Pinchot, Gifford I Full Record (Library of Congress Online Catalog) Page 1 of 4 The Library of Congress >> Go to Library of Congress Authorities LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ONLINE CATALOG - Help f New Search Headings Titles Request Account Other Start Search History List List an Item Status Databases Over DATABASE: Library of Congress Online Catalog YOU SEARCHED: Guided Search = (gifford AND pinchot AND papers) in Title: All (KTIL)] SEARCH RESULTS: Displaying 2 of 2. Previous Next Brief Record Subjects/Content Full Record MARC Tags Papers of Gifford Pinchot, LC Control Number: mm 78036277 Type of Material: Archival Manuscript Material (Collection) Personal Name: Pinchot, Gifford, 1865-1946. Main Title: Papers of Gifford Pinchot, 1770-1972 (bulk 1870-1946). Related Names: Bruce, Eugene S. (Eugene Sewell), 1860-1920. Papers of Eugene S. Bruce. Eno, Amos R. (Amos Richard), 1810-1898. Papers of Amos R. Eno. Graves, W. Brooke (William Brooke), 1899--Papers of W. Brooke Graves. Gregg, Morris E. Papers of Morris E. Gregg. Phelps, John S. (John Smith), 1814-1886. Papers of John S. Phelps. Phelps, Mary Whitney. Papers of Mary Whitney Phelps. Pinchot, James W., 1831-1908. Papers of James W. Pinchot. Pinchot, Mary Eno. Papers of Mary Eno Pinchot. Smith, Herbert A. (Herbert Augustine), 1866-1944. Papers of Herbert A. Smith. Wells, Philip P. (Philip Patterson), 1868-1929. Papers of Philip P. Wells. Description: 1,989,200 items. 3179 containers plus 6 oversize. 37 microfilm reels. 1095 linear feet. Biog./History Note: Conservationist, chief forester for the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, professor of forestry at Yale University, and governor of Pennsylvania. Summary: Primarily correspondence and subject files, together with diaries, memoranda, speeches, articles, reports, financial papers, bulletins, pamphlets, clippings, memorabilia, and other papers relating chiefly to Pinchot's activities in conservation and forestry and to his terms as governor of Pennsylvania. Family papers (ca. 1830-1914) include correspondence of his parents, James W. and Mary Eno Pinchot with William T. Sherman; financial papers of his grandfather, Amos R. Eno; and Civil War correspondence of John S. and Mary Whitney Phelps. Pinchot's support of Theodore Roosevelt and Robert M. La Follette's campaigns for the presidency and Progressive Party activities in Pennsylvania are documented, as is his dispute with Richard Achilles Ballinger, secretary of the interior, that led to his dismissal as chief forester in 1909. Other papers relate to his interest in the American Farm Bureau Federation, American Federation of http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=2&ti=1,2&SEQ=20041203125038&SAB1=giffo.. 12/3/2004 Full Record (Library of Congress Online Catalog) Page 2 of 4 Labor, American Legion, American Liberty League, flood control, prohibition, and public utilities; his travels to Russia (1902) and to the South Seas (1935); his service on the Commission for Relief in Belgium (1914-1915); and his affiliation with the Tomlinson Church of God. Includes subject files compiled by Pinchot on such public figures as William Edgar Borah, Louis Dembitz Brandeis, William Jennings Bryan, Thomas A. Edison, Henry Ford, John Charles Frémont, and William Randolph Hearst. Also includes correspondence and other papers of Philip P. Wells, Eugene S. Bruce, and Herbert A. Smith, employees under Pinchot in the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Division of Forestry; Morris E. Gregg, Pinchot's secretary; and W. Brooke Graves, author of an analysis of letters received by Pinchot as a result of his support of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1944 presidential election. Notes: MSS36277 Finding Aids: Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room. Related archival material: Architectural drawings, blueprints, and photographs transferred to Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. Maps transferred to Library of Congress Geography and Map Division. Selected financial documents, legal papers, printed material, memorabilia, and photographs transferred to U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Reproduction: Microfilm edition of portions of the collection produced by Library of Congress Photoduplication Service from originals in (or formerly in) the Manuscript Division, 1975, 1986, & 1990. Source of Acquisition: Gift, Pinchot family, 1951-1990. Other gifts and transfer, 1955-1989. Additional Form Avail.: Microfilm edition of diaries, 1872-1946, available, no. 16,158 (4N-4P). Microfilm edition of scrapbooks available, no. 17,897 (26N-26P). Microfilm edition of letterbooks, 1892-1899, (17 v.) available, no. 20,142 (7N- 7P). Subjects: Ballinger, Richard Achilles, 1858-1922. Borah, William Edgar, 1865-1940. Brandeis, Louis Dembitz, 1856-1941. Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925. Edison, Thomas A. (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931. Ford, Henry, 1863-1947. Frémont, John Charles, 1813-1890. Hearst, William Randolph, 1863-1951. La Follette, Robert M. (Robert Marion), 1855-1925. Pinchot family. Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919. Sherman, William T. (William Tecumseh). 1820-1891 -Correspondence. American Farm Bureau Federation. American Federation of Labor. American Legion. American Liberty League. Church of God (Tomlinson) Commission for Relief in Belgium. Progressive Party (1912) United States. Forest Service. Yale University.-Faculty. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=2&ti=1,2&SEQ=20041203125038&SAB1=giffo... 12/3/2004 Full Record (Library of Congress Online Catalog) Page 3 of 4 Conservation of natural resources. Flood control. Forestry schools and education. Forests and forestry. Presidents-United States--Election--1912. Presidents-United States--Election--1924. Prohibition. Public utilities. World War, (1914-1918--Civilian relief--Belgium. Oceania--Description and travel. Pennsylvania-Politics and government. Russia--Description and travel. United States-History--Civil War, 1861-1865. Conservationists. Foresters. Governors--Pennsylvania. Local Call/Shelving: 0822G Oversize 0114R Oversize 3:5 & 4 Microfilm 16,158-4N-4P-2P (diaries, 1872-1946; copy 2 : reels 1-2) Microfilm 19,294-26N-26P (scrapbooks) Microfilm 20,142-7N-7P (letterbooks, 1892-1899 : 17 v.) Repository: Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. CALL NUMBER: 0822G -- Request in: Manuscript Reading Room (Madison, LM101) -- Status: Not Charged CALL NUMBER: Oversize 0114R -- Request in: Manuscript Reading Room (Madison, LM101) -- Status: Not Charged CALL NUMBER: Oversize 3:5 & 4 -- Request in: Manuscript Reading Room (Madison, LM101) -- Status: Not Charged CALL NUMBER: Microfilm 19,294-26P Copy 1 Scrapbooks : conts. 3048-3139. -- Request in: Manuscript Reading Room (Madison, LM101) -- Status: Not Charged CALL NUMBER: Microfilm 16,158-4P Diaries, 1872-1946 : conts. 1-8. Copy 1 hhttp://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=2&ti=1,2&SEQ=20041203125038&SAB1=giffo...12/3/2004 Full Record (Library of Congress Online Catalog) Page 4 of 4 -- Request in: Manuscript Reading Room (Madison, LM101) -- Status: Not Charged CALL NUMBER: Microfilm 20,142-7P letterbooks, 1892-1899 : 17 V. Copy 1 -- Request in: Manuscript Reading Room (Madison, LM101) -- Status: Not Charged CALL NUMBER: Microfilm 16,158-2P Diaries, 1872-1946 : conts. 1-8. Copy 2 reels 1-2. -- Request in: Manuscript Reading Room (Madison, LM101) -- Status: Not Charged DATABASE NAME: Library of Congress Online Catalog Previous Next Save, Print and Email (Help Page) Select Format Print or Save Text Format (Save, Print or Email) Print or Save C MARC Format (ONLY Save) Search Results Email Search Results Enter email address: Help - Search - History - Headings - Titles - Request - Account - Databases - Exit The Library of Congress URL: Catalog/authority record errors? Library of Congress Online http://www.loc.gov/ Use our Error Report Form Catalog URL: http://catalog.loc.gov/ Mailing Address: Questions about searching? 101 Independence Ask a Librarian Library of Congress Authorities Ave, S.E. URL: http://authorities.loc.gov/ Washington, DC 20540 http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=2&ti=1,2&SEQ=20041203125038&SAB1=giffo... 12/3/2004 GIFFORD PINCHOT PAPERS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS - MADISON LIBRARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Compiled by Gerald W. Williams, Ph.D. National Historian USDA Forest Service Office of Communication Washington, DC Revised June 18, 1998 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page THE PAPERS OF GIFFORD PINCHOT, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C. 3 INVENTORY OF THE GIFFORD PINCHOT COLLECTION 4 Gifford Pinchot Collection: Inventory of Major Sections 4 FOREST SERVICE RELATED DOCUMENTS IN THE PINCHOT COLLECTION 4 Summary of Contents of the Containers Concerning the USDA Forest Service 5 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL LETTERS REGARDING THE EARLY DAYS IN THE FOREST SERVICE 7 Personal Narratives (1911-1912) 7 J.B. Adams to W.T. Cox 7 J.M. Cuenin to Paul G. Reddington 8 Smith Riley to Raphael Zon 9 "Old Timers" (1937-1941) 10 Robert Harvey Abbey to Howard Drake 11 C.E. Dunston to Thomas M. Herbert 13 C.E. Herrick to Albert Morris 15 William W. Morris to Ralph H. Shellabarger 17 R.S. Shelley to A.O. Waha 19 W.G. Wiegle to J.M. Wyckoff 20 Note: No references to G. B. DORR. 2 Gifford Pinchot Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Prepared by Wilhelmina Curry and Michael McElderry with the assistance of Jean Pablo, Francie Schroeder, and Susie Moody Revised and expanded by Karen Linn Femia 43 23 Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2011 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 2011 Finding aid URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms011106 THE PAPERS OF GIFFORD PINCHOT IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) was appointed on July 1, 1898, as the chief of the fledgling Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. The name of the division was changed in 1902 to the Bureau of Forestry and again in 1905 when it became the Forest Service. Gifford Pinchot served as Forester of the USDA Forest Service from 1905 to 1910. Pinchot was instrumental, along with Theodore Roosevelt and a few other national leaders, in forming the foundation for the forestry conservation movement in the United States. His close association with President Theodore Roosevelt set the tone for a joint effort to reserve millions of acres of public domain timberland as national forests for the people of the United States. Pinchot's strong leadership set an enduring professional forestry orientation for the fledgling Forest Service. His sense of professionalism and pride in the Forest Service remains at the core of the agency today. The Gifford Pinchot papers are located in Washington, D.C., at the Library of Congress, Madison Library. A committee of the Society of American Foresters (SAF) was established in 1939 to oversee the Pinchot materials, inventory the massive amount of documents, and collect personal narratives of early Forest Service employees. The SAF committee was comprised of Herbert A. Smith (Chair), Gifford Pinchot, Thornton T. Munger, Leonard F. Kellogg, Ralph S. Hosmer, and Earl H. Frothingham. A report by the committee was printed in the Journal of Forestry (February 1940: 131-133) regarding progress on the project prior to the deposition of the Pinchot records in the Library of Congress. The papers of Gifford Pinchot, some 1 million items, were donated to the Library of Congress and the people of the United States between the years 1942 and 1962. More papers were donated later. See the back of this compilation for a copy of the article. Today, the personal papers of Gifford Pinchot comprise the largest collection of papers for one person in the Library of Congress. The collection contains about 1,989,200 items and occupies 1,095 linear feet of shelf space. It is housed in 3,179 containers at the manuscripts division and there are 37 reels of microfilm. The extensive collection contains thousands of historically important materials relating to the early years of the Forest Service (1905-1920). The Pinchot Papers, which date between 1865-1946, contain letters, photo-graphs, articles, and journals pertaining to the early Forest Service and preceding bureaus, as well as his terms as Governor of Pennsylvania and his correspondence with scores of individuals involved with the progressive conservation movement in the United States. In addition, the collection contains State of Pennsylvania (he served twice as Governor of Pennsylvania) papers; family papers c.1830-1914); papers of his wife Cornelia Bryce Pinchot (c.1918-1947); other correspondence and personal papers of Philip P. Wells, Eugene S. Bruce, and Herbert A. Smith - all three were early employees of the Division of Forestry and the Forest Service; Morris E. Gregg - Pinchot's secretary; and W. Brooke Graves - political scientist. All the photos, architectural drawings, and blueprints were transferred to the Library of Congress prints and photographs division, maps were transferred to the Library of Congress geography and map division, while selected financial documents, legal papers, printed material, memorabilia, and other photographs were transferred to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In addition, other Pinchot material, including books, photographs, original cartoons by "Ding" Darling and others, reside at Grey Towers, Pinchot's family home in Milford, Pennsylvania. Pinchot's autobiography was published in 1947 (the year after his death) Breaking New Ground. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, and Company. Several books have been written about Gifford Pinchot, including: Dawson, Hazel. 1971. Gifford Pinchot: A Bio-Bibliography. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior. McGeary, Martin Nelson. 1960. Gifford Pinchot, Forester-Politician Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Pinkett, Harold T. 1970. Gifford Pinchot, Private and Public Forester. Urbana, IL: University of 3 (1- Gifford Pinchot to George B. Derr Pinchat UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE Sacremento, Calif. In Camp, Sierra National Forest August 13, 1907. Dear George, Your letter of July 21at has reached me out in this heavenly country. I only wish I could come and stay with you and talk forestry to the good people of Mt. Desert, but both are out of the question for the moment. Your plan is a most admirable one, to my mind, and I will glad- ly do anything I can to help. I am writing to Cox by this mail to help you all he can in my absence. Since I have been away since the middle of May I am not in close touch with just what men are available. As you and I have said many times, this is the best country in the U. S. for camping, and I have been enjoy- ing it to the full. This is a vacation for me, in fact, and most welcome. I wish you were here too. Yours as always, Gifford Pinchot. Jme Box 1,6,6 Report of Trees and Planting Committee GENERAL PLANTING. 