- Arnold Arboretum, JanaicaPlain, MA Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp.. : A Finding Aid Page 1 of 14 IB CSS Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sprague Sargent, 1893- 1927 (inclusive): A Finding Aid. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 C 1999 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Descriptive Summary Repository: Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain Call No.: IB CSS. Creator: Charles Sprague Sargent, 1841-1927. Title: Records of the Director Charles Sprague Sargent, 1893-1927 (inclusive). Quantity: 20 Boxes. Abstract: The archival collection consists of administrative files of Charles Sprague Sargent as director of the Arnold Arboretum, including both letterpress copybooks and incoming correspondence. Material pertains to fund raising for collecting expeditions to China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet in the 1910s and 1920s, and to horticulture at the Arboretum. Considerable correspondence exists with John Muir, 1897-1912; Ernest H. Wilson and Joseph Rock concerning their botanical collecting in Asia; and botanists in Europe and the United States. Administrative Information Processing Information: Processed: September 1997. Acquisition Information: The Charles Sprague Sargent papers were acquired during his 54 year tenure as the first Arnold Arboretum Director. The Papers were originally housed at the first administrative offices of the Arnold Arboretum, located at the Sargent estate, Holm Lea, in a large vacant house. For 12 years the "Dwight house" was the headquarters for Sargent's library and herbarium. In 1892 a permanent building to house the library, herbarium, and administrative offices of the Arboretum was constructed. The final move of the Sargent papers, library and herbarium from the Sargent estate to "the museum," as the building was called for several years, took place late in 1892. They have remained in http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp.. A Finding Aid Page 2 of 14 the Arnold Arboretum Archives since then and were later accessioned into HOLLIS # ACZ8061. Access: Researchers seeking to examine archival materials are strongly encouraged to make an appointment. The Director, or an office of origin, may place restrictions on the use of some or all of its records. The extent and length of the restriction will be determined by the Director, office of origin, and the Archivist and will be enforced equally for all researchers. Copyright: The copyright is held by The President and Fellows of Harvard College for the Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University. The copyright on some materials in the collection may be held by the original author or the author's heirs or assigns. Researchers are responsible for obtaining written permission from the holder(s) of copyright and the Arnold Arboretum Archives prior to publishing any quotations or images from materials in this collection. Photocopies may be made at the discretion of the Arnold Arboretum Archives staff. Permission to make photocopies does not constitute permission to reproduce or publish materials outside the bounds of the fair use guidelines. Historical Note Charles Sprague Sargent (1841-1927) was the Arnold Arboretum's first director and served the institution for over 54 years. The child of Henrietta Gray and Ignatius Sargent, a successful Boston merchant, banker, and railroad financier, Sargent had the opportunity to pursue a career in science and horticulture. After graduating from Harvard College and serving in the Union army, Sargent spent his first horticultural years abroad touring the gardens of Europe and then at home managing the family estate and gardens of Holm Lea. As a prominent member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and an elected trustee of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, Sargent's activities continued to expand. Sargent was appointed director of Harvard's Botanic Garden in 1872. Although the Arnold Arboretum was established in 1872 with Sargent as the first director, his official appointment occurred in 1873. Scope and Content The Sargent papers include biographical material, correspondence, collection notes, published works, and photographs of Sargent, family, Holm Lea, the Sargent Estate, and colleagues. The correspondence consists of nine volumes of handwritten and typed copies of letters from 882-1923. Arranged by subject, the volumes do not follow in chronological order. The collected works reflect the activities and development of the Arnold Arboretum from the collaboration of Olmsted and Sargent in the landscape design of the Arboretum, to the exploration, identification, cultivation, and introduction of plant material by the Arnold to other arboreta, nurseries, and the public. Sargent expanded the http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. - Records of the Director Charles Sp...: A Finding Aid Page 3 of 14 scope of the Arboretum's influence to include the preservation of the natural landscape, and American forests. Included in the collection are numerous articles on forestry reports, forest fires, and protection of forests, and Sargent's Tenth Census of the United States Forestry, 1880-1883. The collection is organized into the following series: I. Biographical Material II. Correspondence 1882-1923 III. Collection Notes IV. Sargent Publications V. Books VI. Sargent Photographs Container List Series: I: Biographical Material Box 1: Career Folder 1: Rehder, Alfred. 1927. Charles Sprague Sargent. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 8:68-87. Folder 2: Wilson, Ernest H. June 1927. Charles Sprague Sargent. The Harvard Graduate Magazine 35(140):605-638. Folder 3: April 24, 1941. The One-Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Charles Sprague Sargent. Arnoldia 1(5):29-32. Folder 4: Biographical Sketch March 24, 1927. Charles Sprague Sargent. New York Tribune. Trealease, William. 1929. Biographical Memoir of Charles Sprague Sargent. Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs. Folder 5: Charles Sprague Sargent and Forestry Muir, John. July 1908. Sargent's Silva. Atlantic Monthly 92:9-22. Graves, Henry S. November 1921. Dr. Sargent's Contribution to Forestry in http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp... : A Finding Aid Page 4 of 14 America. American Forestry Magazine. Chamberlain, Allen. December 14, 1921. Fifty Years Fighting for Forests. Boston Evening Transcript. Holst, Monterey L. July 1946. The Phantom Work of Professor Sargent's. Journal of Forestry 44(7). Holst, Monterey Leman. "Zachariah Allen, Pioneer in Applied Silviculture." Mentions Charles Sprague Sargent and forestry. Forest Flora of Japan. Advertisement. Fazio, James R. "America's Forest Reserves." "Louisiana Forestry Law Goes into Effect." Spongberg, Stephen A. Autumn 1984. C. S. Sargent- Seeing the Forest and the Trees. Orion Nature Quarterly 3(4):5-11. Rosevear, Francis B. December 1984. Charles Sprague Sargent on Loan to the Adirondacks. Adirondack pp. 20-23. Raymo, Chet. July 28, 1986. Tree Book as Yankee as a Cod. Boston Globe. Folder 6: Establishment and Influence of the Arnold Arboretum Duncan, Frances. August 1905. Professor Charles Sprague Sargent and The Arnold Arboretum. The Critic and Literary World 47(2): 109-119. March 15, 1917. Work of the Arnold Arboretum Has Much Advanced. The Christian Science Monitor. McFarland, J. Horace. "The Man Who is Making a Tree Garden to Last a Thousand Years - and His Home." Arnold, Frank A. "The Man With the Thousand Year Tree Garden." "Knowledge for Its Own Sake." Geary, Sheila Connor and B. June Hutchinson. August 1979. Revised April 1, 1981. "The Original Design and Permanent Arrangement of the Arnold Arboretum as Determined by Frederick Law Olmsted and Charles Sprague Sargent: A Chronology." Spongberg, Stephen A. April 1996. Charles Sprague Sargent and the Establishment of the Arnold Arboretum. Folder 7: Obituaries and Memorials June 8, 1927. "Arboretum Service for Professor Sargent. June 9, 1927. Honor Sargent at Arboretum. The Boston Herald. June 9, 1927. Sargent Memorial. Boston Evening Transcript. June 9, 1927. Memorial Tribute to Professor Sargent in Arnold Arboretum, His Creation. The Boston Globe. March 23, 1927. Death of the Head of The Arnold Arboretum, Boston Evening Transcript. March 24, 1927. Charles Sprague Sargent Boston Herald. March 26, 1927. The Listener. Boston Evening Transcript. May 1927. Professor Charles Sprague Sargent's Funeral to be at Brookline, Friday. http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp...: A Finding Aid Page 5 of 14 Journal of Forestry. "Professor Sargent of Harvard Dies." "Professor Sargent's Funeral is Held." "Charles S. Sargent Buried." "Funeral Services for Professor Sargent." A Great Figure Passes. American Forests. Charles S. Sargent. Article begins: "In the death of Charles S. Sargent, II Charles Sprague Sargent. Article begins: = of the same Massachusetts family as John Singer Sargent 11 Charles S. Sargent Memorial Service. Horticulture Illustrated Arnold Arboretum Memorial Invitation. An Unfinished Monument. Country Life in America. Folder 8: Fund-raising in Honor of Charles Sprague Sargent November 5, 1927. Arnold Arboretum Endowment Reaches Half-Million Mark. The Christian Science Monitor. December 2, 1927. "Arboretum Gets $109,250." "Dinner Here Aids Arboretum." "Endowment Sought for Famed Tree Collection." "National Plea Made for Fund for Arboretum." "Arboretum Aid Urged to Honor Charles S. Sargent." NY Drive Begun for Sargent Fund. Arboretum Tests Many New Trees. New York Times p. 18. Folder 9: Charles Sprague Sargent Handwriting Analysis Samuel [sic] Sprague Sargent: An Analysis of His Handwriting. Folder 10: General Articles / Awards June 9, 1923. The Talk of the Trade Horticulture. December 15, 1924. Award to Professor Sargent. Horticulture. "Phantom Work of Professor Sargent." "Influential Friends: Charles Sprague Sargent and Louisa Yeomans King." Box 2: Folder 1: Sargent Family Potter, Mary Sargent. Silhouettes: My Mother and Father. SPUR Magazine. Chamberlain, Joseph Edgar. February 16, 1924. An Epitome of New England - The Sargent Family. Boston Evening Transcript. Folder 2: "Charles Sprague Sargent. II Clipping about the Sargent family and "Epes Sargent and His Descendants." 1921. The Giants of the Sargent Family 1921 - Charles Sprague and John Singer http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp... A Finding Aid Page 6 of 14 Sargent. Photograph. Johnson, Julia Mehitable. "A list of the Publications of the Descendants of Epes Sargent." Reprinted from Epes Sargent of Gloucester and His Descendants. Epes Sargent. Photograph. "Epes Sargent Family Trees." Sutton, S. B. Charles Sprague Sargent and the Arnold Arboretum. Harvard University Press, 1970. Arranged by Emma Worcester Sargent with Biographical Notes by Charles Sprague Sargent. Epes Sargent of Gloucester and His Descendants. Box 3: Holm Lea Newspaper and Magazine Articles May 1897. A Suburban Country Place. The Century Magazine 54(1). June 6, 1908. "Charity Bazaar at Holm Lea." November 1, 1904. Holm Lea. Gardening 13(292):49-51 Miller, Wilhelm. March 12, 1911. The Sargent Home Near Boston. Country Life pp. 199-208. August 31, 1912. Reproduced photographs of garden, no text. Horticulture. December 19-- Potter, Mary Sargent. Holm Lea - A pioneer American Garden. Countryside Magazine. September 14, 1927. Part of Holm Lea Placed on Market. Boston Herald. September 13, 1927. Holm Lea Offered For Sale. Boston Post. October 1927. Lots on Sargent Estate Mostly Large. Real Estate News. December 3, 1927. Will Develop Sargent Estate SO as to Preserve Its Beauty. Boston Evening Transcript. "Employees Check Roof Blaze at Holm Lea." Iris Time in the Garden at Holm Lea. Photograph. Holm Lea Across the Dogwoods. Photograph. A Visit from the Rock Garden. Photograph. "The Sargent Estate Valued at $763,529." February 8, 1946. Letter from E. D. Merrill to Mrs. Guy Lowell. A letter discussing the recent death of Miss Alice Sargent and the fate of an oil painting of Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, thought to be still hanging at Holm Lea. Marx, H. August 13, 1993. First Arboretum Director was a Noted Conservationist. Jamaica Plain Gazette. Box 3A: Holm Lea Photographs 1897. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. The Open Terrace. Century Magazine 54(1):6, May 1897. Clippings from a photographic essay in Century Magazine on the Estate. 1898. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Narcissus poeticus. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent 1898. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Berberis thumbergii in front of piazza. 1898. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Viburnum tomentosum var. http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp...: A Finding Aid Page 7 of 14 sterile. 1898. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Viburnum tomentosum var. sterile. 1898. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Trillium grandiflorum 189? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Cornus florida. 1899. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. View across the pond toward residence. 1900. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron catawbiense on a cold winter day. Estate of Prof. C. S. Sargent 1900. Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron catawbiense on a cold winter day. Estate of Prof. C. S. Sargent Photo by A. Rehder. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron catawbiense. Normal condition. Estate of Prof. C. S. Sargent 1900. Photo by Thomas E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Magnolia denudata with tupelo in background Estate of one late Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent in Brookline, MA. 1900. Photo by Thomas E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron simsii. Indian azaleas on the terrace of the house. 1900. Photo by Thomas E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. The Pond. Estate of one late Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent in Brookline, MA. 1900. Photo by Thomas E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Looking across the pond to the house. Estate of the late Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent. 1900. Photo by Thomas E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Looking across the pond to the house. 1900. Photo by Thomas E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. The Pond. Estate of the late Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent. 1916. Photo by Ralph W. Curtis. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Berberis vulgaris, Syringa chinensis, Wisteria chinensis. 1916. Photo by Ralph W. Curtis. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Acer palmatum. 1916. Photo by Ralph W. Curtis. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Azalea kaempferi. 1923. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Magnolia kobus var. borealis. 1923. Photo by A. E. Christiansen. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron davidsonianum. 1925. Photo by H. W. Gleason. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Narcissus poeticus. Estate of the Prof. C. S. Sargent 1925. Photo by H. W. Gleason. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Quercus alba. Estate of Prof. C.S. Sargent 1925. Photo by H. W. Gleason. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron wellsianum. Estate of the Prof. C. S. Sargent 1925? Photo by H. W. Gleason. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Syringa (Lilacs). Estate of Prof. C. S. Sargent 1925? Photo by H. W. Gleason. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Syringa (Lilacs). Estate of Prof. C. S. Sargent http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp.. A Finding Aid Page 8 of 14 1926. Photo by A. Seeger. Kurume azalea and Rhododendron sanderi. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Estate of C. S. Sargent. 1926. Photo by A. Seeger. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron indicum var balsaminalflorum. Estate of C. S. Sargent in Brookline. 1926. Photo by A Seeger. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron Sanderi 'Alice Sargent' 1927. Photo by E. H. Wilson. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Magnolia denudata. 192? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Garden Path and Irises. Estate of Prof. C. S. Sargent. 192? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendrons. Estate of the Prof. C. S. Sargent. 192? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendrons. Estate of the Prof. C. S. Sargent. 192? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendrons and pond. Estate of the Prof. C. S. Sargent. 1933. Photo by T. E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. The Pond. 1933. Photo by T. E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. View across the Pond. Rhododendrons in the foreground. 1933. Photo by T. E. Marr. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rhododendron Ignatius Sargent. Estate of late C. S. Sargent in Brookline. Rhododendrons in the rear of the old Codman House on the estate. 19?? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Syringa vulgaris var. ?Estate of the late C. S. Sargent. 19?? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Malus floribunda. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent 19?? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Malus floribunda. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent 19?? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Narcissus poeticus, with Salix fragilis, Malus floribunda and Azaleas. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent 19?? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Fothergilla. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent. 19?? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Rockery Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent. 19?? Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Norway spruce hedge. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. The Spring Garden. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. View across the pond to Prof. Sargent's house. Malus floribunda in left foreground. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. The Pond. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Kalmia latifolia. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Tsuga canadensis. Sargent Estate. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Poet's Narcissus. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Field of Narcissi. Estate of the late Prof. C. S. Sargent. Holm Lea, Brookline, MA. Lilac garden. A rare Tree Peony is shown in from of the scarlet poppies. Box 4: Certificates & Awards Series: II: Correspondence 1882-1923 Letters From Charles S. Sargent are housed in 9 bound volumes and are handwritten or typed copies of the originals. The volume numbers do not follow a chronological order. The subject http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp...: A Finding Aid Page 9 of 14 "General" refers to typical arboretum business, such as taxonomy, accessions (requests for and discussions of material), exploration (US and foreign), herbarium (requests for and discussions of material), and accounts. A searchable index to the Sargent correspondence is available on the Arnold Arboretum Library site at http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/library/lib_search.html. Vol I: March 1882 - April 1884 Subject: General. Vol II: August 1911 - March 1923 Subject: Library- requests and discussions. Vol III: April 1906 - March 1908 Subject: General- focus on foreign plant exploration, plans and results, and plant accessions. Vol IV: April 1906 - August 1911 Subject: Library- requests and discussions. Vol V: April 1906 - March 1912 Subject: Crataegus- taxonomy, papers, and accessions. (Inserted: photocopied letters to W. N. Suksdorf concerning Crataegus, 1904, 1905, 1916 (from Washington State University). Vol VI: April 1908 - January 1911 Subject: General- focus on taxonomy and plant accessions. Vol VII: January 1911 - February 1914 Subject: General- focus on US exploration and taxonomy. Vol VIII: February 1914 - March 1917 Subject: General. Vol IX: March 1917 - March 1920 Subject: General- focus on herbarium and US exploration. Series: III: Plant Collection Notes Box 1 Folder 1: 1892. Sargent's collection notes: Seeds sent from Japan by Charles Sprague Sargent, 1892. Seeds listed in alphabetical order, no numbers. Collection notes: "of Crataegus, 1900." Charles S. Sargent's Collections Dr. Weaver's List of Living Accessions derived from propagating material collected by CSS. Folder 2: "Census. Catalogue of Woods Received." Handwritten list numbered 1-1231. Folder 3: Sargent, Charles Sprague. List of Crataegus seed sown in the Arnold Arboretum 1899-1927, no. 1-4514; with manuscript notes by C. S. Sargent. Lists 4518 seed collection sown, with collection location and specific epithet. Series: IV: Sargent Publications Box 1 Annotated Bibliography & Articles Folder 1: Labels for the Jesup Wood Collection compiled by Charles S. Sargent http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.htm 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp. : A Finding AidPage 10 of 14 Removed from the Attic of the Administration Building 1953. Folder 2: Annotated Bibliography Folder 3: Bound volume of collected works, spine title: Sargent- Various Articles. Handwritten table of contents with articles numbered. No. 1 1874. "Report of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum.' 11 No.2 1875. "A Few Suggestions on Tree Planting. Report of Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture." No.3 1876. "Prizes for Arboriculture. Offered by the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture." No.4 1878. "Notes on Trees and Tree Planting. 