places in of the error last mentioned is found in the unauthorized question. In other cases, by some curious mistake, names use of Turtle Lake for Bubble Pond, or for the oldest have been carelessly transposed and interchanged. The name of all, now obsolete, Southeast Pond. 30 INTRODUCTION. 31 INTRODUCTION. The preparation of this map made necessary much cor- to any one interested in the Island. The general rules respondence and much careful investigation of ancient followed in regard to nomenclature have already been maps, plans, and records. Such an undertaking could explained in the Preface.1 never have been brought to a successful conclusion had It could not have been expected that our map would be it not been for the kindly interest shown and the invalu- either complete or entirely free from error. Since its able assistance given by natives of the Island who knew publication, therefore, effort has been made to discover and loved it well. Among these helpers, many of whom we omissions and mistakes, in the hope that some time in the regret to say we hardly know by name, but whose assistance, future we can make any corrections that may be found by whatever means it reached us, we value highly, we wish necessary. We wish at present to call attention to the to give our especial thanks to the Rev. Oliver H. Fernald; following list of the more important errors and omis- to Mr. Eben M. Hamor, of Eden; to Messrs. T. S. Somes, sions thus far discovered. George A. Somes, Thomas Bartlett, and A. C. Savage, of (1) The town boundary between Mt. Desert and Tremont Mt. Desert; to Messrs. W. W. A. Heath and C. M. Hol- in the territory lying between Somes Sound and Great den, of Tremont; and to Mr. P. C. Stover, of Cranberry Pond should begin on the eastern shore of Great Pond at Isles; all of whom by inquiry, by personal investigation, the point shown on the map, and should run in a straight and by advice and criticism have done so much to give line in a southeasterly direction to a point on the shore the map its accuracy and merit. To Mr. Fernald, born of Valley Cove nearly opposite the word "Eagle " on the and brought up on the Island, and still retaining in his map. This shows the true boundary some distance to the residence in another part of the State his love for his north of the boundary shown on the map. native place and his interest in its affairs, we owe the in- (2) At the Quarries on the western shore of Somes spiration of this undertaking, and to his encouragement Sound a post-office should be added, "Halls Quarry P.0." and assistance its final accomplishment. (3) The name Western Hio, north of Bass Harbor, it By the kind permission of Prof. Thomas C. Mendenhall, seems, should be applied to the southern end of Norwood Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, we Ridge. Where the name now stands on the map, Burnt have used the Coast Survey Map for the important physical Mt. should be substituted. features, making here and there a few corrections, and (4) Black Point on Great Cranberry Isle may have to be supplying a few omissions. We wish here to express changed to Flaggs Point. our appreciation of his courtesy, which has enabled us (5) The small brook at Bar Harbor, flowing into the to give a much better map to the public. New roads, the town boundaries, and additional wood roads and paths 1 It may be interesting to note the use of the word "heath" on the Island. It is used to denote a large unwooded bog or swamp, usually a sphagnum have been added, the different post-offices indicated, and bog, very wet, and exceedingly difficult to cross. Many of these heaths such points of interest named as it seemed would make contain small ponds or spring holes, and in the wetter parts are floating bogs a map not only suitable for our purpose, but of value more or less dangerous and treacherous to any one venturing upon them.