1907 The chairman reports that work was done by Mr. Grant last autumn, in planting on the village streets G-b and in caring for planting done in previous years. at an expense amounting to $233,-n work having been done by the committee since that time. Care of previous planting, of vines especially, is now necessary and fresh planting along the roadside where opportu- nity has arisen. The places of certain trees, more- over, which were wantonly destroyed a year ago during the visit of the fleet along the walk on lower Main street, need to be refilled by others, which can be obtained from former plantations on the roadside that it would now be better to thin out. On this various work $200 could be expended with advantage If this is more than can be spared from other work $150 would serve for doing what is urgent in the committee's work. VILLAGE GREEN PLANTING. All the trees planted last year and this are doing well, with the exception of certain canoe birches at the western end of the Green which were attacked last autumn by an insect working its way between the bark and wood. around the trunk. The trees thus attacked will need to be replaced. Once established, the canoe birch is one of the hardiest of trees and not readily subject to the attack of insect or other dis- eases, but it is liable to suffer in removal even under the best conditions and is then subject to such attack Ampt. while its vitality is impaired. One or two of the large poplars on the northern side of the lot, which suffered from the drought last year, are also dying and need to be replaced. Other- wise the only planting to be done upon the Green is that of a few Norway maples along the southern side of the long path, corresponding to those planted on the northern side this spring along a portion of the walk. These uniting with the others will presently make this walk a shady one throughout the greater portion of its length and add considerably to the pleasantness and beauty of the Green. For these various plantings on the Green your committee recommend an appropriation of $200. After this planting is done but little further appropria- tion for tree planting on the Green will be required. FORESTRY. An attempt has been made this summer by the Tree Committee, jointly with the president of the association, to initiate a movement looking toward investment by the summer residents, either individu- ally or in association, in such lands on the island as an expert may judge to be of permanent forestry value and not of greater value for other purposes and their scientific forestry treatment for the purpose of busi- ness Investment under the direction of a competent expert. The chairman of the committee. having given some study to the question himself and con- sulted experts upon it, believes that sound investment can be made in such lands on the island, investment which would ultimately bring a good as well as perma- 133 nent return. The forestry conditions on such land upon the island are distinctly good. Growth is rapid and pro- duction quick ; the woods which can be grown are 2 valuable and all the wood grown will always be readily marketable on the Island itself : and there is a large extent of land upon the island, many thousand acres probably-which, while it is of little or no value for other purposes. would be fertile in tree growth. Such lands rightly treated would be permanently productive. and as in good forestry the woods would be merely thinned from time to time until their main crop of trees had reached full size and marketable value. not over two per cent. of these woodlands at most would ever be cut over in any single year. And this cutting would be massed each year in special areas selected with regard to the growth of trees upon them and to future work. and so selected also as to exert a con- stant check upon the spread of fires upon the island- an important matter in forestry investment as for the landscape. The constant disfigurement now caused by cutting in small. scattered areas along the roads and paths. and the danger that exists at present from fires starting or spreading in the brush left in them re which should be burnt. would be avoided under such treatment. Under it by far the greater part of the forestable it proce lands upon the island would always have good woods and a considerable portion of them old and fine ones-growing on them and subject to good care and as a forestry treatment. This would be infinitely better brest beladee than the present state of things or anything that could fourte otherwise be hoped for, and would help. more than anything else could do. to ensure the permanent for beauty of the island. and to add to its attraction as a he summer home. Nor would it hinder at all but help uptag the outright purchase of such portions of the older woods as might seem to be specially important to fort. keep permanently forested for the pleasure of our drives and walks. Such portions would be but a small part of the land capable of good forestry treat- ment. and piece by piece they could be acquired as the woods on them became mature. and held as public reservation. The chairman of the committee believes that this scheme is practicable and economically sound, and that aesthetic results of great importance to the island would inevitably result from its adoption. There is no question moreover that the price of wood is going to advance steadily for many years to come, until the forest crop becomes a profitable one to grow in more arid regions than ours and under conditions less favorable to forest growth. The first step towards such investment is a thorough forestry study of the island by a competent expert and the preparation of a report upon it and forestry map. This the chairman hopes it may be possible to get done within the coming year. The acquisition of land for forestry purposes would follow after slowly, land being only purchased when it could be acquired at a price reasonable in view of its own actual value for the end in view and that of the stand- ing wood upon it. In confirmation of his opinion in this matter the chairman of the Tree Committee sub- mits a letter just received by him from the Forestry Department at Washington. GEORGE B. DORR, Chairman. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 3 FOREST SERVICE Washington. Branch of Silviculture. September 3. 1907. MR. GEORGE B. DORR, Bar Harbor, Maine. Dear Sir: Mr. Pinchot has undoubtedly written you that he is very much interested in your plan for taking care of the forests on Mount Desert Island. Your scheme for preserving the forests not for purely sentimental or aesthetical reasons but also for financial considera- tions is a very sound one and is in full accord with the principles of true forestry. A work of this kind suc- cessfully carried out would be of great value to forestry in general. and would serve as a conspicuous object lesson to other forest owners and forest inves- tors of what can be done in this line. The forests on Mount Desert Island seem to offer a good opportunity for such an enterprise. and the Forest Service will be very glad to do all that it can to help you in carrying out your plan. I do not think it will be possible this fall to make as thorough an examination as would be necessary for a full and authoritative report on the situation. which is absolutely essential for your purpose. Unfortunate- ly. Mr. Cary cannot visit the island this fail. I shall. however. be very glad to send Mr. S. T. Dana. of the Forest Service. about September 15. to talk matters over with you and to make a preliminary investigation of the conditions there with a view to completing the work next year. Very truly yours. (Signed) Wn. T. Cox. Assistant Forester. Voted that the report be printed and circulated with The annual report of the association. FirstSearch: Detailed Record Page 1 of 1 Detailed Record Terms & Conditions © 1992-2003 OCLC LC Click on a checkbox to mark a record to be e-mailed or printed in Marked Records. m ? WorldCat results for: au: pepper and au: george Subjects Libraries E-mail Print Export Help and au: wharton. Record 41 of 90 41 Mark: Prev Next Investigation of the Department of the interior & of the Forest service speeches made before the committee on behalf of Mr. Gifford Pinchot. George Wharton Pepper 1910 English Book 32 p. Philadelphia, Buchanan, Ownership: Check the catalogs in your library. Libraries that Own Item: 3 More Like This: Search for versions with same title and author I Advanced options Title: Investigation of the Department of the interior & of the Forest service speeches made before the committee on behalf of Mr. Gifford Pinchot. Author(s): Pepper, George Wharton, 1867-1961. Publication: Philadelphia, Buchanan, Year: 1910 Description: 32 p. Language: English SUBJECT(S) Named Person: Pinchot, Gifford, 1865-1946. Named Corp: United States. Dept. of the Interior. United States Forest Service. Document Type: Book Entry: 19821214 Update: 20010919 Accession No: OCLC: 9053807 Database: WorldCat ? WorldCat results for: au: pepper and au: george Subjects Libraries E-mail Print Export Help and au: wharton. Record 41 of 90 http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETCH?fetchtype=fullrecord:sessionid=sp03sw01-63778-da...:mumrecs= 1/6/2003 The Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals Page 2 of 3 22 Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 151. forest-management which have crept into our literature. They have done so, I believe, partly through a desire of the advo- improved by the floods which spread in 1834 over the greater cates of forestry to prove too much, and they injure the cause part of the Alps, The damage which they caused was so se- for which we are working, because they tend to make forest- vere that the philanthropic and scientific societies set them- selves the task of searching out the cause of inundations, management ridiculous in the eyes of our citizens. The idea which became more frequent as time went on, They con- has arisen that German methods are exaggeratedly artificial cluded that it was to be found largely in the improvident de- and complicated, and the inference has not unnaturally been struction of the mountain forests. To the fear of a wood made that forestry in itself is a thing for older and more famine, which had hitherto been the chief incentive to the densely populated countries, and that forest-management is advancement of forestry, there was now which, inapplicable and incapable of adaptation to the conditions it not wholly new, still had been formerly little insisted on. It under which we live. It is true, on the contrary, that the treat- ment of German forests is distinguished things by an was the influence of forests on rainfall and the phenomena of nature in general, The societies did not fail to direct attention elastic adaptability to varying circumstances which is totally to this question, and with excellent result. The less moun- at variance with the iron formality which a superficial obser- tainous cantons, with imperfect legislation, made new laws, or vation may believe it sees. It is equally true that its methods amended and completed the old ones, looked after the ap- could not be transported unchanged into our forests without pointment of foresters, and took the organization of the felling, entailing discouragement and failure, just as our methods of planting and care of their timber seriously in hand, But the lumbering would be disastrous over there; but the principles chief gain lay in the fact that the mountain cantons applied which underlie not only German, butall rational forest-manage- themselves to the work." ment, are true all the world over. It was in accordance with them that the forests of British India were taken in hand and Taken as a whole, forestry has made satisfactory progress are now being successfully managed, but the methods into as regards legislation the improvement of forest-management which the same principles have developed are as widely dis- and the increased number of forest-officers, about similar as the countries in which they are being applied. So, In 1865 the Swiss Forest-school was established (as a fifth forest-management in America must be workedoutalong lines department of the Polytechnicum at Zurich). "provision made, says Professor Landolt, for which the conditions of our life will prescribe. It can never own, educated with special reference to our own conditions." be a technical imitation of that of any other country, and a The Swiss Forestry Association was founded in 1843. knowledge of forestry abroad will be useful and necessary Through frequent agitation, and by setting forth what action rather as matter for comparison than as a guide to be blindly was necessary, it has rendered great services to the cause of obeyed. Under these conditions I do not believe that forest- management in the United States will present even serious forest-protection It has moved successfully, among other things, for the foundation of a forest-school, the examination technical difficulties. It only asks the opportunity to prove itself sound and practical. of the higher mountain forests, the passage of a new forest- law and the correction of the torrents. Switzerland is a country where the development rather than In 1854 Professor Landolt called the attention of the As- the actual condition of forest-policy may best claim our atten- sociation to the investigation of the mountain forests. In 1858 tion, The history of forestry in the Swiss republic is of pecu- the Federal Assembly appointed a commission of three men liar interest to the people of the United States, because in its with authority to study and report upon the Swiss Alps and beginnings may be traced many of the chracteristics of the the Jura in regard to geology, forestry and police regulations situation here and now, and because the Swiss, like the bearing on water supply. From the appearance of the final Americans, were confronted by the problem of a concrete report of this Commission in 1861 the improvement of Swiss forest-policy extending over the various states of a common forestry has been kept steadily before the Confederation. In union, The problem has been brilliantly solved, and not the least important result of its solution is the fact that the people 1875 a federal forest-inspector was appointed, and a year later of Switzerland have recognized the vast significance and im- the first Swiss forest-law was passed. This law does not ex- portance of the forests in so mountainous a country, and a tend to the whole of Switzerland, but only to the Alps and the steeper foot-hills. More recently attempts have been made full and hearty appreciation and support of the forest-policy of by the Cantonal Government and the Forestry Association to Confederation is found in every of the land. extend its influence to the Jura or to the whole of Switzerland, The history of the forest-movement in Switzerland has not but the need of such action is not yet clearly apparent, yet been fully written. I may be allowed to quote from