25th Annual Report of the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. No.5 1878." Forests: Their Influence on Climate and Soil." By Charles W. Parsons. No.6 1879. The Forests of Central Nevada with Some Remarks on those of Adjacent Regions. American Journal of Science and Arts V. 17. No.7 1879-1880. Annual Report of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. No.8 1880-1881. Annual Report of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. No.9 1881-1882. Annual Report of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. No. 10 1882. The Protection of Forests. North American Review, October. No.11 1882-1883. Annual Report of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. No. 12 1883. Forest Fires. 30th Annual Report of the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. No. 13 1881. "Forests, North American." No. 14 1884. Botanical Papers of George Engelmann. Botanical Gazette 9:5. No. 15 1883-1884. Report of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. No. 16 1883. Report of the Forestry Commission to the Assembly of New York State. January 23. No. 17 1908. Das Arnold Arboretum. Sonder-Abruck aus Mitteilugen der Deutschen. Dendrologischen Gesellschaft November 1917. The Arnold Arboretum What It Is and Does. The Garden Magazine. May 12, 1915. The Arnold Arboretum. Harvard Alumni Bulletin. 1883. Forest Fires. Thirtieth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. Folder 4: Crataegus Publications by C. S. Sargent February 1901 Notes of Crataegus in the Champlain Valley. Rhodora 3:26. April 1901. Notes on a Collection of Crataegus made in the Province of Quebec, near Montreal. Rhodora 3:28. February 1903. Recently Recognized Species of Crataegus in Eastern Canada of New England, 1. Rhodora 5:50. April 1903. Recently Recognized Species of Crataegus in Eastern Canada of New http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927 Records of the Director Charles Sp. A Finding AidPage 11 of 14 England, II. Rhodora 5:52. May 1903. Recently Recognized Species of Crataegus in Eastern Canada of New England, III. Rhodora 5:53. June and July 1903. Recently Recognized Species of Crataegus in Eastern Canada of New England, V. Rhodora 5:54-55. September-November 1905. Recently Recognized species of Crateagus in Eastern Canada of New England, VI. Rhodora 7:81-83. February 1903. The Genus Crataegus in Newcastle, Delaware. Botanical Gazette v.35. Crataegus in Rochester, New York. Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science 4:93-136. June 1903. Crataegus in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Botanical Gazette 35:377-404. September 1905. Crataegus in Eastern Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1905. Sargent, Charles S. and C. H. Peck. Species of Crataegus Within Twenty Miles of Albany. New York State Museum Bulletin 105. Report of the State Botanist. 1907. Crataegus in Southern Michigan. State Board of Geological Survey. August 1907. Crataegi of Ontario. Ontario Natural Science Bulletin: Journal of the Wellington Field Naturalist's Club No. 3. 1908. Crataegus in Southern Ontario. Ontario Natural Science Bulletin No. 4. 1908. Crataegus in Missouri. 19th Annial Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1907. Some Additions to the Crataegus Flora of Western New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 122, Report of the State Botanist. 1912. Crataegus in New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 167, Report of the State Botanist pp. 53-124. March 1990. Crataegus in Pennsylvania, II. Proceeding of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia pp. 150-253. Box 2: Brief Guides, Reports and Articles Folder 1: Sargent, C. S. and F. L. Olmsted. November 1880. 11 Proposition as to the Public Ground to include the Harvard Arboretum." Folder 2: 1891. Publisher's flyer on Garden and Forest. Folder 3: 1907. Sargent, Charles S. et al. Report of the Park Commissioners and the Committee on Planting Trees of Brookline, Massachusetts, 1907. pp. 211-218. Folder 4: October 21, 1911. For Closer Relations Between Commercial Horticulture and Scientific Institutions. Horticulture p.559. Folder 5: http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp...: A Finding AidPage 12 of 14 November 1917. The Arnold Arboretum -- What It Is and What It Does. Garden Magazine pp. 122-125. Folder 6: March 15, 1917. A Garden of Trees. The Youth's Companion. Folder 7: 1918, 1919. Notes on North American Trees. Reprint from The Botanic Gazette, Folder 8: January 1922. The First Fifty Years of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 3(3): 127-171. Folder 9: A Guide to the Arnold Arboreium. 2nd ed., Riverside Press, 1925. Folder 10: October 1925. The Caleb William Loring Estate at Prides Crossing, Mass. Horticulture p. 393. Folder 11: April 15, 1925. David Sears, Tree Planter. Horticulture pp. 164-165. Folder 12: 1926. The Trees of Mount Vernon, Report. Revised ed. Folder 13: February 1927. The Greatest Garden in America, The Arnold Arboretum. Home Acres pp. 95, 112. Folder 14: 1909. "The Trees of Commonwealth Avenue Boston." Folder 15: January 3, 1886. Asa Gray. Sun. Folder 16: 1886. Trees and Tree Planting in Massachusetts. Annual Report of the Massachusetts State Forester. Folder 17: 1905. The Pinetum at Wellesley, Massachusetts. Extracted from The Life, Letters and Diary of Horatio Hollis Hunnewell. Folder 18: 1917. Botanical Activities of Percival Lowell. Rhodora pp. 22-24. Folder 19: 1897. Report of the Committee Appointed by the National Academy of Sciences upon the Inauguration of Forest Policy for the Forest Lands of the United States. Washington, GPO. Folder 20: "Notes from the Arnold Arboretum.' Reprints from various numbers of the Bulletin issued by the Arboretum. International Garden Club. Folder 21: Report on Forest Trees of North America, Tenth Census of the United States Forestry, 1880-1883. Forestry Bulletin #s1-6, 8-21, 23-25. List of wood http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp. : A Finding AidPage 13 of 14 specimens, May 1881. Folder 22: 1889. "Journal of Andre Michaux. 1785-1796." With letter. Series: V: Books Box 1: Plantae Wilsonianae, Vol. I, 1913. Box 2: Plantae Wilsonianae, Vol. II, 1916. Box 3: Plantae Wilsonianae, Vol. III, 1917. Box 4: Trees and Shrubs: Illustrations of New or Little Known Ligneous Plants, 1905-1913. Box 5: 1880. A Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America, 1880. 1925. A Guide to the Arnold Arboretum, 1925. 1922. Manual of the Trees of North America (Exclusive of Mexico), 1922. New or Little Known North American Trees, 1889-1902. Series: VI: Sargent Photographs Box 1 186? Photograph by LeJeune, Paris. Charles Sprague Sargent portrait as a young man. 1866. Charles Sprague Sargent with group. 1880. Charles Sprague Sargent, C.E. Faxon in Dwight House. 1880. Charles Sprague Sargent, G. Englemann, Francis Skinner. 1901. Charles Sprague Sargent and H.H. Hunnewell at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1904. Photo by T.E. Marr. Charles Sargent at bench in herbarium. 1904. Photo by T.E. Marr. Charles Sprague Sargent in library at Arnold Arboretum examining Quercus herbarium specimens. 1904. Photo by J.H. McFarland. Charles Sprague Sargent in Arnold Arboretum grounds. 1904? Photo by J.H. McFarland. Charles Sprague Sargent in office at Arboretum Administration building. 1907. Photo by A.G. Eldredge. Charles Sprague Sargent on grounds. 1915. Charles Sprague Sargent and E.H. Wilson. 1916. Alfred Rehder, E.H. Wilson, Charles Sprague Sargent. 1922. Photo by R.W. Curtis. Charles Sprague Sargent with Rhododendron Obtusum kaempferi. 1922. Charles Sprague Sargent and C.L. Hutchinson at Lake Geneva WI. 1922. Charles Sprague Sargent, C.L. Hutchinson, and J. Morton at Lisle, IL. 1924. Photo by A.E. Christiansen. Charles Sprague Sargent in library at Arnold Arboretum. 192? Charles Sprague Sargent holding botanical illustration. http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. Records of the Director Charles Sp...: A Finding AidPage 14 of 14 1926. Charles Sprague Sargent and H.H. Hunnewell at Wellesley. 1927. Charles Sprague Sargent Memorial Service. Mrs. John A. Stewart, Jr. (President of the Garden Club of America), Mrs. Henry S. Hunnewell, and Mr. Edwin S. Webster. Charcoal sketch by John Singer Sargent. Charles Sprague Sargent. Charles Sprague Sargent in library. A retrospective study of Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent Charles Sprague Sargent in doorway with Wisteria. Photographs of two bas-relief images of Charles Sprague Sargent. 1. Hanging in the 3rd floor library corridor. 2. Hanging at Harvard University Herbaria. Two photographs of an oil painting of Charles Sprague Sargent. Hanging on the 4th floor of the Herbarium Building in Administration. Charles Sprague Sargent with a few Harvard classmates at Holm Lea before 60th anniversary. Henry M. Rogers, Rev. Luther G. Barnett, Charles S. Sargent, Edward M. Tuck, Dr. Arthur H. Nichols. Charles Sprague Sargent and others. Sargent Family: Charles Sprague Sargent, C.S. Sargent, Jr, and C.S. Sargent III. Sargent Family: C.S. Sargent, Jr., C.S. Sargent III, grandchild. Sargent Family: Charles Sprague Sargent. Alice, Henrietta, Mary Sargent, Molly, Charles Jr., Robeson. Sargent Memorial Service. http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/ajp00002.html 7/16/2004 records Dussey institution, 1000-1994 : A Finding Ald. rage 1 or 4 Harvard University Library Frames Version OASIS: Online Archival Search Information Questions or Comments Copyright System Statement VIBI Bussey Institution. Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 : A Finding Aid. Bussey Institution Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain of Harvard University June 2003 C President and Fellows of Harvard University Descriptive Summary Repository: Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA Call No.: REQUEST AS: VI BI Creator: Bussey Institution Title: Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 Quantity: .3 Linear Feet,1 Archival Box Processing Information: Processed: September 2001 By: Lisa Pearson Revised: May 2003By: Sheila Connor Acquisition Information: These records were acquired during the years of the Bussey Institute's affiliation with the Arnold Arboretum. The papers were accessioned into HOLLIS # 008902736 and this file name is ajp00012. Access Restrictions: Researchers seeking to examine archival materials are strongly encouraged to make an appointment. The Director, or an office of origin, may place restrictions on the use of some or all of its records. The extent and length of the restriction will be determined by the Director, office of origin, and the Archivist and will be enforced equally for all researchers. Use Restrictions: The copyright is held by The President and Fellows of Harvard College for the Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University. The copyright on some materials in the collection may be held by the original author or the author's heirs or assigns. Researchers are responsible for obtaining written permission from the holder(s) of copyright and the Arnold Arboretum Archives prior to publishing any quotations or images from materials in this collection. Photocopies may be made at the discretion of the Arnold Arboretum Archives staff. Permission to http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~ajp00012 5/9/2009 Bussey Institution. Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 A Finding Aid. Page 2 of 4 make photocopies does not constitute permission to reproduce or publish materials outside the bounds of the fair use guidelines. Historical Note The will of Benjamin Bussey, drawn up in 1835, gave an endowment to Harvard University for the establishment of an undergraduate school of agriculture and horticulture to be called the Bussey Institution, as well as a grant of land from his estate in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. One of the provisions of the will allowed Bussey's granddaughter, Mrs. Maria Bussey Motley, a life tenancy on the property of "Woodland Hill" as the estate was called, therefore it took some years for the terms of the will to be acted upon. In 1870 Mrs. Motley released seven acres of the property for the establishment of the school and work began on dormitory, classrooms and outbuildings. At the same time her husband, Thomas Motley, Jr., was appointed instructor of farming, a post he held until his death in 1895, and Francis Storer was named professor of agricultural chemistry. In 1871, as the new Bussey Institution buildings neared completion additional professors were chosen including Francis Parkman as professor of horticulture. Charles S. Sargent succeeded him in that position in 1872. Enrollment in the program was never very large, it averaged about eight students during the years 1880-1895 and only ten undergraduate degrees were ever granted. Francis Storer felt that growth was hampered by free tuition offered by the Massachusetts Agricultural College in Amherst, Massachusetts and by the founding of the Harvard Veterinary School. Several of the instructors donated their services and the salaries of the others were paid through private subscriptions. Additional funds were raised by boarding livestock and by raising vegetables for the Harvard College food services. Enrollment improved during the period 1896-1907 and new instructors were appointed, including John G. Jack. At least one future landscape architect was enrolled in the program at the Bussey Institution. He was Charles Eliot, son of Harvard President Charles Eliot, who was later employed by Frederick Law Olmsted. The Bussey Institution remained as an undergraduate school until 1908 when it was reorganized into the Graduate School of Applied Science (after 1915 Applied Biology). That year Professor William E. Castle moved his laboratory to the Bussey. In 1909 Dr. Edward M. East was appointed chair of Experimental Plant Morphology. The program was expanded to include plant anatomy in 1914 with the appointment of Professor Irving W. Bailey. Professor Oakes Ames followed in 1915 and maintained a laboratory there until 1926. In 1930 the Bussey faculty was merged with the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and in 1936 the Bussey staff was transferred to the Biological Laboratories in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Bussey Institution remained as a holding agency and its funds were used to support the Arnold Arboretum. In the late 1940s botanical activities were reorganized at Harvard University and the Bussey Institution was folded into the Institute for Research in Experimental and Applied Botany. During World War II the Bussey Institution buildings in Jamaica Plain were renovated and used by the U.S. Army Medical Corps. The Bussey Institution began an ongoing relationship with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health in 1894 when the department began to produce diphtheria antitoxin at the Bussey facility. In 1904 a new Antitoxin and Vaccine Laboratory was built on adjacent land. In 1947 the Bussey buildings became the home of the Diagnostic Laboratories. By the 1963 more room was needed, SO the state arranged the purchase of the former Bussey Institution grounds and buildings from Harvard University. When construction of the new State Laboratory Institute began in 1969 on the property, efforts were made to preserve the old gothic Bussey Institution building however funding was not available for preservation and restoration of the structure and it was demolished in the early http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~ajp00012 5/9/2009 Bussey institution. Records OI the Bussey institution, 1883-1994 : A Finding Aid. Page 3 of 4 1970s. Scope and Content The histories of the Bussey Institution and the Arnold Arboretum are often intertwined. The Arboretum was established on what had been Bussey Institution land and at different periods the two institutions shared staff (including administrators) and facilities. This collection consists of correspondence (both original and photocopies), university reports about the institution (both original and photocopies), photographs of the buildings and grounds, articles about the institution and other miscellaneous materials. Organized into the following series: I. Correspondence; II. Publications of the Bussey Institution; III. Articles about the Bussey Institution; IV. Photographs; and V. Blueprints Container List Series: I. Correspondence Folder 1. Charles W. Eliot to Frank H. Storer, 46 letters, 1887-1904 (photocopies) Folder 2. Weir, J.A., to Arboretum staff, principally Anderson, PhyllisIncludes letter from Irwin Goldman regarding J. A. Weir Archives at the American Philosophical Society, 10 letters, 1968-2002. Folder 3. Buildings , Maintenance and renovations (includes plans) 17 letters, 1887-1983. Folder 4. Administration, personnel and budgets, 14 letters/reports, 1936-1944. Folder 5. Research, 8 letters, 1894-1953 (originals and photocopies) Series: II. Publications Folder 1. Extract from the Will of Benjamin Bussey. Folder 2. Bussey Institution Course Descriptions 1872-1880. Folder 3. Reprints and photocopies from "Report of the President of Harvard College "1895/96 - 1897/98, 1948/49 - 1951/52. SEE ALSO: Bulletin of the Bussey Institution. For holdings of this title, search the Harvard Libraries HOLLIS catalog at http://lib.harvard.edu Series: III. Articles about the Bussey Institution Folder 1. Anon. "The Bussey Institution of Harvard University. Founded 1872 (sic) -Closed June 30, 1936." Genetics. 21: 295, July 1936. Folder 2. Anon. The Passing of Bussey [Institution] Boston Herald June 17, 1952. Folder 3. Elliot, Clark A. ed. Science at Harvard. (Selected photocopies annotated with references to Bussey). Folder 4. Kings Dictionary of Boston. 1883. (photocopies of Bussey ref.) Folder 5. Lord, Caroline Morse. Bussey Brook and Beyond. Manuscript. Folder 6. Sax, Karl. 1947. "The Bussey Institution." Arnoldia 7, (5) 13-16. Folder 7. Sax, Karl. 1966. "The Bussey Institution: Harvard University Graduate School of Applied Biology. 1908-1936." Journal of Heredity. 175-179. Folder 8. Wheeler, William Morton. 1930. "The Bussey Institution" In The Development of Harvard University. Ed by S.E. Morrison. 