an The passage of the federal forest-law was followed almost unpublished sketch of it by Professor Landolt, who, everywhere immediately by the appointment of trained forest- anyother man, has contributed to make that history of which officers, and all the cantons whose forest-legislation was defec- he writes. As the example set by a republic to a republic, as tive amended or completed it. the brilliant result of the work of a fewdevated men, crowned by a public opinion which they created, and rewarded by the Our forest-laws," Professor Landolt goes are intended to work more through instruction, good example and encour- great and lasting blessing which they have brought to their agement than by severe regulations. This method is some- country, our country can find no worthier model, no nobler what slower than one which should involve more drastic source of encouragement and inspiration, uneasiness, but the results achieved are the more useful and Soon after the middle of the last century," begins Professor lasting. Our laws require the same treatment for the forests Landolt, "certain intelligent, public-spirited men of Zurich of the state, the communes and other public bodies." the canton of Bern (which then included Wandt and a great The oversight of private forests is less strict. Their owners part of Aargan) turned their attention to the situation of agri- may not reduce the area of their woodlands without the con- culture and forestry in Aargan. Their object was to gain a sent of the Cantonal Government; they must plant up the land knowledge of the conditions involved, and their surroundings, and to remove the most pressing cut over which is without natural growth, and they are bound In the years between 1780 and 1790, the cantons, following to take proper care of the growing stock but they are not held the lead of Bern, succeeded in appointing forest-officers, whose to a conservative management. protection forests," on first task was to become conversant with the actual manage- the other hand, the timber that may be cut by private owners is marked out by Government officers, so that reckless lum- ment of the state and large communal forests, and to make bering may be prevented. The regulations which look to the suggestions for their future treatment. Partly at this time, formation of new protection forests must also be conformed partly earlier, a large proportion of the state forests and a few to by private proprietors, or they must allow themselves to be communal forests were surveyed, and a few of them were expropriated. In these matters the Confederation and the can- marked off into compartments on the ground, a measure of tons work in unison, The consent of the Federal Assembly is vital importance to conservative management, necessary to the clearing of private land in protection forests. "The appointment of state forest-officers is to be regarded It hardly needs to be added that the present condition of as the beginning of regular forest-management Great num- forestry in Switzerland is admirable. Systematic forest-man- bers of forest-regulations bearing on the most various sub- agement has probably been known there as long as anywhere jects, tree-planting among others, had been promulgated in in Europe, and nowhere can finer individual examples be former centuries. They had been often renewed, but without found. I have seen nothing, even in Germany, which seemed forest-officers they could not be enforced, to me so workmanlike as the management of the Sihlwald, a Until about forestry in the less mountainous parts of forest belonging to the city of Zurich and I am the bolder in Switzerland developed slowly, but still in a satisfactory man- my opinion because the Sihlwald (GARDEN AND FOREST, iii., pp. ner. The mountain forests, however, with few exceptions, 374. 386, 397) has been called the most instructive forest of Eu- were in complete disorder, But the following years brought new life not only into politics, but also into national econo- rope by, perhaps, the most experienced forester of the present day. mies, and the status of the forest, which last was materially New York, Gifford Pinchot. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gardfor&fileName=v0000004i0000151.db&r 5/6/2012 ineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals Page 2 of 3 34 Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 152. drooping, panicled branchletscovered withsmall, globular, sul- not be left to private enterprise in India, so that forest.com phur colored flowers, filling the air with a delicious fragrance. servancy in that country has for some time past been regarded Some Acaciasare difficult to propagate by cuttings believe as a duty of the state. of the total area of Government forests, this is one of them. They are, however, easily raised from which may perhaps amount to some 70,000,000 of acres, 55.- seed, and seedlings invariably make the best plants Acacias 000,000 have been brought under the control of the Forest- make roots rapidly, and quickly fill whatever space is allotted Department, Of this area 33,000,000 are so-called reserved to them. When they are finally placed in tubs as large as can state forests-that is to say, areas which, under the existing be conveniently handled, frequent Tressings of rich soil forest-law, have been set aside as permanent forest-estates will keep them in good condition for many years. They may while the remaining 22,000,000 are either protected or 80- be kept in symmetrical form by a little yearly pruning after called unclassed state forests. These areas together comprise the flowering season, which is the time for cutting out crowd- about eleven per cent. of the total area of the provinces in ing branches which they are situated. Rather more than half the area, or Wellendey. Mass. G. about six per cent., are strictly preserved and systematically managed forests. Clematis paniculata. urging the advantage of grafting as a means of propagating this plant it ought to be said that the The formation of these reserved state forests was the first stock used is merely a vehicle to carry the scion during the step in systematic forest-manugement, and it was carried out along lines which are typical. The forest-areas were first infancy of theplant. When grafted plants are treshould selected, following standards which cannot be coumerated always be taken to place the point of union beneath the soil, here, then surveyed and demarcated on the ground, and and an examination at the end of the first season's growth will finally established as reserved state forests by an act which soon show that Cleuratis paniculata has thrown out a quantity of its thick, thong-like roots, and that the foreign root is provided, first, for the presentation, within a certain time, of already superseder and speedily becomes of little or no use all claims against the state forests as demarcated secondly, to the plant. Mr. Hatfield says truly that C. paniculata varies for their hearing and definite settlement; thirdly, that no pre- considerably then raised from seed, and I have seen seedling scriptive rights could accrue in reserved state forests after forms with distinct variegation or venation of the foliage, their declaration as such under the act; and, fourthly, for the special treatment of forest-offenses, the centre 6f the leaves being distinctly marked with blotches These forests have been gradually brought under simple, of a lighter green. And yet it is difficult to imagine anything but systematic, methods of management, which aim at effec- more beautiful than the typical plant as a perfectly hardy live protection, an efficient system of regeneration and cheap climber. South Lancaster, Mass. Orpet. transportation, the whole under well considered and method- ical working plans. The forest-staff charged with carrying The Forest. Pindest these plans into effect draws its controlling officers from Eng- land, but the executive and protective work is done by natives, Forest-policy Abroad.-III. since they alone are equal to the physical labor in so warm a climate The results of this enlightened policy are conspien- N France, which stands with Germany at the head of the ous, not only in the great fact that the forests yieid, and will nations as regards thoroughness of forest-policy, the large permanently yield, the supply of timber and forest-produce extent of Government and other public forests is in excellent which the population requires, but also in the beginning which condition. The training of French foresters, and, to some has been made toward regulating the water-supply in the extent, the treatment of French forests, differ widely from mountains, and in the increasing capital value and annual net those which distinguish Prussia, as indeed the genius of the revenue of the state forests, This last has reached the verge people would naturally lead us to expect. That this training of half a million sterling, and it is believed by the men best extends over two years instead of the six to eight spent by the fitted to judge, that the forest-revenue will increase at least Prussian candidates, cannot but make the task of national for- four times during the next quarter of a century. est-administration seem lighter, especially in view of the ad- There are two other facts resulting from the forest-policy of mirable, and very often the wonderful, results which the India which are of special significance to us as citizens of a French forest-officers have achieved. Perhaps their most country where any interference by the Government with pri- brilliant work has been accomplished in the correction of the vate rights would be so vigorously resented, and where private torrents in the Alps, Pyrenees and Cevennes, in the course of enterprise must consequently play so conspicuous a part : which over 350,000 acres have been rewooded under difficul- First, a body of efficient and experienced officers of all grades ties which seem almost insurmountable. Of the total cost to has gradually been formed in the state forests whose services the French Government, some 50,000,000 of francs, about one- are available for the management of private forests, and of half was consumed in engineering works whose direct object communal forests when the time shall come to form them was to make the replanting of the drainage areas of torrents secondly, the example set by the well-managed state forests possible, The forest thus restored to its natural place is and the steadily increasing revenue which they yield have alone able," says au eminent French authority, to maintain induced native and other forest-proprictors imitate state the good. but precarious, results of the works of correction in The trained foresters, without whom so laudable a purpose the waterways themselves." The disappearance of this forest, must fail, are at hand, and the whole situation argues most in the first place, may be traced, in most cases, directly to favorably for the future prosperity of the country. mountain pasturage, and the whole story of rehoisement in It has been impossible to do more than glance at the chief France is full of the deepest interest in comparison with the points of forest-policy in a few of the many lands which teem past history and probable future of our mountain forests, with interest in this respect. I would gladly have called atten. Perhaps the closest analogy to our own conditions in the tion to Austria, where an excellent forest-sérvice upholds the magnitude of the area to be treated, the difficulties presented general principles which we have seen exemplified elsewhere, by the character of the country and the prevalence of fire, and and to Italy, where the sale of government forests, forced on the nature of the opposition which it encountered, is to be the state by the pressure of financial necessity, is beginning to found in the forest-administration of India, and that in spite of bear evil fruit. A circle of lands around the Mediterranean the tropical climate with which it has to deal. The history of might have been cited to instance the calamitous results of the movement is comparatively fresh, and the fact that many deforestation, and from some of them still further proof might problems remain as yet unsolved will scarcely detract from have been adduced to show at what a cost such errors must the interest and sympathy with which we may be led to re- be repaired. But the countries which have distanced us on gard it. the road toward a rational forest-policy might better have Systematic forest-management was begun in India about claimed our attention. thirty-tive years ago, under difficulties not unlike those which Without confining ourselves to Europe, where we might confront us now. An insufficient or a wrong conception of have stopped to glance at Sweden, whose Government has the interests involved, the personal bias of lumbermen, the recognized its obligations as a forest-proprietor, and where alternating support and opposition of the men in power, were even Russia could have shown us the beginnings of conserva- the chief obstacles with which it had to contend and against tive forestry, we might have found in Japan an organized them were pitted the splendid perseverance and magnificent forest-administration, with a forest-school at Tokio. Cape administrative powers of one man, The victory was brilliant, Colony has an efficient forest-staff, thanks to which the Govern. conclusive and lasting, and India has to thank Sir Dietrich ment is in receipt of a net revenue from the management of Brandis for benefits whose value will go on increasing from its forests, and Natal has recently engaged a German forest- age to age. officer to take charge of its interests in that line. Victoria has History has proved." says Dr. Schlich, that the preserva- a reserved state forest, and New South Wales, Queenslandand tion of an appropriate percentage of the area as forests can- Tasmania have followed her lead in the appointment of http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage 5/6/2012 The Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals Page 2 of 3 JANUARY 21, 1891.] Garden and Forest. 35 forest-officers. New Zealand has taken the examples of the Ties. But in the denser forests of mingled evergreen and de- colonies of eastern Australia, and Ceylon, Java, the Fiji Islands ciduous trees along the foot-hill streams the Madroña is most and others have made steps in the right direction. abundant, and here in the dim light, where the rich and varied Dr. Schlich's statement of the destructive tendencies of foliage of evergreen shrubbery hangs above a living carpet of private forestownership in India might with equal truth have moss and trailing plants, its presence wonderfully increases the been made as a general proposition. It is the salient fact charm of it all. Its large, handsome leaves are of the glossiest which the history of the forests of the earth seems to teach green. Its great, almost naked, branches are clad in the dain- but nowhere have the proofs of its truth taken such gigantic tiest and closest titting bark, soft, velvety, smooth and con. proportions as in the United States to-day. Even in Germany, spicuously clean, a garment scarcely thicker than writing where the state has done its utmost to surround them with paper, and ranging through a variety of colors, from almost every possible safeguard, the wood-lands of private proprietors pure white through the most beautiful and cateshades and are steadily decreasing both in area and in quality. second tints which I can only describe as drab to pen-green, yellow- great fact, which is of equal and immediate significance to us green and buff to cinnamon and red. in America, is that the countries which been successful in Here the Madroña, the type of all that is loveliest in sylvan forest-preservation have been so along the lines of forest- life, is so abundant, that with its leafy wealth on every hand, management, The first and most evident function of the for- we are made to believe, even in the winter months, that by est is to produce wood, and no scheme which leaves out of some magic we have been transported to some semi-tropical account the imperative and legitimate demand for forest.pro- land. Berberis Aquifolium the handsome olly-leaved duce is likely to meet with the support of a people as practical Mahonia, with us called Oregon Grape B. nervesa, the low as our own. The forests which are most profitably used are Oregon Grape, the prettiest little plant, perhaps, of its genus the forests which are best preserved. These truths have Micromeria Douglassii, the sweet-scented yerha buena never had the currency with us which their importance has Linnea barealis, the pretty little Twin-flower, known Hoved deserved. and as a result we have been hastening along a road the world around ; Whipplea modesta: Synthyris; Gaultheria whose end is painfully apparent. We are surrounded by the Shallon, the Salal; Chimapila umbellata, the Prince's Pine, and calamitous results of the course that we are now pursuing, a host of other evergreen, shrubby and trailing plants, lend the In fact, it seems as though there were almost no civilized or charm of their bright foliage to this deception. semi-civilized country in either hemisphere which cannot Wimer, Ore. E. W. Hammond stand to us an example or warning. To this great truth they bear witness with united voice: The care of the forests is the duty of the nation. Periodical Literature New York, Gifford Pinchol. In the Popular Science Monthly for January we find a biographical sketch of Dr. Elisha Mitchen who deserves to Correspondence. be more widely known to American lovers of nature than we believe to be the case. Dr. Mitchell was born in Connecticut The Owl and the Sparrow. in the year 1793, was graduated from Yale College in 1813, and, To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST after being licensed to preach by the Theological Seminary at Andover, accepted, in 1818, the post of Professor of Mathe- Sir.-GARDEN AND FOREST for December 24th, 1890, contains letter from Charles Naudin, in which he recommends the matics in the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill. in introduction into the United States of the European Pigmy that state. Here he remained until the end of his life, a period of thirty-nine years, being transferred, however, in 1825 to the Owl. or Cheveche, the scientific name of which he gives as chair of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology. These facts Stryx passerina, Linnaeus," Strix passerina of Linnaeus imply great breadth of learning, which indeed he possessed (1758) is the Glaucidium passerinum of modern authors, while but natural science was his favorite study, and, though not a Strix passerina of Genelin (1776) is at present known as Carine titular professor of botany, he was an enthusiastic and accom- nocina. plished botanist. One of his biographers has said that "when It is not quite clear which species is really moant, but this he died he was known in almost every part of North Carolina, matters little so far as the proposed scheme of introduction is and he left no one behind better acquainted with its concerned, both species inhabiting France, and both feeding largely on small birds, particularly such species as make their mountains, valleys and plains its birds, beasts, bugs, fishes nests in holes or cavities. 10 is not likely that the introduction and shells its trees, flowers. vines and mosses: its rocks, of either of these small owls into the United States would go stones, sands, clays and marls. Although in Silliman's Four- far toward reducing the numbers of English sparrows while, nal, and in other periodicals less prominent, but circulating more widely nearer home, he published many of his discov- on the other hand, the experiment might be fraught with most eries concerning North/Carolina, yet it is to be regretted that unfortunate results, he did not print more and in a more permanent form. It Our little wrens, bluebirds, titmice, and other species which would doubtless have thus appeared that he knew, and per- nest in crevices, holes and artificial houses erected for their haps justly estimated the worth of, many facts which much use in the vicinity of dwellings, would be destroyed as well as later investigators have proclaimed as their own remarkable sparrows. discoveries, But the information that he gathered was for his One of our native the little Screech Owl (Megascops taken residence in many cities own enjoyment and for the instruction of his pupils, On these he lavished, to their utmost capacity for reception, the knowl- and infested with sparrows, and has learned to feed edge that he had gathered by his widely extended observations, upon these pests in great numbers. Its presence may be en- and had stored up mainly in the recesses of his own singularly couraged without incurring the risks attendant upon the intro- retentive memory," In the extracts from his note-books and duction of exotic species. The importation of exotic birds, the comments of his friends, which are given in the article with a view of setting then at liberty in our own land, should from which we quote, it is interesting-in these days of per- always be regarded with suspicion, as likely to be followed by haps excessive specialization-to read how all the natural disastrous results. sciences went hand in hand in his mind and his daily labors. Department at Agriculture C. Hart Merriam. Washington, D. C. In one memorandum book he wrote, when preparing for a journey Objects of botany, height of The Madroña in Winter, the mountains, positions by trigonometry; woods, as the Fir, Spruce Magnolia, Birch fish, especially trout; springs; biog- To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST raphy, %and so on. And among his baggage he notes two Sir.-Among the broad-leaved evergreen trees of the Pacific barometers, a quadrant, a vasculum for plants and a hammer coast none are handsomer perhaps than the Madroña for rocks." of course a man whose energies, no matter how (see illustration in GARDEN AND FOREST, iii. 515). and it great they may be, are thus widely spread, can rarely reach is peculiarly bright and beautiful here during the winter the highest eminence in any one branch; but in a little known months. Unlike the Ash, the Alder and the Maple, the Ma- and interesting region, where scholars and explorers were drofia is found in the driest and sunniest localities upon the few, such a many-sided absorber as Dr. Mitchell was especially hill-sides well as in the denser forests along the foot-hill able to do good service to science, and his own pleasure must streams, Even on these drier ridges, where the forest more have been infinitely greater than that of the most devoted open, the Madroña is quite abundant, and always forms a specialist. His most noteworthy claim to was his charming feature of the landscape. Especially is this the case service in ascertaining the exact altitude of the highest peak in in the winter, when the bright green of its leaves are in pleas- the Appalachian range, that peak of the Black Mountain in am contrast with the sombre hues of the huge conifers of this Yancey County, North Carolina, which is loftier even than region, or with its leafless neighbors among the deciduous Mount Washington. It was at first generally known in the http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gardfor&fileName=v0000004i0000152.db&r 5/6/2012 The Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals Page 2 of 3 298 Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 387. same stem, and this free-flowering habit makes them desira- landscape art only from the fact that it employs to a certain ble where a brilliant climber for the greenhouse is required. They will stand well in winter a temperature of fifty de- extent the same raw material, if I may use such a figure, but grees, and require far less hea than was generally supposed applies it to a wholly different purpose. That the subjects necessary by the older cultivators. This may account for the overlap at certain points is therefore true, but so do carpen- unpopularity of the genua at the present time. We grow them try and the manufacture of wood-pulp paper, yet there is no in Fern-root alone. Loamy soil is liable to become sour and confusion between them. That wise forest-management inert, and the plants speedily die when this is the case. secures the natural beauty of a region devoted to it is a fortu- nate accident, but none the less an accident, pure and simple. South Lancaster, Mass. E. The purpose of forestry is in a totally different sphere. Forestry seeks to discover and apply the principles in accordance with The Forest. which forests are best managed, and it has to do with trees only as they stand, or are to stand, together on some large The Need of Forest Schools in America. area whose principal crop is trees, and so form part of a forest, which follows is taken from a paper read The objects of forestry are twofold. because there are two New York farmers by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, great classes of services which the forest yields to man. On of this city the one hand it has a vital bearing on the water-supply and the prevention of torrents, and an undetermined influence upon Since the appointment of the first State Forest Commis- the rainfall and climate, and on the other it yields a product sion in 1884 the Adirondacks have attracted a steadily in- which has been so far, and seems likely to remain, indispen- creasing share of public attention, The interest of the people sable to the progress of civilization. This product it is the in the preservation of the state forest-lands has found expres- province of forest-management to harvest in such a way as to sion in various legislative enactments, the last of which is a insure a second, and usually a greater, crop of at least equally rather curious commentary on those which have preceded it. valuable material. Except in rare instances, to do this is the I refer to the recent constitutional amendment which prohibits surest way to secure the preservation of the indirect influ- the lease, sale or exchange of state forest-lands and the sale, ences of the forest as they regard water and climate. The removal or destruction of the timber. Translated into terms safety of the forest can ultimately rest on no other foundation of the situation, the people of New York, through their enthu- than forest-management, for in no other way can it be made siastic support of this amendment, may be imagined to speak to yield its full service to the needs of men, somewhat as follows: For ten years we have been trying to If we set what is now over against what is easily possible, provide suitable protection and management for the state we find on one side the indirect usefulness of the forest, in so forest-preserves. At the end of that time we find ourselves far as the state lands are concerned, more or less perfectly at. reduced to the conclusion that the very best thing we can do tained at the price of a large annual appropriation. On the other is to give up all hope of a sound and profitable management, is equal, or probably greater, security, and a net revenue. The and simply content with putting it out of the power difference between these two things lies in two of the guardians of the forest to do it any harm.' It is as ing how. Knowing how in forestry is best learned at a forest though a man were to let his valuable farm lie fallow because school, and next to an enlightened public opinion and a scien- he had not sufficient confidence in his own wisdom, ability tific administration of the state lands, a forest school is the first and honesty to do anything else. need of forestry in New York, Personally, I believe that we In view of the attempt made last March by the Forest Com- must have the school before the wise public opinion, and mission to turn over many thousand acres of the state lands before anything can be done in the Adirondacks, unless by to the lumbermen, under restrictions which practically inter- private owners of woodlands. For, in the first place, the fered very little, or not at all, with their usual methods, 1 am repeal of the constitutional amendment on forestry must be not sure how much the people of the state were to be criticised the opening move, and nothing but the broadest diffusion of a for the position they took. The trouble was very much more right conception of forestry will educate the people to that deeply seated. Like so much of the difficulty which has beset point. Secondly, administration presupposes men trained for government in this state, the cause lay in the attempt to get the purpose, and such men are not available at present in any- something done by the appointment of men who did not know thing like the numbers needed. Thirdly, the lumber com. how to do it. And in this case the situation seems to have panics which own large tracts in the North Woods are begin- been aggravated by the fact that the appointer was generally ning to think seriously of the future, and men who could as little enlightened as the appointee. In a word, widespread advise and assist them would be able to render conspicuous ignorance of the meaning and object of forestry has been the service to the commonwealth. This becomes apparent when keynote of the attempt of the Empire State to do something we consider that of the whole Adirondack region the state for its forests. The natural result has followed, and the state owns less than a quarter. Whether such a school should be has made confession of its inability in the weightiest document a state institution or a part of one of the great universities, which it is in its power to frame, and where it should be located, are matters which do not The situation may be summed up in this way New York come within my subject to-night. The one thing I want to do state owns a great body of forest-land whose preservation is of is to set before you the present failure of the state forest-mat- enormous value to its interests in more ways than I can stop ters, the reason for it, and one of the remedies. The other is to mention. This property, whose very existence