508-517. (2 copies, one annotated by Ida Hay). Folder 9. Weir, J. A., "Harvard, Agriculture, and the Bussey Institution." Genetics 136: 1227-1231 (April 1994). Folder 10. Weir, J. A., "Harvard, Agriculture, and the Bussey Institution." Manuscript, n.d.. Folder 11. Weir, J. A., The Bussey Institution of Harvard University: a Case Study in the History of Agriculture and Genetics. Manuscript, n.d.. Received Arboretum 1993. Includes photocopies describing grants received by J.A. Weir for research on Bussey Institution http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~ajp00012 5/9/2009 Bussey, Benjamin, Recoras or the Benjamin Bussey Collection, 1810-184US, I Page 1 or 3 Harvard University Library Frames Version OASIS: Online Archival Search Information Questions or Comments Copyright System Statement IB-1 BB Bussey, Benjamin,1757-1842. Records of the Benjamin Bussey Collection, 1818-1840s, 1940s, 1990s, 2001 (scattered): A Finding Aid Arnold Arboretum Archives, Jamaica Plain Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2001 (c)2001 President and Fellows of Harvard College Descriptive Summary Call No.: IB-1 BB Repository: Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA Creator: Bussey, Benjamin, 1757-1842. Title: Records of the Benjamin Bussey Collection, 1818-1840s, 1940s, 1990s, 2001 (scattered): A Finding Aid Quantity: 1 Box or 0.25 linear feet Abstract: The Benjamin Bussey Collection consists of biographical materials, correspondence, historical articles, paintings and photographs that appeared at the time of Bussey's death in 1842 and scattered dates from 1818-1840s to 2001. Of particular interest is Bussey's will and probate inventory that gave his Roxbury property to Harvard University for "instruction in practical agriculture. In 1872, the property became part of the newly established Arnold Arboretum. Also included are short histories on Roxbury/Jamaica Plain, MA, the Bussey Mansion 1839 painting, photographs of the Bussey Mansion and photographs of the Gilbert Stuart portrait of Benjamin Bussey, and correspondence concening the Bussey tomb in the churchyard of the First Congregational Society in Jamaica Plain, MA. The bulk of the materials are photocopies of original works. Processing Information: PROCESSED: May 2001 PROCESSED BY: Lisa Pearson Acquisition Information: The Benjamin Bussey Collection was assembled by the Arnold Arboretum Archival staff. The papers were accessioned into the HOLLIS catalog #008909080. Access Restrictions: http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~ajp00009 1/8/2009 Bussey, Benjamin, 757-1842. Records of the Benjamin Bussey Collection, 1818-1840s, 1 Page 2 of 3 Researchers seeking to examine archival materials are strongly encouraged to make an appointment. The Director, or an office of origin, may place restrictions on the use of some or all of its records. The extent and length of the restriction will be determined by the Director, office of origin, and the Archivist and will be enforced equally for all researchers. Use Restrictions: Copyright is held by the President and Fellows of Harvard College for the Arnold Arboretum Library, Jamaica Plain. Copyright in other papers in the collection may be held by their authors, or the authors' heirs or assigns. Researchers must obtain the written permission of the holder(s) of copyright and the Arnold Arboretum Library before publishing quotations from materials in the collection. The copyright is held by The President and Fellows of Harvard College for the Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University. The copyright on some materials in the collection may be held by the original author or the author's heirs or assigns. Researchers are responsible for obtaining written permission from the holder(s) of copyright and the Arnold Arboretum Archives prior to publishing any quotations or images from materials in this collection. Photocopies may be made at the discretion of the Arnold Arboretum Archives staff. Permission to make photocopies does not constitute permission to reproduce or publish materials outside the bounds of the fair use guidelines. Historical Note Benjamin Bussey was born in 1757 in Stoughton (later Canton), Massachusetts. He served in the American Revolution seeing service at Saratoga and rising to the rank of Quartermaster. About 1779 he went into business as a silversmith in Dedham, Massachusetts and he married in 1780. By 1792, when he moved to Boston, his business had expanded into trading in a variety of goods. He was highly successful and in the following years engaged in overseas trade as well. He retired from business in 1806 and bought an estate in Roxbury, Massachusetts, turning his interests farming and manufacturing. He established woolen mills in Dedham and bought extensive properties in Maine. In 1815 he built a mansion on his Roxbury property where he resided until his death in 1842. In his will, Bussey gave his Roxbury property to Harvard University for the "instruction in practical agriculture, in useful and ornamental gardening, in botany, and in such other branches of natural science as may tend to promote a knowledge of practical agriculture, and the various arts subservient thereto and connected therewith." A number of years would elapse before Harvard could act upon the bequest. By 1871 the Bussey Institution had been established to carry out the terms of the will. The rest of Bussey's bequest was organized into the Arnold Arboretum in 1872. Scope and Content This wide-ranging collection contains biographical materials on Benjamin Bussey copied from several publications that appeared at the time of his death in 1842 and later in the nineteenth century. Of interest is an autobiographical sketch in Bussey's own words and unique spelling. There are copies of letters written to him copied from collections at the Dedham Historical Society as well as copies of his will and probate inventory. There are several short general histories of the local Roxbury/Jamaica Plain area including an early history of the lands that would later comprise the Bussey estate and a copy of a map of the area C. 1832. There is the supporting correspondence and photographs concerning the fundraising and purchase by the Arnold Arboretum of the 1839 painting of the Bussey http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/-ajp00009 1/8/2009 benjamin, Records 01 ine Benjamin Bussey Conection, 1010-1040S, 1... rage 3 OI I Mansion. There are articles (not contemporary) about the Joyce murders of 1865 and the legend of the Bussey ghost. There are various photographs of the Bussey estate from the late nineteenth to mid twentieth centuries, including photographs of the mansion just prior to its demolition in 1940. In addition there are photographs of the Gilbert Stuart painting of Benjamin Bussey held by Harvard University. There is a small amount of correspondence concerning the refurbishment of the Bussey tomb in the churchyard of the First Congregational Society (Unitarian) in Jamaica Plain in the 1940s. The bulk of the papers are photocopies of original documents. There are some original letters from the last half of the twentieth century. The many of the photographs are modern reprints of original negatives. There are some original prints. The collection is organized into the following series: 1. Papers and Correspondence 2. Photographs and negatives Inventory Series: I Papers and Correspondence Folder 1. Will and Probate Inventory, photocopies Folder 2. Biographic Materials, 1842 - 2001, biographical sketches from publications Folder 3. Letters to Benjamin Bussey, 1818 - 1839, copied from the Dedham Historical Society Folder 4. Correspondence Regarding the Purchase of the 1839 Painting of the Bussey Mansion, 1982 - 1990 Folder 5. Correspondence Regarding the Refurbishment of the Bussey Tomb, 1942 - 1945 Folder 6. Histories of Roxbury/Jamaica Plain, 1832 - 1991 Folder 7. Joyce Murders and the Bussey Ghost, 1868 - 1974 Folder 8. Miscellaneous Correspondence, 1940, 1980, n.d. Series: II Photographs Folder 9. Portraits of Benjamin Bussey, including photographs of the Gilbert Stuart portrait Folder 10. Photographs of the Bussey Mansion and Farmhouse, bulk from late 19th century and 1940 Folder 11. Bussey Photographs from the Landscape Explorer's Collection, including interior photograph of the Bussey Mansion Folder 12. Photographs of the Painting of the Bussey Mansion Collection, including interior photograph of the Bussey Mansion The majority of the images are black and white. Appraisal of the painting when it belonged to Paul Weiner, 22 Beacon Street, Boston. [ Mr. Weiner was an antique dealer.] Agreement between President and Fellows of Harvard College and Paul Weiner when the painting was on loan to the Arboretum prior to the Arboretum purchasing it. Correspondence between Barbara Nachtigall, MFA and Paul Weiner regarding making slides of image. Description of the painting by Sheila Connor. ajp00009 http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~ajp00009 1/8/2009 The first notice that the people of ancient Stoughton received that hostilities had actually Page 1 of 8 From Daniel T.V. Huntoon's History of The Town of Canton, Massachusetts (1893) CHAPTER XXI THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION (continued) The first notice that the people of ancient Stoughton received that hostilities had actually begun between the king's troops and the patriots, was on the afternoon of the 19th of April, 1775. It was lecture-day, and Parson Dunbar was exhorting his people and preparing them for the next Sunday's service, when suddenly the door was thrown open and Henry Bailey marched up the broad aisle and said there was a'larum. In an instant, all was confusion. A small boy, Lemuel Bent, seized the bell-rope, and soon the jangle-reached the ears of the neighboring farmers. Israel Bailey conversed for a moment with Capt. James Endicott, and then the captain said, "Take my colt that is fastened outside, ride through the town, and warn the company to meet at May's tavern with arms and ammunition ready to march toward Boston at a moment's notice." Captain Endicott returned to his home, obtained his accoutrements, and started down the road toward Boston, leaving his company to follow as soon as they could be collected. And SO from the towns which composed ancient Stoughton, stalwart men, with sturdy sons, left their homes at the sharp clang of the alarm-bell, or the hurried words of the orderly, "To arms! To arms! The war has begun," and hastened to the rallying-place. These minute-men marched directly to the coast, and their fellow-townsmen followed them with provisions and supplies. Abel Puffer, Roger, John, and Isaac Billings, Ebenezer and William Shaller, Abner Crane, Jonathan Kenney, Israel Bailey, and Lemuel Davenport did all they could to make them comfortable. 1 See Appendix XX James Endicott, captain of one of the companies that marched from Stoughton at the first alarm, was born in Stoughton in 1739, and died in Canton, April 4, 1799. He was the son of James and grandson of Gilbert Endicott, one of the first settlers. March 5, 1761, he was married by Rev, Samuel Dunbar to Abigail Puffer. During the war, Captain Endicott was several times called into active service; on the afternoon of the 4th of March, 1776, he went to the assistance of the Continental troops when they fortified Dorchester Heights. They made a lodgement on the ground unmolested, but were drenched with a most dreadful storm of rain. Endicott led his company to Ticonderoga, and in 1778 was again in the service at Roxbury, nor were his patriotic services confined to the field only. In 1778 he made frequent journeys to Boston to enlist and muster soldiers into the Continental army. By order of the town, he employed Hannah Endicott to weave thirty-seven yards of blanketing and to spin thirty-two skeins of yarn. Mrs. Lemuel Stone, Mary Goodwin, and Mrs. Deborah Patrick were also employed in making the soldiers comfortable. In 1780 Mr. Endicott was chosen Representative to the General Court, but refused to serve, although he accepted the trust during the years 1784, 1785, 1786, and 1790. He served the town as its treasurer two years before his death. From ancient documents in the possession of his descendants, http://www.stoughtonhistory.com/huntoon21.htm 1/8/2009 The first notice that the people of ancient Stoughton received that hostilities had actually Page 2 of 8 it would appear that he was commissioned by John Hancock, Feb. 11, 1785, as justice of the peace for the county of Suffolk, and on Sept. 24, 1793, as one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas for the county of Norfolk. He was a very prominent man in town affairs, and was universally respected. He occupied a house which formerly stood on the spot where the Endicott homestead now stands, but which was destroyed by fire, Oct. 29, 1806. When the captain, afterward known as Judge Endicott, left his home to join his company at the time of the Lexington alarm, his son John - born Feb. 4, 1764, died Jan. 31, 1857 - was in his twelfth year. The following day, this lad started with a supply of food for the support of the company, all the able-bodied men being in service. In time, he reached Roxbury with his load of provisions; meanwhile his father had been ordered in the direction of Cambridge. Not discouraged, the lad proceeded after him, and delivered the provisions at the encampment at Prospect Hill. So successful was this enterprise that in after years, during the continuance of the war, he was sent on expeditions to a greater distance, to Hartford and Norwich in Connecticut, and other places. In the winter of 1780, when John Endicott was only sixteen, the roads being obstructed by snow and the cold intense, he started for Boston with an ox-team loaded with wood, and entering on the Neponset, which was hard frozen, at Milton Mills, he followed the course of the stream down, and crossing over the harbor near William Castle, now Fort Independence, entered the town near the point where Craigie's Bridge was afterward erected. Discharging his wood, he thence crossed over to Cambridge and took a load of damaged gunpowder, which he was to carry to Canton, to be worked over at the powder-mill then in operation here. On his return over the Neck, such was the condition of the road that he repeatedly overset, - four times, he said,- and was obliged to re- load. He reached Roxbury near midnight, where he stayed until next morning. On the opposite side of the street from the May tavern, in the house built by John Withington, Jr. lived one Armstrong, a tailor, who had recently taken an apprentice, named Henry Perley, to learn the trade. The young man came from Boxford, and was a steady and industrious youth. As he beheld from the shop-window the uniforms and bristling guns of the patriots, a desire seized him to go with them; and business being dull, with no prospect of improvement, his master consented, whereupon the young-hero, approaching the officer in command, said to him, " If you will get me a gun, I will go with you." The supply of guns being limited, the officer was not able to furnish him with one like those carried by the soldiers, but gave him what was called an "Indian gun." Perley made preparation and started with two companions toward Boston, the company being an hour in advance. On the way down, they met a gentleman in citizen's dress, riding a beautiful horse, and followed by a servant, also well-mounted. No sooner had this gentleman passed our three friends than one of them said to the others, 11 That was a British officer." Simultaneously they turned, followed, and overtook him, and ordered him to dismount and surrender. The officer inquired in forcible language: "Who in hell are you, banditti? " We'11 let you know who in hell we are," said the recent apprentice, and forthwith began to pull the officer from his horse. The servant, seeing this, immediately drew his pistol from his holster, and was in the act of cocking it, when a well-directed blow from the butt-end of Benjamin Bussey's queen's-arm sent him sprawling on the ground. Deeming discretion the better part of valor, the young Englishman gracefully surrendered, and the twain were escorted to Boston in triumph, - Bussey on the officer's horse, Dickerman on the servant's, while Perley, with the Indian gun, marched as rear-guard. The arrival of the prisoners created a sensation among the troops encamped in the vicinity of Boston, and praise was showered upon the three raw recruits. Henry Perley was soon lost sight of. He served faithfully throughout the war, and that was all that was known of him. About the year 1825, a stranger entered the village store at Canton Corner. His form was bent, and his hair silvered by the snows of many winters. Around the stove were gathered, as was usual fifty or sixty years ago, all the men in the neighborhood, - some smoking, some drinking, and some talking of the crops, the state of the farms, the political situation, and such topics as were in vogue before the daily newspaper entered every household. After looking around for a moment, the venerable http://www.stoughtonhistory.com/huntoon21.htm 1/8/2009 ine first notice that the people OI ancient Stoughton received that hostilities nad actually Page 3 of 8 stranger approached Joseph Downes and said to him," I have lived down in Maine almost all my life, and I am getting to be a very old man; but I thought before I died I would like to return and see some of my old comrades that were with me in the army, and SO I have come back to Canton to see them. Where is Jim Fadden?" 'Oh said Mr. Dowries, "he died forty years ago." "And where is Bill Currill? "Oh, he has been dead over twenty years." And SO the old man went on enumerating the names of those who, half a century before, had assembled with him, to fight for liberty; but of all the early companions whose names he could remember, not one was left. Death had ushered them into the hereafter, and this weary old man now stood alone upon its threshold. He was turning sadly away, when one of the idlers suggested that he might know Elijah Crane. "Yes, yes," said the veteran with enthusiasm, "take me to him The next morning he was taken into the presence of the general. "Do you know me?" said the stranger. You are Henry Perley," replied the general. Thank God ! said Perley, while the tears trickled down his cheeks "I am paid for coming." Benjamin Bussey, one of the young men mentioned in connection with the exploit of Henry Perley, was in due time to be remembered as one of the most distinguished philanthropists of his time. William Bussey, the first of the name, was an early immigrant. Here he found his sweetheart in the person of Olive Jordan, and on the 6th of June, 1728, they were married. We hear no more of him for some years he probably followed the sea. He conveyed land near the present Turnpike in 1731. In 1756 he built the little house now standing near Reservoir Pond, which he sold to Dr. Crosman in 1763. His son, Benjamin Bussey, born in 1734, bought twenty acres of a farm at Ponkapoag, originally owned by Elias Monk, but at that time unoccupied, its owner, Shubael Wentworth, having died in 1759. Bussey received the deed from Philip Liscom, Jr., in 1760. He also bought at the same time one acre from Eleanor Shippy adjoining his Wentworth land, with an old dwelling-house upon it.' This was the rear part of the house that was burned, Nov. 5, 1882. Deacon Samuel Andrews built it in 1711. Benjamin Bussey, the rich Boston merchant, was not born in this house, but here he spent his early life, from the age of three to that of nineteen, when with his knapsack on his back, he stood on the step and bade good-by to the mother he was never to see again. While he was fighting for his country, the cold form of the loved one was borne by tender hands through the narrow doorway, a victim to that scourge of those days, the small-pox. To this house, in the days of his wonderful prosperity, Bussey returned. It was old, low-studded, and forlorn, but he did not want it destroyed. In 1802 Benjamin Bussey repaired the old house and placed in front cf it an addition more in keeping with the architecture of the new century. The rooms were high-studded, which was then the fashion the stairs ran at angles, with landings, through an ample hall. The woodwork was ornamented, and sufficient room provided for a small family. The front door was protected by a wooden canopy with iron supports, curiously wrought. Trees were planted side fences that came down from the corners of the house to the front fence were built; and here was laid out a "front yard," the pride of the farmers' wives, planted with bouncing Bet, London pride, peonies, and old-fashioned roses. Then, good son that he was, he gave the house to his father and his father's wife, that they might enjoy the remainder of their lives with no fear lest the wolf should come to the door. But the old-time gentleman lived only six years to enjoy his son's kindness. On the 15th of August, 1808, having lived nearly three quarters of a century, he was laid in the Canton Cemetery. Colonel Benjamin's first wife, the mother of Benjamin, who died at Jamaica Plain, was Ruth, daughter of Deacon Joseph and Mary (Tolman) Hartwell, and