is a blessing, the training of the public judgment through constant agita- is producing year by year a vast amount of most valuable ma- tion, Both together are likely to be all too slow in reaching terial, the removal and utilization of which under regular their end. But, whichever is used, it is education which is needed. forest-management would in no sense impair or even jeopard- ize the passive usefulness of the forest. Let me repeat this statement, Systematic forest-management on the state lands in the Adirondacks neither involves nor implies any reduction Correspondence. of the good influences of the forest in its relation to any of the vital interests of the state which depend upon it. On the con- Strawberries in Wisconsin. trary. what it does mean is greater safety, better protection and To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST a more certain usefulness, and all these things obtained not merely without cost to the state, but with a growing revenue of your correspondents (see p. 257) speaks very highly of Michel's Early, Gandy and Parker Earle. shows thrown in. If these things are so, it becomes natural to ask how differently plants behave in different localities. With us, why advantage of them has not been taken. The answer has Michel gives a few early berries, but is hardly any earlier than already been given. As a community we do not know what forestry is able to do, nor do we even realize the subject-mat- Van Deman, Rio or Warfield, and does not bear enough ter with which it deals. fruit to pay for picking or planting Gandy is late in begin- If I say that forestry has nothing whatsoever to do with the ning to ripen fruit, but does not continue so long as Warfield ; planting of road-side trees, that parks and gardens are foreign it is a very fine berry, but does not yield freely enough. Par- to its nature, that it has no connection with the decoration of ker Earle bears too much, unless on very rich soil, well country places, that scenery is altogether outside of its prov. mulched and well watered I know of no better late berry for ince, and that it is no more possible to learn forestry in an hill or narrow row culture. It does not make plants enough arboretum than to learn surgery in a drug store, I am for matted rows perfect in blossom and will pay with above treatment. making a conservative statement with which every forester will agree. Forestry deals exclusively with forests-a fact Soil and location are very important factors in Strawberry culture, but frosts and drought upset the best laid plans. No which will bear a good deal more publicity than has been accorded to it hitherto. It is connected with arboriculture and Strawberry will stand such frosts and drought as we have had this year and give a good crop. The best of fifty kinds fruit- http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage 5/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 1 of 3 The Library of Congress AMERICAN MEMORY Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Addresses and proceedings of the first National conservation congress held at Seattle, Washington, August 26-28, 1909. From Proceedings of the National conservation congress Image 87 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE | NEXT IMAGE 87 Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 31K) http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec.. 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920. Page 2 of 3 70 THE CHAIRMAN Any formal introduction of the speaker who is with us this morning would be entirely out of place. I simply say that I desire to introduce to this assem- bly one whose works speak for him, and that is saying a good deal. I desire to introduce to you a leader, a distinguished leader of the great conservation movement, that typical American, Gifford Pinchot. Mr. Pinchot was received with loud and prolonged ap- plause. ACONSERVATION. MR. GIFFORD PINCHOT. FORESTER, UNITED STATES DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL CONSERVATION COMMISSION. My friend, Mr. Teal, is not a good authority about me, as you who may have heard him yesterday will realize. But I accept his kindness, as I have done many times before, and your kindness, with the keenest appreciation and much gratitude. It gives me a very peculiar pleasure to speak on conserva- tion here in Seattle. I came out here in 1891 to take up the question of National Forests and to discuss with your people the principles which were then and are now at stake. and I remember with the keenest delight that when I came to Seattle the first time I found here encouragement and assist- ance and support, and I remember with peculiar delight that the man who was foremost in that work then, as he has been prominent in it ever since, was Judge Burke. Seattle has always been most friendly and helpful in this movement, through its Chamber of Commerce and its citi- zens generally. That is one of the reasons I am SO glad to come before you now and acknowledge the debt of the Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 31K) Image 87 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec... 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 71 movement with which I am connected to the Pacific North- west, to the lumbermen of this region especially, and to the people of Seattle. The principles which the word conservation has come to embody are not many, and they are exceedingly simple. I have had occasion to say a good many times that no great movement which has taken place in this way has made such progress in SO short a time and made itself felt in so many directions with such vigor and effectiveness as the move- ment for the conservation of natural resources. We for- esters began our forest work before the conservation work as such began, and we are glad to believe that conservation Conservation began with forestry, and that the ideas which govern the "rooted"in Forest Service in particular and forestry in general are also the ideas that control conservation. Forestry came first and forestry conservation later. So (perhaps forestry had something to do with the starting of the conservation movement. At any rate, the principles which govern both are precisely the Their principles same, and the work which, if I understand it rightly, this are Congress is to do is along the same lines. I think it is fair to say that the first idea of real foresight 111 connection with natural resources did arise in connection with the forest. From it sprang the movement which gathered impetus until it resulted in the great Convention of Governors at Washington something over a year ago. Then came the second official meeting of the National Con- servation movement last December in Washington Both these meetings, as Mr. Libby indicated, were in a certain sense official. Now comes the first gathering of citizens without official connection, brought together to handle this question as citizens of the United States are handling SO many other questions, with the intention of expressing their judgment on what ought to be done, and contributing as powerfully as only such meetings can to the formation of public opinion Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 88 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collld=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec. 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 72 The movement SO begun and SO prosecuted has gathered immense swing and impetus. Where two years ago few knew what conservation meant, now it has become a house- hold word. While at first conservation was supposed to apply only to forests, we now see that its sweep extends even beyond the natural resources, as I hope to say in a word later this morning. The principles are very few which govern the conserva- tion movement. Like all great and effective things they are simple, few and easily understood There is no mystery about them. no reason whatever why they should be misun- derstood in any direction. Yet it is often hard, as no body of men know better than the gathering in this room, to make the simple. easy and direct facts about a movement of this kind known to the people generally, The first thing to say about conservation is that it stands for development. There has been a fundamental misconcep- tion that conservation meant nothing but the husbanding of resources for future generations. There could be no f more serious mistake. Conservation does mean provision Primary for the future. but it means also and first of all the recogni- tion of the right of the present generation to the fullest Pressus necessary use of all the resources that this country is so abundantly blessed with. It means the welfare of this gen- eration and afterwards the welfare of the generations to Now, follow. latero The first principle of conservation is development, the use of the natural resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who live here now There may be just as much waste in neglecting the development and use of certain natural resources as there is in their destruction by waste. We have a limited supply of coal, and only a limited supply. Whether it is to last for a hundred or a hundred and fifty or a thousand years, the coal is limited in Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 36K) Image 89 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec... 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 73 amount and, except through geological changes which we can never see, there will never be any more of it than there is now. But coal is in a sense the vital essence of our civiliza- tion. If it can be preserved, if its life can be extended, if by preventing waste there can be more coal in this country when this generation is gone, after we have made every needed use of this source of power, then this country is just SO much further ahead and the future so much the better off. Conservation, then, stands emphatically for the use of sub- stitutes for all the exhaustible natural resources, for the de- velopment and use of water power, and for the immediate development of water power as a substitute for coal. It stands for the immediate development of waterways under a broad and comprehensive plan as substitutes and assistants to the railroads. More coal and iron are required to move a ton of freight by rail than water, three to one. In every case and in every direction the conservation movement has development for its first principle, and at the very beginning of its work. The development of our natu- ral resources and the fullest use of them for the present generation is the first duty of this generation. So much for development. In the second place conservation stands for the prevention of waste. There has come gradually-and most of us in this room today have seen nearly the whole of t-there has come gradually in this country an understanding that waste is not a good thing and that the attack on waste is a necessary and possible attack. I recall very well indeed how, in the early days of forest fires, they were considered simply and solely as acts of God, against which any opposition was hopeless and any attempt to control them not merely hopeless but childish. It was assumed that they came in the natural order of things as inevitably as seasons or the rising and setting of the sun. Today we understand that forest fires are wholly within the control of human agency. Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 39K) Image 90 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec.. 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 74 So we are coming in like manner to understand that the prevention of waste in all other directions is a simple matter of good business. The human race controls the earth it lives upon. We are coming to be in a position more and more com- pietely to say how much waste and destruction of natural resources is in be allowed to go on and where it is to stop. It is curious that the effort to stop waste, like the effort to stop forest fires. has often been considered as a matter con- troiled wholl- by economic law. I think there could be no greater mistake. Forest fires were allowed to burn long after the people had means to stop them. The idea that men were helpless in the face of them held long after the time had passed when the means of control were fully within our reach. It was the old story that "as a man thinketh so is he:" we came to see that we could stop forest fires and we found the means at hand. When we came to see the control of logging in certain directions was profitable, we found it had long been possible. In all these matters of waste of natural resources. the education of the people to understand that they can stop these things comes before the actual stopping, and after the means of stopping them have long been ready at our hands. In addition to the principles of development and preser- vation of our resources, the length of the life of the ex- haustible resources. the perpetuation and renewal of those which can be renewed and perpetuated, there is a third prin- ciple about which I want to say a word. I would say more about it except that the admirable paper of Mr. Teal yester- day set forth. as I could not hope to do, the third principle of conservation. It is this: the natural resources must be de- veloped and preserved for the benefit of the many and not merely for the profit of a few. We are coming to under- stand in this country, as I have had occasion to say more Back to Bibliographic Information I Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 36K) Image 91 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?colld=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 75 than once, that public action for public benefit has a very much wider field and a much larger part to play than was the case when there were resources enough for everyone and before certain constitutional arrangements in this coun~ try of ours had given so tremendously strong a position to vested rights and property in general. President Hadley, of Yale. wrote an article in The Independent a year or more ago which has not attracted the attention it should. I hope it will be widely republished. The effect of it was that by reason of the fourteenth amendment to the Con- stitution. property rights in the United States occupy a stronger position than in any other country in the civilized world. I want to add that it becomes then a matter of mul- tiplied importance, of a thousandfold importance, if you like, to see, when property rights once granted are SO strongly entrenched. that they shall be granted only under such conditions as that the people shall get their fair share of the benefit which comes from the development of the country which belongs to us all. The time to do that is now. By SO doing we shall avoid difficulties and conflicts which will surely arise if we allow vested rights to accrue outside the possibility of government and popular control. These conservation ideas cover a wider field than the field of natural resources alone. Conservation means the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time. One of its great contributions is that it has added to the worn and well-known phrase, "the greatest good to the greatest number." the additional words, "for the longest time," thus recognizing that this nation of ours is to endure and shall endure in the best possible condition for all its people. Conservation advocates the use of foresight. prudence. thrift, and intelligence in dealing with public matters. for the same reasons and in the same way that we use foresight. Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 92 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec.. 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 76 prudence, thrift, and intelligence in dealing with our own affairs. It proclaims the right and duty of the people to act for the benefit of the people. Conservation demands the ap- plication of common sense to the common problems for the common good. The principles of conservation thus described have a gen- eral application which is growing wider and wider every day, The development of resources and the prevention of waste and loss, the protection of the public interests by fore- sight. prudence. and the ordinary business and home-making virtues, all these apply to other things as well as to the con- servation of resources. There is no interest of the people to which the principles of conservation do not apply. The conservation point of view is valuable for education as well as in forestry it applies to the body politic as well as to the earth and its minerals. A municipal franchise is as properly within its sphere as a franchise for water power. The same point of view governs in both. It applies as much to the subject of good roads as to waterways, and the train- ing of our people in citizenship is as germane to it as to the productiveness of the earth. The application of common sense to any problem for the Nation's good will lead directly to national efficiency wherever applied. In other words, and that is the burden of what I have to say this morning. we are coming to see that it is the logical and inevitable outcome, that these principles, which arose in forestry, and have their bloom in the conservation of natural resources, will have their fruit in the increase and promotion of national effi- ciency along other lines of national life. The outcome of conservation, the inevitable outcome, is national efficiency. In the great commercial struggle be- tween nations which is eventually to determine the welfare of all, national efficiency will be the deciding factor. So from every point of view conservation is a good thing for the American people. Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 93 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE hhttp://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec... 2/6/2012 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 77 I am almost through. (Cries of "Go on." " ) Just one word, if I may inject it, about the Forest Service, for of all conservation movements that is the closest and dearest to us. I wanted to say to this audience that the National Forest Service takes the following point of view in all the work it is doing. It may not apply it with absolute perfection or even with a reasonable approach to perfection; but this is what we are trying to do in the application of the principles of con- servation. We are trying to be useful to the people of this Western country. We recognize, and recognize it more and more strongly all the time, that whatever this Service of ours has done or is doing has just one object, and that ob- ject is the welfare of the plain American citizen, and that unless the Forest Service has served the people, and is able to contribute to the welfare of the plain American citizen, it has failed in its work and should be abolished but that just so far as by cooperation, by intelligence, by attention to the work laid upon it, it contributes to the welfare of the plain American citizen, it is a good thing and should be allowed to go on with its work. We have established headquarters throughout the West- ern country because we understand that our work cannot be done effectively and properly without the closest contact and the most hearty cooperation with the Western people. We try to see to it that the timber, water powers, mines, and every resource is used for the benefit of the people who live in the neighborhood or who may have a share in the welfare of each locality. We are trying to cooperate with the West- ern States. In many cases the forest officers are officers of the State for the enforcement of the game and stock laws. We are trying to adjust all difficulties, and, I think, with some success. In this State of Washington there has been a good deal of complaint that the school fund was being injured by the Forest Service, but I expect that, as far as the Service Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 94 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&rec... 2/6/2012 SECTION I PUBLICATIONS OF GIFFORD PINCHOT 1. The A.B.C. of conservation. Outlook, V. 93 (14) December 4, 1909: 770-772. 2. Address before Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa, January 10, 1906. Canadian Forestry Journal, V. 2 (1), February 1906: 14-20. 3. Address before the 4th annual convention of the Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep Waterways Association at New Orleans on the afternoon of October 30, 1909. Washington, D.C., Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep Waterways Association, Joint Committee on Conservation, 1909. 8 p. 4. Address before the National Wholesale Lumber Dealer's Association. 12th annual meeting. Washington, .C., March 2-3, 1904. American Lumberman, no. 1503, March 12, 1904: 35-36. 5. Address of Mr. Pinchot. In American National Livestock Association. [Meeting] 10th, Denver, 1907. Proceedings. Denver, Smith Brooks Printing Co., 1907. p. 14, 67-100. 6. The Adirondack problem. American Forestry, V. 18 (1), January 1912: 51-59. 7. Adirondack spruce; a study of the forest in Ne-ha-sa-ne Park, with tables of volume and yield and a working plan for conservative lumbering. New York, Critic Co., 1898. 157 p. Reprinted by Arno, 1970. 8. An agricultural policy for the United States in war time. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. 74 (163), 1917: 181-187. 9. An American fable. National Geographic Magazine, V. 19 (5), May 1908: 345-350. 10. Biltmore Forest, the property of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt; an account of its treatment, and the results of the first year's work. Chicago, [R.R. Donnelley & Sons] 1893. 49 p. illus. Issued as part of the Biltmore Forest exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. Reprinted by Arno, 1970. 1 11. Blazed trail of forest depletion. American Forest & Forest Life, V. 29 (354), June 1923: 323-328, 374. 12. Breaking new ground. [1st ed.] New York, Harcourt, Brace [1947] 522 p. E664.P62A3 13. Comments of Mr. Pinchot on the Report of the Commission on Agricultural Research. In Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities. Commission on Agricultural Research. Report of Commission on Agricultural Research, November 1908. [n.p., 1908] 23 p. Pinchot: p. 19-21. 14. Conservation as a foundation of permanent peace. Nature, V. 146 (3693), August 10, 1940: 183-185. 15. Conservation as practiced. Pearson's Magazine, V. 29, 1913: 619-627.* 16. "Conservation as practised": a specific answer to a specific attack, with a few words on the alleged western discontent with conservation. New York, 1913. [18] p. * 17. Conservation of natural resources. Outlook, V. 87 (6) , October 12, 1907: 291-294. 18. The conservatic. of natural resources. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1908. 12 p. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Farmers' Bulletin 327) 19. Conservation of our natural resources. Scientific American, V. 65 (1687 Suppl.) , May 2, 1908: 285- 286. 20. Conservation of the forests. Scientific American, V. 105 (7), August 12, 1911: 135, 137. 21. Conserving public water power. Scientific American, V. 114(11), March 11, 1916: 281. 22. Correspondence. Nation, V. 102(2644), March 2, 1916: 250-251. 23. The cotton manufacturersand their forest. Southern Woodlands, V. 2 (4), 1908: 77-80.* 2 24. Danger ahead. Review of Reviews, V. 92(2), August 1935: 2. 25. The Democrats and conservation. In Haines, Lynn. The story of the Democratic House of Representatives, with an introduction by Hon. George Norris. Washington, D.C., National Capital Press, 1912. p. 29-31. 26. Economic significance of forestry. North American Review, V. 213 (2), February 1921: 157-167. 27. England in War. Harper's Weekly, V. 60 (3043), April 17, 1915: 364-365. 28. Essentials to a food program for next year. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. 78(167), July 1918: 156-163. 29. Federal forest service. In American Forest Congress. Washington, D.C., January 2-6, 1905. Proceedings. Washington, D.C., H. M. Suter Publishing Company, 1905. p. 390-399. 30. The fight for conse.rvation. Seattle, University of Washington Press, [C1910] 1967. 152 p. S942.P5 31. Forest appeal. Literary Digest, V. 120(2), July 20, 1935: 30. 32. Forest appeal. Science News, V. 82, August 1935: 103- 104. 33. Forest devastation warning. Pan American Union. Bulletin, V. 59 (2) , February 1925: 165-169. 34. Forest management. Garden and Forest, V. 8 (388), July 31, 1895: 309; V. 8 (389), August 7, 1895: 319. 35. Forest protection. Garden and Forest, V. 9 (418) February 26, 1896: 87; V. 9 (419), March 4, 1896: 99; V. 9 (421), March 18, 1896: 118. 36. Forest reserves in the United States. National Geographic Magazine, V. 11(9), September 1900: 369-373. 3 37. Forest reserves - their object. For California, V. 2 (12), November 1905: 4-6. 38. Forest service and mining claims. Mining and Scientific Press, V. 98 (22), May 29, 1909: 756-757. 39. Forest situation in New England. New England Magazine, V. 39 (5), December 1908: 404-405. 40. The forest situation in Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry. Bulletin no. 24. [Harrisburg] 1922. p. 40-45. 41. Forest tax legislation. Paper presented to the 5th National Conservation Congress. Washington, D.C., , November 18-20, 1913. Cleveland, Ohio, the Press of the F. W. Roberts Co., 1913. 42. The forest: the need of forest schools in America. Garden and Forest, V. 8 (387), July 24, 1895: 298. 43. Forestry: a look to the future. Michigan Alumnus, V. 32 (24), 1926: 467-468.* 44. Forestry abroad and at home. National Geographic Magazine, V. 16 (8), August 1905: 375-388. 45. Forestry. Address before the National Lumber Manufacturer's Association. Pacific Coast Wood and Iron, V. 39 (6), June 1903: 9-10. 46. Forestry for farmers. In New York Farmers, 1902-1903 Session. New York. Proceedings. New York, John Ward & Sons, 1903. p. 23-39. 47. Forestry for the farmer. Garden and Forest, V. 5 (210) March 2, 1892: 104-105. 48. Forestry legislation (progress in Congress). Water and Forest, V. 1(4), June 1901: 10. 49. Forestry on private lands. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. (3), May 1909: 3-12. 50. Forestry on the farm. Forestry and Irrigation, V. 9 (9), September 1903: 432-435. 4 51. Forests as life-savers. Outlook, V. 104 (3) , May 17, 1913: 103-104. 52. The forests of Ne-ha-sa-ne Park in northern New York. Garden and Forest, V. 6, 1893: 168-169. * 53. Foreword. In Bruere, Martha S. Your forests. Rev. ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1957. 163 p. p. 3-9. 54. Foundations of prosperity. North American Review, V. 188 (636), November 1908: 740-752. 55. From pickles to molasses. Saturday Evening Post, V. 199 9(52), June 25, 1927: 17, 138, 143. 56. Government and forestry. American Economic Association Publications, V. 6 (1-2), January-March 1891: 150- 154. 57. The government and the woodlot. Youth's Companion, V. 77 (13) , Mar h 26, 1903: 147. 58. The government forest policy. In Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American Agriculture. London, MacMillan and Company, 1909, V. 4, p. 152-154. 59. Government forestry abroad. American Economic Association. Publications, V. 6 (3), May 1891: 191-238. 60. Governor Pinchot's message of transmittal. In Pennsylvania. Giant Power Survey Board. Report of the Giant Power Survey Board to the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Telegraph Printing Co., [1925] 480 p. illus. 'K24.P4A5 61. Grazing in the forest reserves. Forester, V. 7 (11), November 1909: 276-280. 62. The groundwork of a forest service. In Canadian Forestry Association. [Meeting] 13th, Ontario, 1912. Annual Report. Quebec, Dussault and Proulx Printers, 1912. p. 83-91. 63. Home-building for the nation. Conservation, V. 15 (9), September 1909: 521-525. 5 64. Home-building for the nation. Forestry and Irrigation, V. 15 (9), September 1909: 521-526. 65. How conservation began in the United States. Agricultural History, V. 11(4), October 1937: 255-265. 66. How the national forests were won. American Forests & Forest Life, V. 36 (10) , October 1930: 615-619. 67. How to reduce the cost of government and for whom. Speech of Governor Pinchot, before the Economic Club of New York, in the Hotel Astor, Friday evening, December 16, 1932. 1 p. (broadside) (Pamphlets on the economic crisis of 1929, V. 6, no. 6.) (A news release. Bound in a collection of speeches at the U.S. Library of Congress. May be the only cony of this available. ) 68. Importance of forestry; nearly 2 million cords of wood, valued at $10,000,000, used for pulp annually. Paper Trade Journal, V. 42 (6), June 1906: 111, 115. 69. Improvement of our heritage. Forestry and Irrigation, V. 14 (3), March 1908: 148-152. 70. In the Philippine forests. Forestry and Irrigation, V. 9 (2), February 1903: 66-72. 71. Introduction. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. (207), March 1925. vii-xii. 72. The job ahead. Yale Forest School News, V. 9 (1), January 1921: 10. 73. Just fishing talk. New York, Harrisburg, Telegraph Press, 1936. 238 p. illus. 74. Lesson of Arbor Day. Journal of Education, V. 71 (8), February 24, 1910: 205-206. 75. Life of a forest. Scientific American, V. 57 (1483 Suppl.) June 4, 1904: 2376-2377. 6 88. The new hope for the West. Progress in the irrigation and forest reserve movements. Century Magazine, V. 68 (2), June 1904: 309- 313. 89. New patriotism. World's Work, V. 16 (1) , May 1908: 10235-10237. 90. Notes on forest destruction. In Smithsonian Institution. Annual report, 1901. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off. 1902. p. 401- 404. Q11.S66 91. Notes on some forest problems. In U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Yearbook, 1898. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1899. p. 181-192. 92. Notes on the forests of New Jersey. In New Jersey. Geological Survey. Annual report, 1895. Trenton, 1896. p. 183-188. 93. Old age assistance in Pennsylvania righting the neglects of yesterday. American Labor Legislation Review, V. 14 (4) December 1924: 288-291. 94. Opportunity of social work, in view of the trend from private to public relief. In National Conference of Social Work. 59th, Philadelphia, 1932. Proceedings. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1933. p. 90-96. 95. Our vanishing timber. Disston Crucible, V. 9 (4), , 1920: 52-54.* 96. Papers, ca. 1830-1947. 1911 ft. In U.S. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. 97. Pennsylvania state forests. Science, V. 96 (2487), , August 28, 1942: 198-199. 98. The plains. In New Jersey. Geological Survey. Annual report, 1899. Trenton, 1900. V. 2, 125-130. 99. A plan to save the forests. Forest preservation by military control. Century Magazine, V. 49 (4), February 1895: 630. 8 100. Politicans or the people? Woman Citizen, V. 11, November 1926: 23. * 101. The power monopoly; its make-up and its menace. Milford, Pa. , 1928. 256 p. TK23.P5 102. The power of the farmer to conserve the natural resources of the country. Successful Farming, V. 9 (2) January 1910: 10-11. 103. Practical forestry for southern farms. Modern Farming, V. 1(5), May 1908: 10-13. 104. Preparedness and common sense. ournal of Education, V. 83 (24), June 15, 1916: 649-650. 105. Prevention first. Survey, V. 58(7), July 1, 1927: 367-369. 106. A primer of forestry. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., , 1899. 88 p. illus. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Division of Forestry. Bulletin no. 24) Contents. Part 1. The forest. 1st ed. 107. A primer of forestry Part I. 2d ed. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1900. 88 p. illus. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Division of Forestry. Bulletin no. 24. 56th Cong. 1st. sess. House Document no. 727) J66 no. 4007 Part I was also issued with some changes, as Farmers' Bulletin no. 173. 108. A primer of forestry. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off. , 1903. 48 p. illus. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Farmers' Bulletin no. 173) A revised edition of Bulletin no. 24 of the Division of Forestry. 9 109. A primer of forestry. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off. , 1903-1905.. 2 V. illus. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Division of Forestry. Bulletin no. 24) SD 252.P Contents. - Part 1. The forest. 2d ed. 1903 - Part 2. Practical forestry. 1st ed. 1905. Part 1 is a reprint of the second edition, published in 1900, with a new letter of transmittal. 110. A primer of forestry. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1903-1909. 2 V. illus. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Farmers' Bulletin 173, 358) Republication, wich some changes, of Bulletin 24 of the Division of Forestry. 111. Profession of forestry. Forester, V. 5(7), July 1899: 155-160. 112. Progress of forestry in the United States. In U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Yearbook, 1899. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1900. p. 293-306. illus. Also published as Yearbook separate no. 186. 113. The progress of the world. American Review of Reviews, V. 41 (2), February 1910: 131-137. 114. Prohibition and law enforcement. North American Review, V. 222(1), September-November 1925: 57-60. 115. The proposed eastern forest reserves. Appalachia, V. 11 (2), May 1906: 134-143. 116. Protection of communities by the forest. Science, V. 14 (363), December 13, 1901: 921. 117. Public and private interests. Outlook, V. 100 (13), March 30, 1912: 729-731. 118. The public good comes first. Journal of Forestry, V. 39(2), February 1941: 208-212. 119. Public spirit, an address. [Sewanee, Tenn.] University Press, 1906. 15 p. 10 120. The reclamation of Pennsylvania's desert. Cornell Forester, V. 1, 1920: 7-8. * 121. Recommendations on policy, organization and procedure for the Bureau of Forestry of the Philippine Islands. In U.S. Philippine Commission. Annual report. 4th, 1903. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1904. pt. 2, p. 315-325. 122. Relation of forests and forest fires. National Geographic Magazine, V. 10(10), October 1899: 393-403. 123. Relation of forests to irrigation. Forestry and Irrigation, V. 10 (12), December 1904: 551-552. 124. The relation of forests to stream control. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. 31(1), January 1908: 219-227. 125. Report on examination of the forest reserves. In U.S. Geological Survey. Report on the survey and examination of forest reserves (March) 1898. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1898. p. 35-118. (U.S. 55th Cong. 2d sess. Senate Document no. 189) J66 no. 3600 126. Roosevelt's part in forestry. Journal of Forestry, V. 17 (2), February 1919: 122-124. 127. Save the Forest Service by keeping it in the Department of Agriculture. California, Magazine of Pacific Business, V. 27 (11), November 1937: 21, 39. illus. 128. Silvicultural notes on the white cedar. In New Jersey. Geological Survey. Annual report, 1899. Trenton, 1900. V. 2, 131-135. 129. Sir Dietrich Brandis. Society of American Foresters. Proceedings, V. 3 (1), October 1908: 54-66. 130. Solomon in scales. Saturday Evening Post, V. 208 (34), February 22, 1936: 33, 35, 97, 99-100. 11 131. Some essential principles of water conservation as applied to Mississippi flood control. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. 135(1), January 1928: 57-59. 132. Spirit of the Forest Service. California Forestry, V. 1 (1), May 1917: 1. 133. Squandering our heritage. Nation, V. 111 (2885) October 20, 1920: 444. 134. State forests as state investments. American Forests and Forest Life, V. 30 (362), February 1924: 100. 135. The State, the Nation and the people's needs. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. 129 (218), January 1927: 72-76. 136. Statement. In U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Flood Control. Hearings before the Committee on Flood Control, House of Representatives, 70th Congress, 1st. sess. On the control of the destructive flood waters of the United States, January 18, 1928 to January 26, 1928. Part 5, The Mississippi River and its tributaries. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1928. p. 3467-3486. K37.F5 70:1A pt. 5 137. Statement. In U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Public Lands. Hearings before the Committee on the Public Lands of the House of Representatives, relating to the reclamation and disposal of the arid public lands of the West. January 11 to 30, 1901. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1901. p. 65-73. K37.P8 56:2 A 138. Statement of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. In U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Hearings on the estimates of appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1908. p. 240-348, 730-732. 12 139. The states in the national forest policy. Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry. Bulletin no. 23. [Harrisburg] 1922. p. 24-35. 140. A study of forest fires and wood production in southern New Jersey. Trenton, MacCrellish & Quigley, 1899. 102 p illus. (New Jersey. Geological Survey. Annual Report, 1898. Appendix) 141. Sustained yield of spruce lands. Forester, V. 4 (1), January 1898: 56-59. 142. Talks on forestry. [Harrisburg] 1923. 28 p. (Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry. Bulletin 32) 143. Three New Jersey pines. Garden and Forest, V. 10 (482) , May 19, 1897: 192. Reprinted in: Bulletin of the Botanical Club, V. 24, June 29, 1897: 322-328. 144. Timber ownership, public and private. Lumber World Review, V. 31 (9) , 1916: 43-44.* 145. Timber tests. American Society of Civil Engineers. Proceedings, V. 29 ( 4 4 , April 1903: 133-134. 146. To the south seas; the cruise of the schooner Mary Pinchot to the Galapagos, the Marquesas, and the Tuamotu Islands, and Tahiti. Philadelphia, Chicago [etc. ] John C. Wilson Company [°1930] 500 p. illus 147. The training of a forester. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1914. 149 p. illus. 148. The training of a forester. Rev. 3d ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1917. 157 p. illus. SD252.P52 149. The training of a forester. Rev. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1937. 129 p. 150. The training of a forester. Rev. ed., , entirely rewritten and reset. Philadelphia, Lippincott, [°1937] 129 p. illus. 13 151. Trees and civilization. World's Work, V. 2(3), July 1901: 986-995. 152. Turning point of national prosperity. American Industries, V. 7(8), June 1, 1908: 14-15. 153. Two's company. Rotarian, V. 48 (4), April 1936: 13- 15, 45-46. 154. Uncle Sam's woodlot. Independent, V. 64 (3107) , June 19, 1908: 1374-1377. 155. Uncle Sam's woodlot. Saturday Evening Post, V. 185(35), March 1, 1913: 8-9, 69-70. 156. U.S. Congress. Joint Committee to Investigate Interior Department and Forest Service. Investigation of the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Forestry. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1911. 13 V. (61st. Cong., 3d sess. Senate Document 719) J66 no. 34-45 Correspondence: V. 1-2, p. 62-63, 216, 277; V. 3-9, p. 178-191, 1199-1205, 1218- 1221, 1223-1226, 1230-1231, 1259-1260, 1271-1273, 1275-1279, 1283-1285, 1289-1290, 1292, 1294-1295, 2103, 2669, 3505-3507, 3753, 3755-3756, 3758-3759, 3779-3781, 4651-4653, 4656, 4840-4841; Testimony and Examination: V. 3-9, p. 1144-1296, 1305-1491. 157. Utility regulation; Federal and State. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, V. 159 (1), January 1932: 69-75. 158. What about forestry? Saturday Evening Post, V. 193 (49), June 4, 1921: 3-4, 66, 68, 71, 73. 159. What are we going to do about it? Outdoor America, V. 5 (12), July 1927: 10-11, 71-72. 160. What the Forest Service is doing. American Industries, V. 75), March 1908: 19-22. 161. What the Forest Service stands for. Forestry and Irrigation, V. 13(1), January 1907: 26-29. 14 162. Where we stand. Journal of Forestry, V. 18 (5), May 1920: 441-447. 163. Who owns our rivers? Nation, V. 126(3263), , January 18, 1928: 64-66. 164: Why I am for Roosevelt. Nation, V. 151(17), October 26, 1940: 389. 165. The woodlot, a neglected resource. National Grange, V. 5 (10), 1910: 10-12.* 166. Work of the Division of Forestry for the farmer. In U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Yearbook, 1898. Washington, D.C., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1899. p. 297-308. illus. 167. Working plans for the New York forest preserve. Outing, V. 36 (1), April 1900: 89-90. 168. Yale in forestry. In Book of the Yale Pageant. New Haven, 1916. p. 213-216. 15 Gifford Pinchot: ing the future President of the United States off Walrus of the Forest his very solid pins." Like Roosevelt, Pinchot was an avid sportsman and conservationist and halled from a wealthy family, His father was a successful New York dry goods merchant and his mother an helress. The young Pinchot could have lollygagged and drunk champagne all his days. He could have studied law or some other gentlemanly profes- sion. Instead, after graduating from Yale, he chose to combine science with his love of hik- ing, camping, and fishing in the woods He chose to study forestry. In the 1870s and 1880s, forest management and conservation were unheard of in the United States, American forests were thought to be Inexhaustible. Wooded hillsides were clear-cut. debris heaped tens of feet high, and nothing replanted. CT and run was the standard practice. Pinchot wanted to change that but the United States had no schools of forestry, His father decided to send him to Europe, He studied with Sit Dietrich Brandis, the German authority on silviculture, attended the French Forest School, and apprenticed with the best foresters in Europe, Upon his return to the famil by chateau in northeastern Pennsylvania in 1891 Pinchot set OUR to prove that American landown- era ruinous forestry practices were unnecessary; forest lands could both produce timber for har. vest and remain forest for future generations. As manager of George W Vanderbilt's private 5.000 acres of timberland In North Carolina, Pinchot began to earn a reputation as a by Sandi a Weber forester-the first professionally trained scientific W men American forester He strove to define that role, New York State Governor Theodare for the American public knew little about it He Roosevelt needed advice about management of recalled one lady saying to him. "So you are a the state's forests in 1899, who did he call? The forester! How very nice! Then you can tell me just what to do about m roseof man who created the science of forestry manage- ment 8 America, the chief of the Forestry Those people who did know something about Division in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, forestry, the various Forestry Associations, were Gifford Pinshot working toward a different doctrine. They called And what did the two men don They talked it forestry but Pinchot called B preservation They forestry, and they wrestled) Roosevelt wan Then hated to see a tree cut down." wrote Pinchot. So they baxed and Pinchat had the honor of knock. do I. and the chances are that you do too. But you cannot practice Forestry without 11% 12 New York State Conservationist, December 2000 Pinchot believed forests and rivers should be said, "He could outride and outshoot any used to fill practical needs, like supplying tim- ranger on the force." ber and power. He defined conservation as the In the Adirondacks, Pinchot demonstrated wise use of the earth and its resources for the that he could out-climb anyone, too. After lasting good of men. He reasoned that "the meeting with Roosevelt in Albany in February greatest good for the greatest number in the 1899, Pinchot headed north to look over some long run" could be derived by scientifically forests for the Adirondack League Club. He managing the cutting of forests since this and his companion, C. Grant LaFarge, a would provide profits and jobs today and pro- wealthy Boston architect, had a "delightful tect resources for generations to come. drive to Tahawus," though they overturned on In 1892, Pinchot demonstrated this practice the way. The men spent a week camped on a on William Seward Webb's 40,000 acre Ne-Ha- remote lake just southwest of Mount Marcy, Sa-Ne Park in the western Adirondacks. the highest mountain in the state. The idea of Pinchot's survey of the land revealed a large climbing Mount Marcy in the deep snow was stand of valuable spruce where older trees tossed around as a sort of joke, although it was overshadowed younger ones. By carefully thought "it might be pleasanter to let it wait, planned cutting, the production of wood actu- say until June." After a time, though, the idea ally increased year after year. gained a firm hold on the two men. Despite Pinchot made more studies of Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne cold temperatures, raging winds, and the fact Park and published The Adirondack Spruce, the that a winter ascent had only been accom- first working plan for Adirondack landowners plished once before, they set off with two and lumbermen. Its tables of growth, volume guides to climb Mount Marcy. and yield enabled foresters to predict the com- As they snowshoed through the dense position of forests in ten, twenty and thirty woods, LaFarge wrote: "[We] could enjoy now years based