was born Sept. 3, 1738, on what is known now as the Kollock farm. Her sister Elizabeth married Roger Sherman, Nov. 17, 1749. Ruth was married to Bussey, Nov. 26, 1755, and died Dec. 5, 1776. Colonel Bussey's second wife was Ruth, daughter of http://www.stoughtonhistory.com/huntoon21.htm 1/8/2009 The Botany Libraries Library of the Arnold Arboretum Library of the Gray Herbarium Oakes Ames Orchid Library Farlow Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany Economic Botany Library of Oakes Ames Harvard University 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 U.S.A. Telephone (617) 495-2366 Fax (617) 495-8654 Permission to Examine Form PRINT FULL NAME: RONALD H. EPP INSTITUTION: SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIVERSITY ADDRESS: 2500 N. RIVER RD., MANCHESTER, NH 03106 TOPIC OF RESEARCH: Relationship between M.L Fernald George B.Dorr TYPE OF PROJECT (article, book, etc.): Book -A articles I understand that permission to examine archival material, of any sort, if granted, does not include permission to publish the contents, or parts thereof, of the material examined. A separate written application to obtain permission to publish must be made through the Botany Libraries and the Director of the Harvard University Herbaria. Permission is required for quotations used in a book, article, doctoral dissertation, videotape, or any other work, in any medium, that is to be made public. I understand further that the Harvard University Herbaria/Arnold Arboretum makes no representation that it is the owner of the copyright in any unpublished manuscript, and that permission to publish must be obtained from the owner of the copyright (the author or his/her transferees, heirs, legatees, or literary executors). If I should request photographic or other reproduction of any archival materials listed below, I agree that the reproduction is to be made solely for my convenience in examining the material; that the reproduction will not itself be reproduced; and that it will not be examined by or transferred to any other person or institution without the prior written permission of the Botany Libraries and the Director of the Harvard University Herbaria. In consideration of my being granted permission to examine the items listed below, on the terms set forth above, I agree to indemnify and hold harmless the University, its officers, employees, and agents from and against all claims made by any person asserting that he/she is an owner of the copyright. Signature: 2mild Ph.D. Date: april 28,2004 Name of Collection File no., Box no., or Container Folder title/Item title or other unit description Library of the Gray Herbarium Archives Page 1 of 3 Harvard University Herbaria HOLLIS E-Journals Asa Gray (1810-1888) Botanical Databases Papers Other Botanical Links Library Collections Biography: Asa Gray could be described as the person who established systematic botany at Harvard and, to some extent, in the United States. Gray's ties with European botanists, developed through correspondence, exchange of specimens and visits to Europe, combined with his network of collectors in North America allowed him to serve as a sort of central clearing house for the identification of plants from newly explored areas of North America. In this process, Gray was able to build a major herbarium, which became the nucleus of the current Gray Herbarium at Harvard. Gray also influenced American botany by writing a number of botanical textbooks, including very elementary ones for children. Gray's Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States became the standard field guide. Gray also served generally as a link between American and European botanical sciences Gray reviewed new European scientific works regularly in the American Journal of Science and Arts, and he was largely responsible for introducing Darwin's theory of natural selection in the United States. A chronology of Gray's life follows: Born Nov. 18, 1810 in Sauquot, N. Y. Studied at Clinton Grammar School under Orlando Kirkland, 1823-1824 Studied at Fairfield Academy one year, probably 1824-1825 http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/asa/ASABIO.html 7/16/2004 Library of the Gray Herbarium Archives Page 2 of 3 Studied at College of Physicians and Surgeons, Fairfield, N.Y., starting autumn 1826; received degree of doctor of medicine in January 1831 Began exchange of plants with John Torrey, 1830 Taught science at Utica Gymnasium, May-July 1832, Jan-July 1833, Jan- July(?) 1834 Collected for Torrey, summer 1833; worked for him in his house, fall 1833 Taught at Hamilton College, summer 1834 Visited Philadelphia with Torrey and collected in New Jersey for him, Sept. 1834; returned to Torrey's house Worked on Elements of Botany in New York; finished April 1836 Made librarian of New York Lyceum of Natural History, Feb. or March 1836 Planned to participate in U.S. south seas expedition but delays led him to withdraw Appointed professor of botany at newly formed University of Michigan, 1838 Traveled to Europe to buy books for Univ. of Michigan and to visit herbaria, Nov. 1838- Nov. 1839 Began correspondence with George Engelmann, 1840 Began a new textbook, 1841 Appointed professor at Harvard, 1842 Finished Manual, Dec. 1847 First volume of Genera of the Plants of the U.S., appeared 1848 Engaged to Jane Lathrop Loring, May 1847; married May 4, 1848 June 1848 wedding trip to Washington, D.C. Went to Europe, June 1850 - Sept. 1851 Botanical Textbook revised 1850, 1853, 1858 To Europe, late summer 1855, for 21 days Second edition of Manual appeared 1856 First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology, 1857 How Plants Grow, 1858 Involved in defense of Darwin starting 1859 Field, Forest and Garden Botany, about 1867 Went to Europe, Sept. 1868- Nov. 1869 Went to California and came back by way of Dubuque, June - Aug., 1872 How Plants Behave, 1872 Gift of C.S. Sargent and H.H. Hunnewell allowed him to retire to work on North American Flora, 1873 Traveled to southern U.S., March 1875-April 1875 Darwiniana, 1876 Traveled to southern Alleghenies, Aug. 1876 - Sept. 1876 Traveled to California, July 1877 - Sept. 1877, with Hooker Traveled to southern Allehenies, June 1879 http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/asa/ASABIO.html 7/16/2004 Library of the Gray Herbarium Archives Page 3 of 3 Traveled to Europe, Sept. 1880- Oct. 1881; received LLD's from Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Traveled to Montreal, August 1882 for meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science Traveled to St. Louis, May 1884; to Virginia, Sept. 1884 Traveled to Mexico and southern California, Feb. - May 1885 Received vase in honor of his 75th birthday, Nov. 18, 1885 Traveled to Europe, April - Oct. 1887 Died Jan. 30, 1888 References -- life: Dupree, A. Hunter. Asa Gray, 1810-1888. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1959. Gray, Jane Loring, ed. Letters of Asa Gray. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1893. Includes autobiography, 1810-1843. Sargent, Charles Sprague. "Asa Gray". Reprinted from the "Sun" newspaper of Jan. 3, 1886. 2 copies bound together, second has corrections written in by Gray. References -- works: [Goodale, George Lincoln et al.]. List of the Writings of Dr. Asa Gray. Chronologically arranged with an index, [New Haven, 1888]. Appendix to Vol. XXXVI, American Journal of Science. Sargent, Charles Sprague, ed. Scientific Papers of Asa Gray. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1889. Vol. I. Review of works on botany and related subjects, 1834-1887. Vol. II. Essays, biographical sketches, 1841-1886. Provenance Scope & Content Note See Also: Semi-Historic Letter Collection Gray Archives Photograph Collection Gray Herbarium Archives Home Page | Botany Libraries Home Page | Harvard University Herbaria Home Page http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/asa/ASABIO.html 7/16/2004 Library of the Gray Herbarium Archives Page 1 of 3 Harvard University Herbaria HOLLIS E-Journals Asa Gray (1810-1888) Botanical Databases Papers Other Botanical Links Provenance: Library Collections The exact route by which Asa Gray's papers have arrived in the Gray Herbarium archives is unclear. It is possible that correspondence to Gray accumulated in files which developed into files of the Herbarium. The letters written by Gray which are found in the collection may have been collected by Jane Gray when she was preparing to publish Gray's letters or they may have been separate gifts. The "green box" materials were quite likely given to the herbarium by Jane Gray, with a few small contributions from other donors, such as Walter Deane. the botanical manuscripts probably accumulated at ther Herbarium. A few items given by Susan Loring, 27 June 1984, have been inserted in these papers. Scope and Content: There are several main divisions of the Asa Gray papers; these are largely a reflection of how the materials have been stored over the years. Letters to and from Gray have largely ended up in the Historic Letters File, which includes letters to and from other members of the Herbarium staff, mostly within the years 1832-1906, as well as a few historical letters which appear to have no direct relation to Gray or the Herbarium. The letters to Gray in this file include important series of correspondence with a number of botanists, both American and foreign. For more information about these letters click on Historic Letters. Manuscripts of Gray's botanical works, published and unpublished, are mostly found in the Manuscript Case. See the scientific writing sections of this finding aid. http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/asa/ASASCOPE.html 7/16/2004 Library of the Gray Herbarium Archives Page 2 of 3 Artifacts pertaining to Gray, such as his collecting cases and implements, spectacles, etc. are found in the display case on the landing leading downstairs from the library. For more information contact the library staff. There are a number of photographs and pictures pertaining to Gray scattered about in various locations and not, as yet, fully indexed. Finally, there are a variety of manuscript (and some printed) materials pertaining to Gray in the "green box" collection. The "green box" collection includes a good deal of biographical information about Gray: the manuscript of his autobiography; journals of his travels based on his letters to the Torreys for his first European trip (1838-1839) and on his wife's letters to her sister for most of the following trips; background material on his early life (clippings, letters, etc.), other people's reminiscences of him, memorabilia of awards, etc.; clippings about him before and after his death; sympathy letters to Mrs. Gray; reviews of the letters collection published by his wife. Letters from Jane Gray's family while the Grays were traveling give some insights into life among upper class Bostonians of the time; letters from Charles Loring Jackson (Gray's nephew) are interesting for their gossip about Harvard. The "green box" collection also includes a section of Gray's correspondence: letters from scientific societies, correspondence with Harvard, communications pertaining to the Wilkes Expedition, and copies of a number of letters from Gray, prepared for hsi wife's edition of his letters. There are a few fragments of botanical manuscripts and a number of notebooks containing Gray's notes on specimens in different herbaria, mostly European. Finally, there are a few items pertaining to his published works -- miscellaneous proof sheets, lits of subscribers to the Illustrations of the Genera of Plants of the United States, records of expenses, etc. pertaining to the North American Flora. Biographical Note Provenence Scope & Content Note Biographical Documents Autobiography Travel journals Background on Gray's early life Personal reminiscences, impressions and anecdotal material Honors Portraits, busts, etc. Summaries of Gray's life published before he died http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/asa/ASASCOPE.html 7/16/2004 Library of the Gray Herbarium Archives Page 3 of 3 Illness and death Mrs. Gray's edition of the letters of Asa Gray Correspondence Botanical Manuscripts, Notes, etc. Publications Scientific Writings for Scientific Audiences Scientific Writings for Popular Audiences Reviews Personal Notes Lectures | Gray Herbarium Archives Home Page | | Botany Libraries Home Page | Harvard University Herbaria Home Page http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/asa/ASASCOPE.htm 7/16/2004 Botany Libraries Archives Page 1 of 3 Harvard University Herbaria HOLLIS E-Journals Library of the Arnold Arboretum Botanical Databases The Arnold Arboretum is not a School of Forestry or of Landscape Other Botanical Gardening [I]t has been managed not merely as a New England museum but Links as a national and international institution working to increase knowledge of Library trees in all parts of the world and anxious to help a student in Tasmania or Collections New Caledonia as in Massachusetts. An institution with such ambitions must be equipped to answer any question about any tree growing in any part of the world which may be addressed to it. Charles Sprague Sargent, 1922 Charles Sprague Sargent (1841-1927) was educated at Harvard, served in the military, and traveled Europe for a few years before returning to Boston and taking over the management of the family estate, Holm Lea. Sargent did not have a formal botany education but possesed good botanical instincts. He was called to Harvard in 1872 and soon assumed the Directorship of the Arnold Arboretum. In 1863 James Arnold of New Bedford, Massachusetts left over $100,000 to Harvard for 11 the promotion of Agricultural, or Horticultural improvements This gift was combined with a parcel of land in Jamaica -Sargent in Plain given to the university in 1842 by Benjamin Bussey. Unfortunately with 1862 the small stipend of only $3,000 a year, it seemed impossible to turn the land into a flourising Arboretum. Sargent, along with Frederick Law Olmsted, undertook a massive job. They worked to convince both the Harvard Corporation and the city of Boston that it would be in Harvard's best interest if the city took the land. The city would then lease the property back to Harvard for 1,000 years, at $1 a year, with an option to renew. In that way the city of Boston would bear the cost of constructing roads and paths and Sargent's funding could go towards the development of the grounds. This was no small undertaking, but finally both parties agreed in December 1881. The Arboretum was now part of the city's "Emerald Necklace" and Olmsted and Sargent began the difficult job of planning and designing http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/arnold.htm 7/16/2004 Botany Libraries Archives Page 2 of 3 the Arboretum. Sargent served 54 years as Director of the Arboretum. During that time it grew from the original 120 acres to 250 acres. Sargent also continued his own research and writing. He wrote many books including Silva of North America, Trees of North America, and Forest Flora of Japan. He also served as editor for the journal Garden and Forest. Besides collecting plants and specimens, Sargent also acquired books and journals for the Arboretum library. The collection grew from no books in 1872 to over 40,000 by 1929. Most of these were purchased at Sargent's own expense. By the time of his death Sargent had donated his entire library to the Arboretum as well as a large financial gift for upkeep of the existing collection and the purchase of more materials. In 1954 many of the library materials of the Arnold Arboretum were moved to Cambridge and merged with the Library of the Gray Herbarium while all of the books and journals and most of the archival materials related to the living collections remained in Jamaica Plain. Today, the Library of the Arnold Arboretum in Cambridge specializes in the identification and classification of "old world" plants, with special emphasis on Southeast Asia. The subjects include systematic botany, floras of the old world, literature on woody plants, and books on poisonous plants. The Library of the Arnold Arboretum stacks are closed and the collections are non-circulating. Materials may be consulted in the Botany Libraries' main reading room, Monday-Friday from 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. To obtain more information about Library of the Arnold Arboretum's collections or for a specific reference request write to: BOTREF@OEB.HARVARD.EDU or Botany Libraries Harvard University 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 For information on the Arboretum itself and its collections you can visit the Arnold Arboretum web site. Please note that many of the Arboretum's most valuable books are deposited and available at the Houghton Library. The HOLLIS designator for - Charles Sargent at the these will be: Botany Arnold Cambr.: Houghton Deposit. Arboretum, http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/arnold.htm 7/16/2004 Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Arboretum Page 1 of 4 Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Arboretum By Walter H. Marx Francis Parkman's neighbor across the ancient Perkins Street was Ignatius Sargent, a Boston merchant and banker. He received his business training with Perkins & Co., whose senior partner James built his summer house Pinebank on the Pond in 1806. Ignatius rightly scented profits in the railroads that were just starting and added much to the already substantial Sargent fortune via the Boston & Albany Railroad. In his Brahmin family tree were Saltonstalls, Brooks, Winthrops and Everetts. Boston & Albany Railroad station, South Framingham, Massachusetts. Sargent began summering on the Pond in 1847 to be near the Perkinses, and by 1852 he lived there year round. He bought his first acreage in 1845, until by 1873 his estate of 130 acres straddling the Brookline/Boston line was completed. Among these was the 20-acre plot of the estate of Thomas Lee, who had in 1800 begun the trek of Bostonians to Jamaica Pond for rural retreat. Lee also began the tradition of simple rambling landscape, which the Sargents carried on. Ignatius' second son, Charles Sprague Sargent, was born in 1841 and grew up on the estate named Holm Lea - from the Norwegian/Swedish for 'Inland Island Pasture.' After a lackluster career at Harvard with no education in the natural sciences (though it was available) Charles graduated in the Class of 1862 and enlisted in the Union Army later that year. He saw service in Louisiana, was mustered out in 1865 and then traveled in Europe for three years. Returning to Holm Lea, Charles Sprague Sargent had no idea of what he wanted to do and, for lack of nothing better took over the management of Holm Lea as its horticulturist - a calling then in its infancy. In this he was influenced by his cousin Henry and H.H. Hunnewell of Wellesley. With his money, self-education in botany and its application at Holm Lea, and his father's business training, the younger Sargent used the estate as a springboard and training ground. Holm Lea was sold after Sargent's death in 1927 and cut up into luxurious house http://www.geocities.com/jphistoricalsociety/sargent.html 7/16/2004 Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Arboretum Page 2 of 4 lots, and its former appearance faded. It had been described as a place tempting visitors under overhanging branches with lanes clothed with a profusion of trees and shrubbery. There were no flower beds, no gardens, no geometric schemes but rather nature under control, allowed to follow its way. If Holm Lea sounds like a description of the Arnold Arboretum, it is because both are the creation of the same man. Visitors to the Arnold Arboretum walk past an expanse of Mountain Laure in bloom on Hemlock Hill. C. 1900. Photograph courtesy of Francis Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University. By wondrous coincidence Harvard University finally decided to use the vast remainder of the Bussey bequest in Jamaica Plain for an arboretum in 1872. After a year as Professor of Horticulture at the nearby Bussey Institute on South Street (1871-72), Francis Parkman - never a healthy person - resigned and probably suggested his young neighbor as a successor. By the end of 1872 Sargent also became the first Director of the Arnold Arboretum (a post held until his death) and Director of the Botanic Garden in Cambridge (long since given up). http://www.geocities.com/jphistoricalsociety/sargent.htm 7/16/2004 Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Arboretum Page 3 of 4 Bussey Institute Sargent's activities for Harvard in Cambridge and Jamaica Plain are easily found elsewhere, but Holm Lea remained among his activities as well. Before the Arboretum's familiar Administration Building was erected in 1893, he kept the records at an empty house in Holm Lea. In addition, Sargent came of age as a dendrologist and published voluminously. His influence was felt nationally on the conservation of American forests (in particular the Catskills and Adirondacks). Locally he and Olmsted often teamed up, even for the tree pattern on Commonwealth Avenue. John Muir, California's noted naturalist, visited Holm Lea and noted: "This is the finest mansion and grounds I ever saw. The house is 200 feet long with an immense veranda trained with huge flowers and vines and stands in the midst of acres of lawns, groves, wild woods of pine, hemlock, maple and beech hickory. There are all kinds of underbrush and wild flowers, acres of rhododendrons 12 feet high and a pond covered with lilies. All the ground, hill and dale, waves clad in the full summer dress of the region and is trimmed with exquisite taste." Even by the standards of Boston society of the last century, Charles Sprague Sargent was unusual. Unlike his neighbors, the Quincy Shaws, he had nothing to do with local government and the social ills of his era. Like his father, Sargent was colder than cold roast-beef Boston society, a stern lord of his manor, and always at work during his waking hours. Yet his ways prompted keen loyalty in his co-workers, and his permanent legacy is the Arnold Arboretum for all to enjoy. If not a social lion in his lifetime, Charles Sprague Sargent spent his existence with an eye on the future. In a ceremony appropriately held on the Arbor Day, after Sargent's death Governor Fuller planted a white spruce on the grounds of the State House in Sargent's memory, complete with a plaque. He remarked, "Professor Sargent knew more about trees than any other living person. It would be hard to find anyone who did more to protect trees from the vandalism of those who do not appreciate the contribution that they make to the beauty and wealth of our nation." Charles Sprague Sargent had definitely found his mark with an everlasting legacy, even if the Holm Lea he knew is no more. Sources: Brookline Public Library, Sargent file; Encyclopedia of National Biography; S. Sutton, "Charles Sprague Sargent & the Arboretum," Harvard, 1970; Arnold Arboretum, Sargent Papers, 14 boxes. tp://www.geocities.com/jphistoricalsociety/sargent.htm 7/16/2004 Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry Page 1 of 1 Garden and Forest: GARDEN AND A Journal of Horticulture, FOREST Landscape Art, and Forestry (1888-1897) A joint project of the Library of Congress Preservation Reformatting Division, the University of Michigan Making of America project, and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. SEARCH 1888 ++++ 1897 About Digitizing Garden and Forest Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Entrance to the Arnold Arboretum, Copyright and Other Rights Harvard University Garden and Forest, Making of America volume 1, no. 2 (March 1888), page 17. The Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals - Preservation Reformatting Division Preservation Directorate Home - Library of Congress Home Library of Congress Library of Congress Help Desk (May 13, 2002) http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/gfhome.html 5/21/2002 Historical Background - Garden and Forest Page 1 of 3 GARDEN FOREST HOME - About Digitizing Garden and Forest - Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Copyright and Other Rights - Making of America - SEARCH Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Historical Background Origins and Inspiration Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art, and Forestry made its debut on February 29, 1888, and ceased publication on December 29, 1897. Although financially strapped from the beginning, Garden and Forest's influence spread far beyond its small circulation and brief ten-year run. Self-described at its inception as 11 indispensable not only to the practical Horticulturist, Botanist, Landscape-Gardener and Forester, but to every owner of a Country or Suburban Home who desires sound instruction in all branches of ornamental and economic planting, "1 it was the first American journal to address the rise of these emerging fields before they diverged into specialties. The editorials and articles published in Garden and Forest on landscape design and preservation, national and urban park development, scientific forestry, and the conservation of forest resources gave intellectual support and validation to the early practitioners who defined these new professions during the last decade of the nineteenth century. Garden and Forest was the journalistic inspiration of Charles Sprague Sargent (1841-1927), the founding director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University and author of the Forestry Survey for the Nation's Tenth Census (1884). Sargent enlisted support from his friend and colleague, Frederick Law Olmsted, with whom he had collaborated on the design and layout of the Arboretum, to help launch the fledgling publication. He also received financial backing from patrons of landscape Charles S. Sargent architecture such as H. H. Hunnewell, Frederick Lothrop Ames, and other (1841-1927) prominent Boston Brahmins. Although the journal was sponsored Library & Archives independently and edited by William A. Stiles, formerly of the New York of the Arnold Tribune, Sargent's name was prominently listed on the masthead as Arboretum. "conductor," and, as conductor, he regarded the weekly publication as the organ of the Arboretum. Notable Contents and Contributors Given the nature and interests of its guiding founders and backers, it is not surprising that the premiere issue covered a wide range of topics, including a memorial to the "father" of American botany, Harvard professor Asa Gray; an article on the "Forests of the White Mountains" by http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/essays/connor.html 5/21/2002 Historical Background - Garden and Forest Page 2 of 3 historian and horticulturalist Francis Parkman; a contribution from Professor W. J. Beal on "How to Make a Lawn"; and a cultural note on "Iris Tenuis, with figure," by botanist Serino Watson. Also in the first issue, writer, historian, and critic, Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer (Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer) introduced the topic of landscape design in an insightful piece entitled, "Landscape Gardening -- A Definition." Over the lifetime of the publication, Mrs. Van Rensselaer contributed close to fifty articles on landscape art and architecture. Frederick Law Olmsted also became a frequent contributor on the subject, as did his protégé Charles Eliot. Eliot authored twenty-one articles published in Garden and Forest. One of his early essays, "The Waverly Oaks," led to the establishment of The Trustees of Reservations, in Massachusetts. a model for and forerunner to the National Trust, in Britain, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, in the United States. As "conductor," Sargent used Garden and Forest to crusade for politically charged issues such as the conservation of the nation's forests and forest-policy reform. Sir Dietrich Brandis, Gifford Pinchot, Bernhard Fernow, and George B. Sudworth, all spokesmen for the new science of forestry, wrote extensively for the publication. Articles on forestry that appeared in the journal covered topics significant in the United States and abroad: "How to Begin Reform in Forest- management," "Lumbering on State Lands," "Railroads in the Adirondack Reservation," and Peter Kalm's Warning Against Forest Fires." IV. Within the plant sciences, the journal addressed the evolving oses specialization of botany and professionalization of horticulture by publishing articles by prominent scientists such as Professors Liberty Hyde Bailey, E. S. Goff, and J. B. Smith, who wrote on morphology, anatomy, plant culture, and the associated field of entomology. George Lincoln Goodale, the first director of Harvard's Botanical Museum, introduced readers to the "Principles of Physiological Book Advertisement by Dingee & Conard Co., Botany" in a twenty-part series. Horticultural subjects ranged from the G&F 7, no. 313 culture of Concord grapes to new methods of growing water lilies (February 1894): iii. from seed. Nurserymen gained insights on growing commercial crops such as carnations and petunias, while orchardists learned about new varieties of apples, pears, and peaches. Impact A contemporary review in The Nation described Garden and Forest as " one of the few American original ventures, and one of the best and most creditable," while The Springfield Republican focused on its role in forest conservation: "It has been influential to a marked degree on the press of the country in behalf of the serious issues now pressing for the salvation of forests at the head of watercourses. We do not know another journal that rivals this in either its mechanical guise or its special contents. ,2 Over one hundred years later, the writings in Garden and Forest continue to speak to the concerns of environmentalists, horticulturists, foresters, and botanists, as well as a new audience of researchers involved in the history of gardening, landscape design, conservation, preservation, land use, and urban park restoration. Sheila Connor Horticultural Research Archivist Arnold Arboretum http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/essays/connor.html 5/21/2002 Garden and Forest---About the Collection Page 1 of 5 GARDEN FOREST HOME - About Digitizing Garden and Forest - Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Copyright and Other Rights - Making of America - SEARCH About Digitizing Garden and Forest Garden and Forest Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art, and Forestry was the first American journal devoted to horticulture, botany, landscape design and preservation, national and urban park development, scientific forestry, and the conservation of forest resources. The journal was established by Charles Sprague Sargent (1841-1927), the founding director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Though the journal was published independently, Sargent considered the weekly magazine the organ of the Arboretum. The full ten-volume run of Garden and Forest contains approximately 8,400 pages, including over 1,000 illustrations and 2,000 pages of advertisements. Each seven-to-eleven-page issue contains articles that are both literary, as well as scholarly and scientific, and of interest to readers ranging from curious amateurs to practicing professionals. It provides practical information on specific plants as well as horticultural practices, guidance on the design of gardens, the growth of trees, and the care and management of public and Agaricus private grounds. Each issue usually includes department devoted to: Editorial campestris, Articles, New or Little Known Plants, Entomological, Pomology, Foreign G&F 7, no. 311 Correspondence, Correspondence, Cultural Notes, Plant Notes, The Forest, (February 1894): 52, fig. 7. and Recent Publications or Periodic Literature. Some issues also include listings of Exhibitions and Expositions, and summaries of Retail Flower Market Prices. Many of the articles are illustrated. The art work includes line drawings, halftones, diagrams, plans, botanical illustrations, portraits, and landscapes. Every issue also contains at least four pages of advertisements that provide a valuable snapshot of contemporary commercial products, services, and establishments. Each volume has an annual index and list of illustrations. Garden and Forest is the first project of the Preservation Digital Reformatting Program in the Library of Congress's Preservation Reformatting Division. It is the first Library of Congress digitizing project to employ Making of America models. Making of America Making of America (MOA) is a digital library comprising reproductions of primary source materials in American social history published in the late-nineteenth century. The original collaborative effort between the University of Michigan and Cornell University to create MOA was funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. From the beginning, MOA goals have included not only creating digital reproductions of historical source materials, but also developing models for community practice to enable a large-scale, integrated, and distributed digital library http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/aboutgf.html 5/21/2002 Garden and Forest---About the Collection Page 2 of 5 involving multiple institutions. Subsequent phases of Making of America have been sponsored by the Digital Library Federation and have included collaborations among the University of California at Berkeley, Cornell University, Stanford University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Michigan, Harvard University, and the New York Public Library. The Library of Congress has participated in Digital Library Federation activities pertaining to technical architecture and metadata. Garden and Forest is the first Library of Congress project to incorporate Making of America models into the digitizing of source materials in order to optimize the potential for interoperability with like digital collections created at other institutions. Collaboration Creating and providing access to the digital reproduction of Garden and Forest has involved two collaborations. The first, between the HARMONDS SLUG-SHOP Library of Congress's Preservation Reformatting Division and the University of Michigan, has been focused on the digital conversion and online delivery of Garden and Forest. The Digital Library NAKETIGIDE EATILIZE Production Service at the University of Michigan has contributed the Advertisement for conversion and encoding of the journal's searchable text. In addition, Hammond's Slug-Shot it has been a partner in mounting Garden and Forest digital files and Insecticide and Fertilizer, providing access through the same search engine used for the G&F 4, no. 168 (May 1891): iv. Michigan Making of America materials. Michigan will remain a partner through successive phases of this project that will progress, step by step, to full integration of Garden and Forest with the Making of America digital library. As this project moves forward in 2000, more documentation will be added to this website. The second Garden and Forest collaboration is between the Library of Congress's Preservation Reformatting Division and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. The founding director of the Arnold Arboretum, Charles Sprague Sargent (1841-1927), established the journal and shaped its mission. The Arnold Arboretum was considering digitizing Garden and Forest when it learned the Library of Congress's project was already underway. The two institutions then joined forces to provide enhanced access to the digital reproduction. Toward that end, the Arnold Arboretum is contributing essays that illuminate the historical background of the journal (available with the Phase 1 release, December 1999) and the four major fields it addresses: botany, horticulture, landscape design and preservation, and forestry. In addition, it is developing an electronic finding aid, based on the volume-level indices in each original print volume, that will enable users to search and browse controlled subject terms, as well as author, title, and illustration-caption information. These value-added enhancements, and detailed documentation about them, will be available in 2000. Several institutions assisted with Interlibrary Loan requests to provide replacement pages needed to make the ten volumes of Garden and Forest complete. The California Academy of Sciences Library, and Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University made special and extended contributions to this effort. In addition, the California Academy of Sciences Library helped to solve the mystery of the original publication format of Garden and Forest by surveying a large number of issues in their collection that remain in their original state. Digitizing Garden and Forest Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art, and Forestry is the first digital http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/aboutgf.html 5/21/2002 Garden and Forest---About the Collection Page 3 of 5 reformatting project done by the Library of Congress's Preservation Reformatting Division. It is also the first serial digitized in its entirety by LC. This digital-reformatting project represents the addition of digital technology to the list of options available for crafting preservation strategies for Library collections. Selection There has been high interest in digitizing Garden and Forest since the early years of the American Memory program. Its brittle condition, however, prevented it from being inverted for scanning on a flatbed scanner, and its size (21.5 by 30 cm.) made it too big for the book cradles then available for use with overhead capture devices. When the Preservation Reformatting Division began to plan its first digital reformatting project, Garden and Advertisement for Forest was considered a good candidate for several reasons: its embrittled Australian Tree condition precluded continued use; its content was of high interest; and Ferns, digitizing the full run of the serial would provide an opportunity for the G&F 4, no. 197 (December 1891): Library to gain experience with digitizing and interoperability models iii. beyond those employed by the National Digital Library Program (NDLP), including approaches developed in the Preservation community. Planning and Preparation Planning and preparation for the project involved a blend of well-established methods from preservation microfilming and digitizing models used by NDLP and others. Critical steps in the process included: searching the holdings of other institutions to determine the existence of microfilm copies of the journal and evaluating microfilm copies to determine whether they met LC standards analyzing the original volumes to determine completeness and the extent of key needs, such as conservation repair and replacement of missing pages identifying potential institutions for interlibrary loan requests for replacement pages investigating the original publication order of pages (because advertising pages in the LC copy had been bound out of order) developing project workplans and tools, such as databases developing, circulating, awarding, and managing a new contract for digital imaging conferring with the Library recommending officer about the disbinding and long-term storage of the original, and disbinding the bound volumes developing a partnership with the University of Michigan in order to explore new conversion and interoperability options developing and adapting structural and administrative metadata for the serial, based on Making of America models, and planning for access aids to be developed in collaboration with the Arnold Arboretum Collation (which included the following): reviewing the ten volumes page by page creating page-level structural and administrative metadata entering metadata and other information into a database requesting replacement pages, as needed sending pages for conservation repair, as needed http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/aboutgf.html 5/21/2002 Garden and Forest---About the Collection Page 4 of 5 rearranging pages into the original publication sequence preparing targets for insertion into the volumes, as needed, and inserting replacement and repaired pages into the volumes Reformatting The 8,400 pages of Garden and Forest were captured on a Xerox Docuimage 620s flatbed scanner at 600 dpi bitonal. The resulting images were 7216 by 5088 pixels in size. The 480 pages with printed halftones were descreened and rescreened using Scantool software. Later in the project, after the results of the halftone-processing technology were evaluated, it was decided to also create 400 dpi grayscale images for the 480 halftone pages. (See the Illustrated Book Study for further discussion of related imaging issues.) Craig Jensen, of Acme