on present cutting practices. the exhilarating purity of the air, the frosty Besides possessing expert forestry skills, aroma of the balsam. The immaculate beauty Pinchot had great leadership characteristics. of the snow itself and its many wonderful He was tall, thin, good-looking, and had zeal- forms; the hushed silence; the many records ous determination. Fellow workers in the of the feet of passing animals and birds; the Department of Agriculture's Forestry Division sweet notes of the friendly chick-a-dees; the varied colors and textures of tree trunks and sumptuous richness of the evergreens, and the air that is like new life; all these rejoice the eye and the heart." The party of four reached Lake Tear-of-the-Clouds at noon and ate lunch, standing on twenty feet of snow. LaFarge indicated that he thought it would be no great task to go to the top, SO off they went. Before long, the guides gave up and returned to Lake Tear; one claimed his leg had gone numb and the other said his snowshoes were too long. Pinchot and LaFarge pushed on alone. At timberline, "the Pinchot reclines in his Adirondack encampment in 1898. wind was no more to be faced 13 New York State Conservationist. December 2000 than a battery of charging razors;" wrote laughed at their peculiar appearance. Icicles LaFarge, "and to stand upright in it was more hung even upon their eyelashes, and with than we cared to attempt." They left their Pinchot's beard solidly coated with ice, he snowshoes and crawled up the glare ice on all looked like a walrus. He later discovered that fours, making hand and foot holds by breaking he had made the ascent during the famous through the ice. blizzard of 1899. "Foolish," Pinchot wrote in his diary. The In September 1901, Theodore Roosevelt cold was between 25 and 40 degrees below zero, became President of the United States just he estimated. It became unbearable for hours after he descended the same slopes of LaFarge. Just 200 feet below the summit, he Mount Marcy, when President McKinley died turned around and crawled down the slope. He from a pistol wound. (See Conservationist, stomped in the snow to try to return circulation October, 1999.) As President, Roosevelt reor- to his frozen feet. ganized the management of the national Meanwhile, Pinchot crawled to the signal forests, creating the United States Forest pole marking the highest point of New York Service and appointing Pinchot to the power- State. Acres and acres of forest were beneath ful job of Chief Forester. the chief of the U.S. Forestry Division but the During his reign, Pinchot implemented his view was hidden in fog; he saw nothing but conservation policy and increased the national snow and ice. forests from 60 to 193 million acres. Not When the men returned to the safety of everyone agreed with Pinchot's objectives or the forest, they looked at each other and methods at the Forest Service. Conservationist John Muir wanted the national forests to be off-limits to lumbering, livestock grazing and dam construction. He wanted them preserved for their beauty. Muir wanted to stop the ax; Pinchot wanted to regulate its use. Pinchot won the battle on the national level but not in New York State. Article VII, now Article XIV of the State Constitution, known as the "forever wild" clause, forbid the cut- ting of any tree in the Adirondack State Forest Preserve. President William Howard Taft, Roosevelt's successor in the White House, fired Pinchot for insubordination in 1910. Pinchot returned home to Milford, Pennsylvania and entered state politics. He served two terms as Governor of Pennsylvania, in 1923 and 1931. Though he enjoyed being head of the state, it was not his first love. At age 70, Pinchot said, "I have been a Governor, every now and then," he said, "but I am a forester all the time-have been, shall be, all my working life." Pinchot was a forester all the time- whether fighting to stop sloppy timber practices, survey- ing Adirondack spruce, or snowshoeing through an icy blizzard on Mount Marcy. Sandra Weber is an Adirondack author. She Gifford Pinchot with young boy scouts. became interested in Pinchot while working on her forthcoming book on the history of Mt. Marcy. 14 New York State Conservationist, December 2000 FYI 198 Pennsylvania History v.66 (1999):199-214. page 199 32. Eastman, Max, Enjoyment of Living, New democracy as in the manipulation of power York, Harper & Brothers, 1948. The Mystery of Gifford Pinchot by the knowledgeable for the benefit of the 33. Adams, Graham, Jr., Age of Industrial Vio- people. Amos Pinchot, a rich, white, Anglo- and Laura Houghteling lence, 1910-1915: The Activities and Findings Saxon Protestant, who was born to power yet of the United States Commission on Industrial rejected any position of responsibility, seemed James G. Bradley Relations, New York, Columbia University to have a far deeper commitment to real de- late of Washington, D.C. Press, 1966. mocracy than Lippmann, whose disdain for 34. New York Times, December 13, 1913, 22:1 the thinking capability of the average person Courtesy of Grey Towers, USDA Forest Service, In 1893, Gifford 35. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- was palpable. Milford, Pennsylvania. pers, "Labor and the Future," address before 51. Tobin, Eugene M., Organize or Perish, New Pinchot, America's first the Justice League the Lawson Protest Meet- York, Greenwood Press, 1986. forester and a founder ing, Denver, July 3, 1915. 52. Steel, Ronald, Walter Lippmann and the of the American 36. Pinchot family letters. American Century, New York, Vintage Books, 37. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- 1980. Conservation Move- pers, letter from AP to William Ingersoll, 53. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- ment, and Laura March 14. 1916. pers, letter from AP to Rabbi Stephen Wise, 38. Newark Evening News, editorial, May 15, Houghteling, fell April 26, 1916. 1913. 54. Cook, Blanche Weisen. unpublished Ph.D. deeply in love. Both 39. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- thesis 1964. were twenty-eight years pers, Letter from AP to Mrs. Morris W. 55. Ibid. old and were from Kellogg, December 29, 1913. 56. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- 40. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- pers, The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 12, wealthy society fami- pers, Letter from Patrick Quinlan to AP, June, 1917. lies-the Pinchots 1913. 57. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- from in and around 41. Eastman, Max, Enjoyment of Living, New pers, Letter from AP to Rev. William S. York, Harper & Brothers, 1948. Rainsford, September 29, 1917. New York City and 42. Luhan, Mabel Dodge, Movers and Shak- 58. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- Milford, Pennsylvania ers, New York, Harcourt, 1936. pers, New York Times, April 1, 1917. and the Houghtelings 43. Sanger, Margaret, My Fight for Birth Con- 59. Tobin, Eugene, Organize or Perish, New trol. York, Greenwood Press, 1986. from Chicago. They 44. Ibid. 60. Villard, Oswald, Fighting Years: Memoirs planned to marry. But 45. Eastman, Max, Enjoyment of Living, New of a Liberal,Editor, New York, Harcourt Brace, Laura gradually was York, Harper & Brothers, 1948. 1939. 46. Pinchot family letters. 61. Published posthumously in 1958, it's great- dying and their friend- 47. Eastman, Max, Love and Revolution, New est value lies in its dissident viewpoint and in ship lasted only a year. York, Random House, 1964. its colorful and highly personal recreation of There had been no 48. Library of Congress, Amos Pinchot Pa- the events surrounding the founding of the pers, letter from Nettie Johnstone to AP, April time for marriage or Progressive Party, of which Amos Pinchot 1918. played a part. even a formal engage- 49. Cook, Blanche Weisen, unpublished Ph.D. 62. Eastman, Max, Enjoyment of Living, New ment. And yet, in that thesis 1964. York, Harper and Brothers, 1948. Laura Houghteling 50. Ironically, Lippmann, born Jewish in a still ort time, they created 63. Library of Congress, Amas Pinchot Pa- anti-Semitic world, aspired to be the quintes- pers, letter from AP to Burhans Newcombe, a love that has became a mystery, a love that transcended her death and con- sential insider. He believed not SO much in October 29, 1931. tinued unabated as if she had never died. For twenty years, Gifford secretly wrote about Laura and their on-going relationship in his private diaries as if she were a living presence who never had left him. She spoke to him, traveled with him, read books with him, advised him and inspired him. Typical entries are: "My lady has told me beautiful things" (April 16, 1894); "I know that she is always here" (October 4, 1894); and "Tonight my Dearest spoke to me, saying she wants to be with me as much as I want to be with her" (January 1, 1895). Grey Towers Homepage Page 1 of 2 THE HOME OF GIFFORD PINCHOT UAS Grey Towers By George I'd like to some back & hundred years from now and seemy trees! Lore PINCHOT THE HOUSE HISTORY GROUNDS PROGRAMS PU Part Your VOI Conferences Pinchet Institute for Conservation Forcet Supervisor's Lest Calendar of Events Send C NEWS INDEX CONTACT Grey Towers Of Grey Towers To Website Grey lowers Newsletter KIDS! Music at Grey Preserving Grey Viewi Gift Shop Towers Towers This Way Artist In Residence Grey Towers, a national historic landmark, is managed and maintained by the USDA Forest Service in cooperation with the Pinchot Institute for Conservation, a non-profit organization dedicated to conservation thought, policy and action. http://www.pinchot.org/gt/ 12/6/2002 Milford Page 1 of 3 Grey Towers National Historic Landmark USDA Forgat Servieg UAS Planning Your Visit Major renovations to the Grey Towers mansion which necesitated a 2-year closure, are now complete. Grey Towers is loc small town of historic Milford. Pennsylvania (est. 1733). Things to Do: House and Garden Tours - Guided tours are conducted daily from Memorial Day weekend through early November. The last day for scheduled tours in 2002 is November 10. Tours are offered on the hour from 10:00 a.r 4:00 p.m. Tours are free. although donations are accepted. The grounds are open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.. The tours takes the visitor through three rooms of the first floor of the mansion and surrounding gardens. A typical tou about 45 to 60 minutes. To get a glimpse of what you will see on your visit. take the "cyber tour." Trail of Time - Take a walk through time to learn about the Pinchot land, lives and legacy. An easy, less-than- mile stroll from the Gate House to the amphitheatre will introduce you to the story of Grey Towers and the Pincho family, from the time they arrived in Milford in 1818 to 1963. when the family donated the estate to the public. B to stop in at the tent along the way to experience how the students from the Yale School of Forestry lived while ati summer school at Grey Towers (1901-1926). Pick up a trail guide at the Grey Towers gift shop. This enjoyable takes about 15 minutes. Forestry Trail - Be prepared to "practice" forestry along this well-groomed loop through the woods. You'll find activity boxes along the way with a variety of interactive projects that demonstrate forestry principles and practice help stimulate an understanding of the forest ecosystem. Great for families or small groups. The trail begins above parking lot. This trail is less than 1 mile and can take 30 minutes or 3 hours depending on the number of activities which the hiker participates. For specific information on activities along the trail click here. Bluebird Trail - Visit our nestbox trail to catch a glimpse of these coloful birds and other feathered friends. Le what Grey Towers and others are doing to help re-establish this threatened species. Spring and summer offer the t opportunity: just take a walk along the deer fence around the perimeter of the estate. (approximately 1/4 mile) Hike with Smokey - Kids! Check out a smokey backpack for a fun way to learn about smokey Bear and forest The backpack is filled with things to do and you even get things to take home. Take it anywhere on the grounds. 1 check out a pack. visit the Grey Towers gift shop. More information. (pdf file) Tree Trail - You can wander. walk. saunter, run. skip or hop through the field along the estate driveway and lea http://www.pinchot.org/gt/milford.html 12/6/2002 Milford Page 2 of 3 about some of the trees of Grey Towers. Tree ID signs reveal the names and most popular uses of these trees. Gift Shop - Stop by the Eastern National Forests Interpretive Sales Outlet to purchase a variety of books, post Ca and related conservation items. More Information Local Directions to Grey Towers (also see map below and Traveler's Guide ): From I-84, take the Milford Exit (46). Follow the signs to Milford. As you descend the hill and enter town, Apple Restaurant will be on your right. Just past Apple Valley, make a very sharp right turn at the Grey Towers sign. Th entrance to Grey Towers is up that road a little on your left. If you're entering Milford from Port Jervis, turn right at the light at the corner of Broad and Harford streets. Go a blocks. Just past the Grand Union grocery store (on your right), bear left at the Grey Towers sign and go behind tl Apple Valley Restaurant. The entrance to Grey Towers is up that road a little on your left. Regional Directions to Grey Towers (download pdf file) Contact information Map and Traveler's Guide For Grey Towers weather. go to your favorite weather site and type in 18337 as the zip code. About Milford 00mg Milford is located in Pike County along the Delaware River just inside the northeast Pennsylvania border and adjacent to York and New Jersey. By car New York City is an hour and a half drive, Philadelphia nearly three, Boston four and a hal Washington D.C. about six. Accessed via Route 6. the borough itself. sometimes called the gateway to the Poconos, is on square and holds a population of 1.100. although the surrounding density significantly inflates that number. Summer tem usually hover in the 80's. but those of the winter can sometimes sink well below zero. Train and bus transportation are available into New York City. Local public transportation is limited. however. If you pla a car is recommended: rentals are available in and around Milford. A bustling community in mercantile trade during the latter nineteenth and ear centuries. Milford was the home of Gifford Pinchot , the founder of the USDA and later one of Pennsylvania's most popular Governors Another of many poi is the town's museum. called the Columns, which houses the flag that cradled Lincoln's head after he was shot in Ford's Theatre in 1865. With tourism as a primary component of its economic base, Milford still main of both worlds---a charming. quiet and picturesque country community with th and its thriving culture only eighty miles away. http://www.pinchot.org/gt/milford.html 12/6/2002 Milford Page 3 of 3 42 200 Grey Port Matamoras Jervis Pennsylvania the time 202 Towers BY > 6 National Historic Landmark 84 *** per 98% R 6 THE Grea Deloware Tomers 6 (35:5