Bookbinding, provided the scanning and image processing services. The text was converted and encoded by the University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service (DLPS), under the direction of John Price-Wilkin and Christina Powell. Machine- readable text was produced by Optical Character Recognition (OCR) using Prime Recognition. This text was left uncorrected ("dirty OCR") and minimally encoded with the Making of Advertisement for Alling and America (MOA) SGML Document Type Definition (moa.dtd) Lodge [Inc.] Pruning Shears, used at the University of Michigan for their MOA texts. This G&F 2, no. 73 (July 1888): ii. DTD is conformant with the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). Texts were encoded according to the recommendations for Level 1 in the TEI in Libraries Guidelines. Reformatting work performed by PRD staff included: preparing and shipping volumes to the contractor evaluating technical issues with service-providers during conversion steps developing quality-review methodology and standards training staff to perform quality review, use new hardware and software, and keep appropriate records performing quality review on delivered image files and reworked files assessing contractor and staff performance in maintaining preservation standards making copies of complete image set to send for text conversion and encoding at the University of Michigan preparing technical requirements for text conversion and encoding preparing document headers for text files and sending to DLPS adapting tools for the quality review of text files performing quality review on text files Backup and Archiving of Digital Files Digital image files were delivered to the Library on CDRs and copied to one of the Library's servers after quality review was completed. Reworked and replacement files were integrated to make a complete and final image set on the server. Administrative metadata regarding stages of archiving were entered into the project database. The delivery media, CDRs, were housed and stored according to preservation requirements for handling, storage, and environmental conditions. http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/aboutgf.html 5/21/2002 Garden and Forest---About the Collection Page 5 of 5 Delivery and Interoperability Plans for online delivery were developed in collaboration with NDLP and Information Technology Services (ITS) at LC, and the University of Michigan DLPS with the goal of building a foundation for the interoperability of Garden and Forest with other Making of America digital materials. This involved developing a model for phased delivery that allows progressive additions of features and functionality to be provided by different parties, over time. Also, a collaborative effort with the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University led to plans for the phased addition of access and interpretive aids, such as background essays and a comprehensive subject index. Phase 1 of delivery, in December 1999, included: working with ITS and APLO to register a persistent identifier for digital reproduction working with catalogers in the Serial Record Division to add persistent identifier to existing LC bibliographic record mounting G&F image and text files at the University of Michigan indexing text files for searching through the OpenTe: engine at the University of Michigan modifying MOA middleware and web pages at the University of Michigan creating the G&F web site and web pages at LC creating background essay at the Arnold Arboretum writing and editing web page contents at LC testing online implementation by University of Michigan and LC The features of Phase 1 delivery include the Garden and Forest website at LC; image and text files mounted at University of Michigan; Michigan search and browse forms mounted at LC but pointing to the Michigan search engine; and search, retrieval, and display at Michigan. During Phase 1, searching of Garden and Forest is separate from searching Michigan MOA materials. Future phases of delivery will include cross-collection searching of Garden and Forest and Michigan MOA materials; article-level indexing of Garden and Forest; addition of interpretive "value-added" enhancements developed by the Arnold Arboretum, such as historical background essays; and addition of a subject index created from the print volume indices, developed collaboratively by the Arnold Arboretum and LC. Every phase of delivery will add more access aids for users and create greater integration of Garden and Forest and the Making of America digital library. HOME - About Digitizing Garden and Forest - Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Copyright and Other Rights - Making of America - SEARCH The Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals - Preservation Reformatting Division Preservation Directorate Home - Library of Congress Home http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/aboutgf.html 5/21/2002 Historical Essays on Garden and Forest - Garden and Forest Page 1 of 1 GARDEN FOREST HOME - About Digitizing Garden and Forest - Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Copyright and Other Rights - Making of America - SEARCH Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Historical Background by Sheila Connor "Master of a Felicitous English Style": William Augustus Stiles, Editor of Garden and Forest by Phyllis Andersen Garden and Forest and "Landscape Art" by Ethan Carr The Influence of Garden and Forest on the Development of Horticulture Nolina Recurvata, by Mac Griswold G&F 9, no. 419 (March 1896): A High-grade Paper: Garden & Forest and Nineteenth- 95, fig. 27. Century American Forestry by Char Miller Garden and Forest: The Botanical Basis of It All by Stephen A. Spongberg HOME - About Digitizing Garden and Forest - Historical Essays on Garden and Forest Copyright and Other Rights - Making of America - SEARCH The Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals - Preservation Reformatting Division Preservation Directorate Home - Library of Congress Home http://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/essays/essaysongf.html 5/21/2002 FEBRUARY 19, 1890.] Garden and Forest. 85 GARDEN AND FOREST. society for that year the other short account of the trees which has appeared coupled with a timely suggestion for PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY their preservation. This suggestion we desire to repeat and enforce; and THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. that the public may know the beauty of these trees OFFICE: TRIBUNE BUILDING, New YORK. and of the spot where they grow, we reproduce on page 91 a view taken by Dr. W. H. Rollins, of Boston, showing Conducted by Professor C. S. SARGENT. a portion of the group. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER 'AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. The age which these trees have attained and the vicissi- tudes they have survived entitle them to respect, and the NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1890. people of Massachusetts might wisely secure their preser- vation through the purchase. and dedication to public use TABLE OF CONTENTS. of the land on which they stand. PAGE. The age of these old Oaks can only be surmised. One EDITORIAL ARTICLES -The Waverly Oaks. (Illustrated.)-Forest Fires 8: famous naturalist is said to have declared that the smallest The Coast of Maine Charles Eliat. 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL:-At Enemy to the Egyptian Lotus. (Illustrated) of them had existed through more than a thousand years. Professor Forn B. Smith. 88 It is probable that this statement is greatly exaggerated. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN PLANTS :-Gladiolus Turicensis, (Illustrated.) 88 The largest tree in the group girths seventeen feet three FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE: Letter Dr. Udo Dammer. 88 inches at three and a half feet from the ground. The CULTURAL DEPARTMENT Notes W. H. Taplin. 90 Protection Against the Striped Cucumber Bectle. (Illustrated.) principal tree in our illustration is smaller, with a girth of Professor E S. Goff. 90 Goldring: W. only thirteen feet four inches, measured at the same dis- Orchid Notes. 92 Brussels Sprouts W. H. Bull. 92 tance from the ground. actual examination of the wood Doronicum Harper Crewe.-Seed-Sowing John Thorpe, & E. O. Orpet. 93 of this tree shows that it has increased three inches in Lachenalia Nelsoni Christmas Roses T.D.H. 93 diameter during the last twenty-four years. Had it made THE FOREST -The Need of a Forest Policy in Pennsylvania, Professor W. A, Buckhout. the same rate of growth during the whole period of its exist- 93 CORREAPONDENCE:-Australian Trees in California W. 5 Lyon. 94 ence, it would have been 408 years old, and the largest Action of Root-hairs Professor F. T. Rathrock. 94 tree in the group would be, with the same rate of increase, Kalanchoe carnea John Thorpe. 94 RECENT PUBLICATIONS 508 years old. It is probable that they are both younger 94 EXHIBITIONS 95 than these estimates make them. They may have MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES 95 grown less rapidly for several years at the beginning of NOTES 96 their life, but there must have been a number of years, ILLUSTRATIONS nelumbialis; larva, Fig. 18 88 Bolis nelumbialis; moth, Fig. 19 88 probably several hundred, when they increased more rap- Gladiolus Turicensis, Fig. 20 89 idly in diameter than they have during the last quarter of The Waverly Oaks 95 A Simple Plant Protector, Fig. 9x a century. The appearance of the trees justifies this sup- position. They are still healthy, and are growing with con- The Waverly Oaks. siderable vigor; but there can be no doubt that their period of most rapid development has passed, or T' HERE is in Belmont, one of the suburbs of Boston, that, while they may continue, with proper care, to live and formerly a part of the ancient town of Water- and increase slowly for centuries perhaps, they will grow town, a group of Oaks which has come to be known in less rapidly now than they did one or two hundred years recent years as the Waverly Oaks, from the village near ago. But after making all due allowance for differences which they stand. These Waverly Oaks are, all things in the rate of growth at different periods in the existence considered, the most interesting trees in eastern Massachu- of these trees, it is safe to surmise that the youngest of setts, and although there are larger Oaks in New England them had attained to some size before the Pilgrims landed and in the Middle States, a group containing so many large on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, and that the oldest trees is not often seen now anywhere in eastern America. was at that time a tree of some size. There are in this group twenty-three large Oaks and one The ponderous lateral branches of these trees, reaching large Elm growing on an area of two or three acres. The out in every direction, shows that they grew up in the Oaks are all White Oaks, with the exception of a single open ground, which must have been cleared four or five Swamp White Oak. They occupy mainly the slopes of a hundred years ago, if, indeed, the dry and gravelly soil terminal moraine, along the base of which flows Beaver ever produced any other forest growth contemporaneously Brook, the "Sweet Beaver, child of forest still," sung by with these Oaks. Lowell. The Waverly Oaks are well known to all Boston- The Waverly Oaks grow within a few hundred yards of ians interested in nature, and strangers not infrequently the station at Waverly, on the Boston & Fitchburg Railroad, make the pilgrimage to Belmont to look upon these ven- on a piece of ground directly opposite the property of the erable products of Massachusetts soil. It is strange, there- trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, occupied fore, that so little has ever been printed about these trees. by the country home of that institution. The whole region Emerson, the historian of the trees of Massachusetts, makes no reference to them. Piper, who wrote of the trees of Messrs. L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks, of West Medford, who are engaged paring for publication an account of some of the most remarkable Elms and other America, and who lived not very far away, in Malden, trees of Massachusetts, obligingly send the following measurement. of the largest of the Waverly Oaks, which stands on a steep slope: At five feet from the lower seems to have overlooked them, and traveled all the way side, twenty-one feet six inches at five feet from the upper side, sixteen feet six to Stowe to find his typical New England White Oak. Brown, inches. There is a difference of several feet in the height of the ground at the upper and at the lower sides of this tree, and our measurement of acv. another Massachusetts man who published books about enteen feet three inches, taken at three feet and a half from the ground on the trees, passed them by without a word. The poets and lower side, is perhaps as correct as any measurement can be made. Other meas- urements of Massachusetts White Oaks sent us by Measrs. Dame and Brooks are philosophers of Cambridge and Concord, who doubtless seventeen feet eight inches for the Oak: Bernardston; twenty-four feet five inches for the Oak at Boyleston: fifteen feet ten and a half inches for the Avery Oak at Ded- often passed by Beaver Brook, make no mention of its ham; fourteen feet one inch for the Elliott Oak at Natick: and thirteen feet seven great trees, which first appear in print, , apparently, in 1881, inches for the Topsfield Oak. These measurements are all made at five feet from the ground. A White Oak recently cut on the estate of Peter C. Brooks, Esq., of in Harper's Magarine, where Mr. F. H. Underwood, writing West Medford, Massachusetts, measured at eight feet from ground eight feet of James Russell Lowell, speaks of them on page 262 as ten inches, and had approximately 200 layers of annual growth, as counted by Dame and Brooks. the only group of aboriginal trees standing on the Mas- Mr. John Robinson, in his account of the "Woody Plants of Essex County, Mas- sachusetts coast" statement to which some exceptions sachusetts," gives the following measurement of White Oaks The Topsfield Oak, in 1875, had a circumference one foot from the ground of nineteen feet seven might be taken. The Committee on Grounds of the Mas- inches the same trunk measured sixteen feet eleven inches at three feel from the ground, and twelve feet eleven inches at five feet from the ground. Two White sachusetts Horticultural Society visited the Waverly Oaks Oaks on the Burleigh Farm, in Danvers, measured respectively nineteen feet and on the 28th of June, 1884, and the chairman, Mr. J. G. Bar- seventeen feet ten Inches, both measurements being made at the ground, the first measuring thirteen feet six inches at six feet from the ground and the second ker, joined to its report printed in the transactions of the twelve feet at five feet from the ground. 86 Garden and Forest. [FEBRUARY 19, 1890. is undergoing rapid development, and houses are spring- is 61°. No such coolness is to be found along the thousand ing up on every side. The establishment of a small public miles of monotonous sand beach which front the Atlantic park at this place, which need not exceed three or four south. of the Gulf of Maine; and though the coolness of the acres in extent to accomplish this object, would protect the waters of the gulf precludes most persons from sea bathing. this freshness of the air will always.be an irresistible attraction trees from the dangers which now threaten them, and to many thousands of dwellers in hot cities. Again, in con- would make a valuable and interesting public resort within trast with the southern sea-beaches, the scenery of the Maine walking or driving distance of the homes of a very large coast is exceedingly interesting and refreshing. The mere number of people. map of it is most attractive. Beginning at Piscataqua River, a deep estuary whose swift tides flow through an archipelago Mr. J. G. Lemmon, the accomplished botanist of the of rocks and small islands, the shore is at first made up of low California State Board of Forestry, discusses the problem ledges forming ragged points, connected by sand or pebble of forest fires in the seventh bulletin issued by that board. beaches, where farmers gather rock-weed after storms. Sea- he says, "a common observation that forests are ward lies a group of dangerous rocks, the Isles of Shoals. Beyond the tortuous outlet of York River and the Short and usually bordered by a fringe of saplings and these by Long Sands of York, Cape Neddick and Bald Head lift high points and patches of seedlings all apparently flourishing rocks toward the sea, and behind them rises Agamenticus finely and promising a material enlargement of the forest Hill, a conspicuous blue landmark sometimes visible from area; and scarce an instance is known where an edge of Cape Ann, in Massachusetts. Low and sandy coasts succeed, a forest is dying off by the natural course of events. The fronting the old towns of Wells and Kennebunk. Cape Por- question arises, is this a normal attribute of forest-growth, poise follows, a confused mass of rocky islets, salt marshes or of forest-development? Did they always thus try to and tidal flats; then more long and short beaches, a lagoon called Biddeford Pool, the mouth of Saco River barred by its expand, or has some change occurred to them or their en- washings from the White Hills, more beaches, and so to Cape vironment that now enables them to increase their peri- Elizabeth, a broad wedge of rock pushed out to sea as if to phery? The answer to the problem is contained in the mark the entrance to the land-locked harbor of Portland. two English words-Indian fires. The Indian desired Thus far the coast is sufficiently rich in varied scenery-in open prairies and intervals for his game, that latter might shores now high, now low, now wooded and now bare, now find better forage thereon, and also that he might the bet- gentle and now rough first thrust seaward in rocky capes, ter mark them for his arrows. With the retirement of the then swept inland in curving beaches, and now and again Indian and the suspension of the annual forest and prairie- broken by the outlets of small rivers. Cape Elizabeth ends this scenery, and introduces the voyager to a type still more fires, the forests freely expand, and it is well known that intricate, picturesque and distinctive. Casco Bay, with its young forests are covering large areas of the eastern many branches running inland and its peninsulas and islands United States, and it is believed that the great diluvian stretching seaward, is the first of a succession of bays, thor- plains of the central west and of the Pacific slope might in "oughfares" and 'reaches' which line the coast almost all time be covered with trees, if the practice of modern agri- the rest of the way to Quoddy. The ragged edge of the main- culturists did not serve to prevent their growth, desirable land becomes lost behind a maze of rock-bound islands, and or otherwise. More than all the destructive processes of appears but seldom where the surf can strike it. The salt water penetrates in deep and narrow channels into the very the lumbermen, and the close grazing of the flocks and woods, ebbs and flows in hundreds of frequented and unfre- herds of the stock raiser, is the ruin of the fire fiend; and quented harbors, and enters into countless hidden nooks and against him the blazing forests, the menaced settlements coves and narrows. Sand beaches become rare, and great and the ruined inhabitants of California appeal to citizens and small sea walls" of worn stones or pebbles take their generally and legislatures especially for instant and ade- place. Islands, islets, and ledges both dry and sunken, are quate protection." It is by fires, as Mr. Lemmon points strewn on every hand. The tides flow among them with in- out, that young seedlings are destroyed utterly, and usu- creasing force, and the fog wraps them from sight more and ally the saplings are killed off, not consumed, while on a more frequently as the Bay of Fundy is approached. Great cliffs are rare until Grand Manan is reached, and high hills section of country from which the whole tree-growths come down to the sea only by Penobscot Bay and at Mount have been removed after a fire, weeds and brambles will Desert; but, on the other hand, the variety of lesser topo- not come in until many years after. And how shall the cry- graphic forms is very great. In Casco Bay, for instance, the ing evil of forest fires be stopped, where is the remedy, rocks trend north-east and south-west, and all the crowded and who shall apply islands run out into reefs in these directions. Penobscot Mr. Lemmon is not the first thoughtful observer to Bay presents wide stretches of open water divided by well ask these questions. The answer, perhaps, is wise legis- massed islands, but still preserves a fine breadth of effect: and these islands differ greatly in form and character, accord- lation, but legislation will be usèless unless it rests on ing as they are built of hard and glaciated granite or public sentiment; and public sentiment in this country will of altered stratified rocks. The border bay of Passama- not save the forests until the popular mind is more highly quoddy is distinguished by fine headlands, which terminate educated than it is to-day upon all subjects relating to the islands, generally lower than the heads. In like manner the forests and their value to the nation. sounds and fiord-like rivers differ much from each other. For instance, the Kennebec River is extremely narrow, and The Coast of Maine. many bold knobs of rock turn it this way and that; but the neighboring Sheepscot is fully three miles broad at its mouth, FROM Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, and this noble width contracts utslowly; while the Penobscot the broad entrance of the Gulf of Maine is two hundred above the Narrows takes on such a gentle appearance as to be miles wide, and it is one hundred miles from each of these hardly recognizable as a river of eastern Maine, the general capes to the corresponding ends of the coast of Maine at Kit- pect of this part of the coast being distinctly wild and untamable. tery and Quoddy. Thus Maine squarely faces the wide open- Doubtless the raggedness of the rocky shore is the first ing between the capes, while to the east and west, beyond cause of the almost forbidding aspect of the region, but the her limits, stretch two great offshoots of the gulf, the bays changed character of the sea-coast woods is a second cause. of Fundy and of Massachusetts, The latter and lesser bay Beyond Cape Elizabeth, if capes and islands are wooded at all, presents a south shore built mostly of sands and gravels in it is with the dark, stiff cresting of Spruce, Fir or Pine, fringed beaches and bluffs, and a north shore of bold and enduring perhaps with Birch and Mountain Ash. Near Kittery fine rocks, both already overgrown with seaside hotels and cot- Elms and even Hickories may be seen on the open shore, but tages. The Bay of Fundy, on the other hand, is little resorted there is a gradual dying out of many familiar species as the to for pleasure. Its shores in many parts are grandly high and coast is traversed eastward. Thus Holly and Inkberry, bold; but its waters are moved by such rushing tides, and its together with Prickly Ash, Flowering Dogwood and Sassafras, coasts are so frequently wrapt in cold fogs, that it will doubt- are not seen near the sea north of Massachusetts Bay. White less remain comparatively an unfrequented region. Cedar, after following the coast all the way from the Gulf of Along the coast of Maine, stretched for two hundred miles Mexico, dies out near Kittery. York River is said to see the last from bay to bay, scenery and climate change from the Massa- Buttonwoods, Saco River the last Chestnuts, and the Kenne- chusetts to the Fundy type. At Boston the average tempera- bec the last Tupelos and Hickories. Conversely, this coast ture of July is 70° at Eastport, at the farther end of Maine, it has its many forerunners of the flora of the far north. While FEBRUARY 19, 1890.] Garden and Forest. 87 the White Pine is met with all along shore north of New Jersey, booming land company has hastily divided and sold its rough the Red Pine first appears by Massachusetts Bay and the Gray ledges in rectangular lots, whose lines bear no relation to the Pine by Mt. Desert. The Arbor-vitae is first met with near forms of the ground, so that houses cannot be well placed. the Kennebec. The Balsam Fir and the Black and White The squalid aspect of the public parts of these settlements, the Spruces show themselves on no coasts south of Cape Ann, and shabby plank walks and the unkempt roadways, are other do not abound until Cape Elizabeth is passed. It is the black- causes of reproach. The houses themselves, if cheap, are too ness of these dwarf coniferous woods which, with the desola- often vulgarly ornamented, and if costly, are generally absurdly tion of the surf-beaten ledges and the frequent coming of the pretentious. Even the government, which has lately been re- fog, impresses the traveler with the fact that this is a really building many of the light-house keepers' dwellings, has sub- wild and sub-arctic shore, where strange red-men's names stituted for the simple, low and entirely fitting structures of a for islands, capes and rivers-names such as Medomak, Mus- former generation, a thin-walled and small-chimneyed type of congus, Pemaquid, Megunticook, Eggemoggin, Moosabec and house, such as is common in the suburbs of our cities. One Schoodic-seem altogether fitting. of these perched on a sea cliff is an abomination, and might The human story of the coast of Maine is almost as pictur- well have illustrated the mournful remark of a recent writer in esque and varied as its scenery. This coast was first fre- the Atlantic Monthly, who pointed out that American indiffer- quented by stray French fishing vessels, and first scientifically ence to beauty cannot be caused by the newness of our civ- explored by Samuel de Champlain, whose narrative of his ilization, for when this was still newer we built both more adventures is still delightful reading. Fruitless attempts at appropriately and picturesquely than we commonly do now. settlement followed, led by French knights at Saint Croix, by Again, in the treatment of the ground about their houses, English cavaliers at Sagadahock and by French Jesuits at Mt. the millionaires of Bar Harbor are quite as apt to err as are the Desert: all of them years in advance of the English Colony of humbler cottagers of Squirrel Island. Smooth lawns, made of New Plymouth. Then followed a long period of fishing and imported soil, and kept green only by continual watering, fur- fur trading, during which Maine belonged to neither New nish a means of displaying wealth, but they cannot be fit- France nor New England, and a genuine border warfare was tingly united with scenery which is characterized by rough the result. Two rival Frenchmen also fought and besieged ledges and scrubby woods. On this rough coast level grass each other in truly feudal fashion at Penobscot and Saint John. will please when it is joined to a house and enclosed by walls. Again, while the long French and Indian wars lasted, this In the open ground it can hardly ever be in keeping. Similarly coast saw more fighting. The older settlements west of Cape incongruous are flower-beds scattered over rocky and uneven Elizabeth were sacked several times, and even the English ground, set between the trunks of Pitch Pines, or perched on stronghold at Pemaquid was captured; but the forest allies of the tops of whaleback ledges; and yet such things are com- the French Baron Saint Castin were beaten in the end. The mon sights at Bar Harbor. numerous French names for points on the eastern coast bear The real danger of the present situation is that this annual witness to the long French occupation; as for instance, Grand flood of humanity, with its permanent structures for shelter, and Petit Manan, Bois Bubert, Monts Déserts and Isle au may 80 completely overflow and occupy the limited stretch Hault, and Burnt Coat, apparently English, but really a mis- of coast which it invades, as to rob it of that flavor of wildness translation of the French Cote Brule. and remoteness which hitherto has hung about it, and which No Englishmen settled beyond Penobscot until after the in great measure constitutes its refreshing charm. A surf- capture of Quebec; and when they did, they, as Yankees, had beaten headland may be crowned by a lighthouse tower with- to take part in still more fighting in the wars of the Revolution out losing its dignity and impressiveness, but it cannot be and of 1812. The settlers first fished and hunted, then cut hay dotted with frail cottages without suffering a woeful fall. A on the salt marshes and timber in the great woods, and in lonely fiord shut in by dark woods, where the fog lingers in later years took to ship building, and later still to stone quarry- wreaths, as it comes and goes, loses its charm whenever even ing and ice harvesting, and, near Rockland, to lime burning. one bank is stripped naked, and streets of buildings are sub- These works are still the business of the coast. Even hunt- stituted for the Spruces and Pines. A few rich men, realizing ing is carried on at certain seasons in the eastern counties, this danger, have surrounded themselves with considerable where deer are still numerous. All the large Pine and Spruce tracts of land solely with the intention of preserving the of the shore woods have been cut; but Bangor still sends natural aspect; and at least one hotel company, by buying down Penobscot Bay a fleet of lumber schooners every time almost the whole of the wild island of Campobello, has saved the wind blows from the north and as for fishing, fleets for the patrons of its houses a large region of unspoiled of more than two hundred graceful vessels may often be seen scenery. The readers of GARDEN AND FOREST sta in need of in port.together waiting the end of a storm. no argument to prove the importance to human happiness of It was about 1860 that what may be called the discovery of that refreshing antidote to city life which fine natural scenery the picturesqueness and the summer-time healthfulness of the supplies, nor is it necessary to remind them that love of beauty coast of Maine took place. Only the beaches of the western and of art must surely die if it be cut at its roots by destroying quarter of the shore were at first occupied by hotels ; but when or vulgarizing the beauty of nature. "Men cannot love art well the poor hamlet of Bar Harbor leaped into fame through the until they love what she mirrors better," says Mr. Ruskin. resort to it of a few well known landscape painters, it became The United States have but this one short stretch of Atlantic evident that the whole coast was destined to be a much fre- sea-coast where a pleasant summer climate and real pictur- quented summer resort. At present, York, Kennebunkport, esqueness of scenery are to be found together. Can nothing Biddeford Pool and Old Orchard Beach, together with the be done to preserve for the use and enjoyment of the great Casco Islands, Booth Bay, Camden, Mt. Desert and Campo- unorganized body of the common people some fine parts, at bello, are a few of the more populous neighborhoods but least, of this sea-side wilderness of Maine? It would seem as summer hotels are now scattered all along the shore, and if the mere self-interest of hotel proprietors and land-owners colonies of summer villas of all grades of costliness occupy would have accomplished much more in this direction than many of the more accessible capes and islands. Thus there it yet has. If, for instance, East Point near York, or Dice's are many cottages at York, and the islands near Portland are Head at Castine, or Great Head near Bar Harbor, should be fairly covered with cheap structures. Squirrel Island in Booth fenced off as private property, all the other property-owners Bay is another nest of small houses, and Bar Harbor sum- of the neighborhood would have to subtract something from mer city surrounded by a multitude of very costly and elabo- the value of their estates. And, conversely, if these or other rate wooden palaces. The finest parts of the coast are already like points of vantage, or any of the ancient border forts, were controlled by land companies and speculators, while the preserved to public uses by local associations or by the com- natives' minds are inflamed by the high prices which the once monwealth, every estate and every form of property in the worthless shore lands are now supposed to command. neighborhood would gain in value. Public-spirited men would The spectacle of thousands upon thousands of people able doubtless give to such associations rights of way, and even to spend annually several weeks or months of summer in lands occasionally, and the raising of money for the purchase healthful life by the sea-shore is very American and very of favorite points might not prove to be so difficult as at pleasant, and the impartial observer can find but two points first it seems. The present year should see, all up and down about it which are in any considerable degree discouraging or the shore, the beginning of a movement in the direction here dangerous. The lamentable feature of the situation is the indicated. In many parts of the coast it is full time decisive small amount of thought and attention given to considerations action was taken, and if the State of Maine should by suitable of appropriateness. and beauty by the builders and inhabitants legislation encourage the formation of associations for the of the summer colonies of the coast. Indifference in these purpose of preserving chosen parts of her coast scenery, matters works ill results everywhere, but nowhere is lack of she would not only do herself honor, but would secure for the taste quite so conspicuous as on the sea-shore. Both corpora- future an important element in her material prosperity. tions and individuals are guilty on this head. More than one Boston. Charles Eliot, APRIL 29, 1896.] Garden and Forest. 171 GARDEN AND FOREST. produce the highest effect because details which are essen- tial to its completeness have.be omitted or some incon- gruous feature has been included. It is not to be expected PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY that a park line which follows property lines between private owners will include all that is essential and exclude. THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. what is not essential to its highest value. A sad example of this is to be found in our own city, where large park OFFICE: TRIBUNE BUILDING, New YORK. areas have been purchased with their boundary lines estab- lished by chance or, at least, without any serious study Conducted by Professor C. S. SARGENT. of their actual significance. Considerable care was exer- cised. in the purchase of metropolitan park lands for the greater Boston, and yet we find in the report of Messrs. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST-OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot that many amendments in the boundaries of all- these reservations need to be made. A NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 29, 1896. strip of land is added here to permit the construction of a boundary road without injuring a row of fine trees a winding tongue of land is added there to give access to TABLE OF CONTENTS. the same park from an important highway a triangle is added here and a sliver of land is added there, an irregular PAGK. EDITORIAL ARTICLE -Park Work near Boston 171 and useless tract is restored to its owner in another place- Some Native Orpamental Grasses.-II H. Kearney, Dr. 172 Spring in the Pines Mrs. Mary Treat. 173 in short, the whole ground has been subjected to a thorough FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCK:-Lond Letter W. Watson. 173 study, so that whatever is essential to the charm of the place NEW OK LITTLE-KNOWN PLANTS Mrs. Pierpont Morgan. (With figure.) 174 CULTURAL DEPARTMENT -Orchid Notes Robert Cameron. 176 may be retained, and every facility for reaching it by The Cultivation of Nepenthes G. W. O. 176 cheap and rapid transportation provided. Flower Garden Work E. O. Orpet. 177 Chrysanthemums. T. D. H. 177 Meanwhile it is to be noted that no haste is made toward Early Spring Flowers F. N. Gerard. 177 Tulipa sylvestris N. 7. Rose. 178 building substantial stone-filled and graveled carriage- CORRERPONDENCE:-Madison Square Again. (With figure.) H. A. Capara. 178 roads through the reservations. It is true there are road- Early Wild Flowers in Southern California E.D. Sturievant. 178 Early April in Southern California imogene E. Johnson. 179 ways now existing and others which have been built under RECENT PUBLICATIONS 17 the authority of local superintendents, and these, to a cer- NOTES :Ho ILLUSTRATIONS:-Rose Mrs. Pierpont Morgan, Fig. 28 tain extent, have opened the reservations to the driving Proposed Plan of Madison Square, Fig. 29 public, but it is admitted that these roads do not exhibit the scenery of the reservations as advantageously as it ought Park Work near Boston. to be exhibited and asit will beshown in the future, and they possess bad grades and bad lines. Nevertheless, before a 1893 the Legislature of Massachusetts passed an act comprehensive scheme of permanent roads can be studied which enabled the cities and towns surrounding Boston it is certainly better to adopt the plan of the Commission to cooperate with that city in securing open spaces for the and avoid all expensive constructions. The money availa- use of the public, and the Metropolitan Park Commission ble for such wheelways is well devoted to the clearing out was created to select and control these spaces. To the of new walks and bridle-paths, and marking them with original Commission of Inquiry when it was making a pre- guide-posts, until the completion of the study may make it liminary study of this great park system the landscape- possible to give the permanent carriage-ways their best architect reported that long and continuous open areas, to location. be of the greatest benefit to the whole population of the These reports furnish salutary reading for all persons who metropolitan district, ought to be situated (1) on wooded think that the sole, or even the chief, work of a landscape- and rocky hills (2) along brooks and rivers, and (3) by architect or a professional designer of parksi to make pretty the shores of the Bay and the sea. This thought, sug- pictures of flowers, and grass; and shrubs- and trees. or to gested by the geography of the district, has been steadily erect structures for merely ornamental purposes. Unfor- adhered to, and all the reservations created by the Com- tunately, too many laudscape-gardeners have no more mission belong to one of these three classes. In the report elevated professional ideals than this. They do. not recog- of the landscape-architects for 1895, published not long nize the fact that true art is not the servant of some tem- ago, it is stated that the areas now or soon to be controlled porary fashion, but something that is to endure, and must, by the Commission include more numerous large pleasure- therefore, have a permanent basis in the necessities and grounds than are governed by any public authority in aspirations of human life. In these immense areas of North America, with the exception of the Governments of rugged hills and wooded slopes, sunny glades and spark- the United States and Canada. They comprise the Blue ling watercourses, the greater Boston has acquired a prop- Hills reservation, five miles long; the Middlesex Fells erty in scenery which has.a positive and inestimable value reservation, two miles square Stony Brook reservation, for the health and refreshment of the people whose lives two miles long; Charles River reservation, including the must be passed in the noise and confusion and rectangular semi-public river-banks, five miles long the Mystic Valley ugliness which seem to be the essential conditions of life parkway, two miles long, and the Revere Beach reserva- in thickly crowded cities. It is evidently not the pur- tion, three miles long. The development of a work of such pose of the designers to trick out the noble features of magnitude has more than a local interest, and the annual these northern landscapes with exotic vegetation or with reports of the landscape-architects, as they give a record of incongruous bits of architecture, but to restore and re- the progress of the work and unfold the design, make a tain, as far as possible, the original poetic charm of series of documents of the highest value to all who are the place, which is its essential value. Balustrades and interested in providing recreation-grounds for a large pop- terraces and parterres of flowers or any other artificial ulation. ornaments are sorry substitutes for a real woodland walk To descend to the details of the work reported during or a group of noble trees like the Waverly Oaks, or a- look the year just passed it is to be noted that the chief atten- over the restless sea. It is real nature and not affected tion has been given to revising the boundaries of the pub- naturalism that soothes the city-wearied spirit and has a lic lands. Commissioners who purchase land for public genuine sanitary effect upon a mind harassed with busi-- use are not in the habit of making any serious study of ness cares. Among these wild hills and shady defiles and boundary problems, nor are they adequately equipped, as extended views the active business man is furnished with a rule, to settle them intelligently, and therefore almost the most certain relief from that nervous exhaustion, which every park in this country is disfigured or, at least, fails to comes from the excitement and stress of city life, and the 172 Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 427. poor can find that refreshment which the rich secure by panicle tinged with bronze and purple. In the Appalachian expensive travel and luxurious establishments in the coun- region D. flexuosa is not infrequent, dwelling upon rocky try. Public pleasure-grounds are possessions of rare value ledges. The slightly bending panicle is of a chestnut-brown when treated with the full knowledge that they are to color, and has a certain delicate grace that makes it a very meet the elementary wants of the human soul by men attractive plant. who have a reverent love for nature, and whose primary The group of grasses known to botanists as the tribe aim is to develop the latent possibilities of the scenery on Chloridex comprises more showy and ornamental species its poetic side and make these kindly influences accessible than almost any other. Some of the species of Chloris, to all. They are more to be prized, shall we say, than the genus from which the tribe takes its name, are culti- great cathedrals or libraries or museums of science or art. vated for their beauty. They are easily recognized by their flower-clusters, consisting of slender spikes digitately ar- IN the report of the landscape-architects for the Park ranged like those of the common Crab-Grass. In Florida Department of the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, the two species, C. glauca and C. Swartziana, are notable for most interesting portion is that which relates to the Cam- their elegance. They are smooth, glaucous plants with bridge Field, a rectangular playground, which is to have a brownish spikes. C. elegans in the arid region of the central building as a meeting-place and shelter from show- south-west is a showy grass with densely bearded white or ers, a band-stand, a check-room for deposits of clothing, pinkish spikes. The Grama or Mesquit grasses of the skates and other articles, closets and wash-rooms, and a prairies and the still drier region to the south are all of counter for the sale of light refreshments, etc. Inasmuch them pretty. Among them, Bouteloua breviseta, a rare as experience has proved that whenever such a playground western Texan species with rigid stems and leaves and is treated in a makeshift way people are apt to abuse it, it short spreading spikes, is particularly ornamental. Not is urged that the finish should be of the best, with arrange- less so is B. prostrata, which grows in tufts spreading out ments ample and attractive, so that as soon as it is open it on the ground, and bears short, curiously curled spikes. will become a success and will help to form good habits in Some of these small Gramas would be good plants for the people who frequent the place. After explaining that edgings. the cost of maintaining the central building would be prac- The Toothache-Grass, Ctenium, of moist Pine-barrens tically nothing, because some worthy person would take in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, owes its popular the position of caretaker without any other pay than the name to a reputed virtue of its pungent root-stock. It is an privilege of selling refreshments, sharpening skates, etc., odd grass and a handsome one, Its brown spikes are the landscape-architects add: wide-spreading when young, but as they mature they curve inward, after the manner of a wounded centipede. Believing as we do in the great practical usefulness and value of the proposed building, we have, as you know, made This is one of our few fragrant grasses, the older plants it the central and dominating feature of our design for the having an odor like that of the Balm of old gardens. whole field. In rural parks, buildings are rightly kept subor- Among the Melic-Grasses, Melica, there are some pretty dinate to the scenery and to this end they are often given species. The unarmed Nodding Melic, M. nutans, whose picturesque forms, such as blend easily with the foliage. In slender clusters of nodding whitish and purplish spikelets such parks buildings are best when half-concealed or even are to be seen in May on river bluffs in the eastern states, hidden. In a confined, level, formal and generally rectilinear is worthy of mention. M. spectabilis, found in the Rocky public ground, like Cambridge Field, buildings should cer- tainly, so it seems to us, both stand forth openly and possess Mountain region, has large showy, red-tinged spikelets and a dignified architectural character. A rural cottage would be culms with a bulb-like base. One of the few of our native as incongruous in a formal square as a classic mansion would grasses sometimes seen in cultivation is Uniola latifolia, a be in a rough New England pasture. If, therefore, the Com- truly beautiful plant with broad leaves of a singularly rich mission cannot afford at this time to set up an appropriately green and drooping panicles of flattened spikelets. It is a substantial architectural structure, we would suggest that build- native of river-banks in the eastern states, especially south- ing be for the present postponed. The site allotted to the ward. It has a preference for rich soil. Sea Oats, Uniola building on the plan may be kept open, and the two necessary but temporary small closet buildings may be conveniently paniculata, is of quite a different aspect. Its stems and placed in the spaces which are marked on the plan as intended leaves are rigid and glaucous. The whitish panicles are for the children's and girls' playgrounds. We are quite sure very conspicuous, and are sometimes gathered and dried that this course will prove wiser than would be the immediate for winter bouquets. Sea Oats is found from Virginia to construction of any building which would not correspond in Texas on ocean beaches, where its strong root-stocks do style and appearance, as well as in use and convenience, with good service in holding the drifting sands. The common the general plan for the Field. Reed, Phragmites communis, is one of our largest and We are glad to know that a building of dignified charac- showiest grasses, much resembling the closely related ter has been designed and that work will begin on it at Arundo Donax. It abounds in the coast marshes, where it once, and we agree with the landscape-architects that such grows with Cord-Grass, and about inland lakes and ponds. a house will so enhance the value of the Field to all who It deserves a place in every park or pleasure-ground where may frequent it, and particularly for women and children marsh or water plants can be grown. Another grass suit- and babies, that it will more than repay its first cost. able for cultivation in aquatic gardens is the Reed Meadow- Grass, Glyceria aquatica, a large species often growing in Some Native Ornamental Grasses.-II shallow water. It grows wild across the continent north- ward. Water-fowl relish the seeds, which are produced in M OUNTAIN RICE, Oryzopsis membranacea, is a re- great quantity, and fish are said to eat them. markably pretty grass, with large open panicles of Squirrel-tail Grass, Hordeum jubatum, is a handsome white, silky, hairy spikelets. In the Rocky Mountain region, grass with lustrous pale green or purplish spikes. On ac- whereitabounds, it is esteemed as one of the Bunch Grasses. count of the long awns or beard it is sometimes a trouble- One of the plants that have received the name of Hair- some weed. It is quite an ornamental grass, but has a Grass is Muhlenbergia capillaris. It is impossible to ex- great drawback in the tendency of the spikes to break up aggerate the beauty of this plant with its red-purple, as the seed ripens. This habit, perhaps, once existed in hair-like panicles that bend before the lightest breeze. the related Barley, but has been cured by long cultivation Muhlenbergia Texana, a species inhabiting the dry plains and selection. Arundinaria macrosperma, the Big Cane of of the south-west, has a similar, but much smaller, panicle. the southern states, is our only woody grass. It is not a Tussock-Grass, Deschampsia caepitosa, native of the handsome plant-is decidedly unsightly, in fact. But, as cooler parts of both hemispheres, is a rather elegant grass. it forms almost impenetrable thickets, it might be useful Especially so is a variety found in the mountains of Colo- for hedges and wind-breaks where the climate is sufficiently rado and Wyoming, with tufts of short fine leaves and a mild and the soil is sufficiently moist. OCTOBER 21, 1896.] Garden and Forest. 421 GARDEN AND FOREST. were they taken here and there because some one had land to dispose of, or because some association of property- owners clamored to have their district recognized. A PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY comprehensive and well-balanced system was carried out THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. because professional advice was taken at the outset-that is, just when it was most needed. In an early volume of this OFFICE: TRIBUNE BUILDING, NEW YORK journal the fact was recalled that when Messrs. Olmsted & Vaux planned Prospect Park, they suggested that the ocean beach ought to be made the terminus of a great Conducted by Professor C. S. SARGENT. parkway which should take Prospect Park in its course, and then, sweeping through the rich country behind what ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST-OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. was the city of Brooklyn and linking together a chain of small parks, be thrown across the East River from Ravenswood and carried into Central Park and onward NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 21, 1896. to the north through a system of sylvan roads, or across the Hudson from the head of Riverside Drive over a bridge TABLE OF CONTENTS. which is sure to come, to be connected with the heights of PAGE Bergen, the Palisades and the Orange Mountains. This EDITORIAL ARTICLE:-Park Lands and their Boundaries 42% magnificent scheme could have been carried out for a rea- Is Indian Corn Growing Wild in America Robert P. Harris. 428 Reforesting Waste Lands in Holland John Gifford. 423 sonable sum and made complete by the year 1900, and FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE:-Notes on Orchids W. Watson. 423 NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN crenata. (With figure) C.S. 424 even then, with all the park-land subsequently acquired, CULTURAL DEPARTMENT:-The Flower Border in Autumn Wm. Tricker. 474 our park area, in comparison with our population, would Hardy Plants for Forcing D. Hatfield. 426 The Ácacías. be less than that of London now is. N. F. Rose. 426 Notes from the Santa Monica Forestry Station. John H. Barber. 426 Our cities are increasing in population more rapidly than Notes on Watsonias W. E. Endicott. 427 California Irises F. N. Gerard. 429 the country, and there is more need of public parks every The Japanese Wineberry M. Barker. 427 CORRESPONDENCE:-Alongour Roadsides L. F. Horner. 487 year. But we are beginning to realize that these open Notes from Botanical Garden at Smith College Edward F. Canning. 427 spaces are quite as necessary to the life of a civilized city Asparagus Rust G.E. Stone. 428 THE FOREST:-TH Burma Teak Forests.-XI Sir Dietrick Brandis. 428 as its school system, or a good water-supply, or art gal- RECENT PUBLICATIONS 428 leries or libraries. There is likely, therefore, to be less I'TIONS:--Flowers and Fruits at the American Institute Fair.-II. 429 NOTES 430 trouble in securing the land now, even though it is much ILLUSTRATION :-Rhamnus crenata, Fig. 56 125 more costly than it was twenty years ago. The danger is that the grounds will be selected by men who have given Park Lands and their Boundaries. no thought to the interests involved, and who do not real- ize how complicated a matter it is to provide for the varied I N a late number of the New England Magazine, Mr. wants of a great population. It is not enough to appoint Charles Eliot gives an outline sketch of the park system a commission of worthy citizens who begin their work of Boston and its adjacent cities, with a map showing the with a cloudy notion that about so many acres are reservations proposed and actually made for this metro- needed for recreation-grounds, and who then set them- politan district. Within a radius of eleven miles from the selves to adjusting the claims of rival east-side and west- State House there are thirty-seven distinct municipalities, side associations or up-town or down-town interests. An containing a population of a million and property worth a individual park ought to be an organized work of art. A thousand million dollars. Of course, some of these com- system of parks requires still more study if it is wisely munities have parks of their own, and they have acquired adapted to the varied wants of all classes and all ages, with land for securing a pure water-supply, but it became plain to facilities for every form of outdoor recreation. thoughtful people that without cooperation of e-different Just here the example set by Boston should be a model towns and cities the- time was at hand when all the for every city. Professional advisers were appointed before water-front along the rivers or the sea, and all the broad an acre was bought. They were consulted not only in a areas of woodland or meadow which would be desirable general way as to the selection of park sites, but, after for public use, would be built over or appropriated for busi- making a complete study of the whole question, they selected ness purposes. The wise plan was, therefore, devised of the sites and worked out their boundary In this city we establishing a metropolitan park commission. In addition have several so-called parks in the annexed district which to the parks of Boston, Quincy, Cambridge, Lynn and others are not yet parks in any sense of the word, but simply already existing, this board has selected a dozen other sites areas of land which are to be at some time converted into for some peculiar fitness of their own or because they are parks. No study has been made of those lands, and when necessary to supplement the others and connect them into they were purchased the shape of the territory was a a system and the map now shows that there is no part of matter of slight consideration. No doubt, a careful exam- the district which is not provided with open spaces and park- ination of any one of them would show that some half- ways according to its needs. We have had occasion, hith- dozen acres adjacent to, but outside of, its present limits erto, to speak of the singular wisdom displayed in choosing would be worth ten times as much as many another certain of these reservations for special purposes. Twenty area of the same size within the park. No cursory minutes from the heart of the city there is a curving beach examination of land, even by a skilled park-maker, is ade- of sand three miles long and fronting the open sea. This quate to solve questions like this. What any park boun- splendid beach is now free to the people, while on the high dary ought to exclude and include can only be deter- ground behind it is a driveway from which there is to be mined after long and serious study. The fundamental a clear view eastward, since every obstruction between it and mistake here was made in purchasing this land before the shore is to be removed. The Charles River is to be expert counsel was taken. There is no need of haste in turned into a water parkway. The Blue Hills reservation, constructing our new parks, but certainly if they are to five miles long, takes in the highest land and the most serve their highest purpose some attempt at designing impressive scenery in the entire district. The Lynn should be made before the surrounding property multiplies Woods contain two thousand acres of picturesque forest in value. It ought not to be forgotten that after the land land. The Middlesex Fells, the Hemlock Gorge, the for Central Park was purchased, the approaches at the Fifth Waverly Oaks, Stoney Brook, are all particularly valuable and Eighth Avenues, which were essential to give some in themselves and for their position to furnish outing dignity to its entrances, had to be secured at enormous grounds to the growing population of Greater Boston. expense, and very costly, too, were the blocks added at the These reservations were not selected by chance, nor northern end of the park, which were found necessary to the 422 Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 452. completion of the design. Certain it is that the topographi- grain. Indian corn is Indian grain distinctively, as cal survey of these parks ought to be delayed no longer, the Indians had no other. They had beans, squashes, for contour maps will be needed before even an intelligent pumpkins, gourds and melons, but wheat, rye, oats and study of them can begin. barley belonged to the Old World, and had to be imported. New York is not the only city which has committed this The Indians grew Corn over a wide range of country and fundamental error, and the mistake will be repeated over wherever the climate was adapted to it. and over again until it is understood that a large part of Cultivation has done wonders with this grain both in its the usefulness of a public park depends upon the selection form and color, so that now we have, perhaps, a hundred of its site, and that a park with a well-chosen site, and varieties. The plant varies from a foot and a half to fifteen with boundaries intelligently defined, is half-designed. It fect in height, and the cars from two inches to sixteen is an unpleasant fact that there are but few skilled park- inches in length. We find in modern Indian growths ears makers in the United States, but if one can be secured by that are of a uniform gamboge-yellow, white, black, blue a municipality which is about to provide itself with public and red, besides mixed colors. We have also several pleasure-grounds, no counsel of such an artist can be of varieties of Pop Corn, Sugar Corn and Field Corn. Most greater use than that which he gives before a foot of land of the Corn grown by Indians is in small rounded grains, is bought. except that of the Cliff-dwellers, who appear to have been, in a measure, an agricultural people. Their cobs were thin Is Indian Corn Growing Wild in America? and their grain in rows, but the individual grains were larger and square ended. Indented Corn seems also to M ANY years ago researches were made to establish have been known among them. the fact that Maize belonged exclusively to this Every people must have a drink, and if the process of country, and was of American origin. It was believed in distillation is unknown they resort to fermentation. Primi- 1837 that the plant in its wild state was extinct, and thus tive American races made a drink out of corn, analogous one of the strongest arguments to prove it indigenous was to beer, by fermentation of the ear in its green state or lost. No evidence. be found in Europe, Asia or Africa after it had dried. This was intoxicating to a certain ex- to show that the plant existed prior to the voyages of tent, but, fortunately, much less so than the modern distil- Columbus, in 1492, or Pizarro, in 1498. Both of these late from the same grain. The drinking-mugs of the navigators saw it growing, and we have now reason to Cliff-dwellers bear testimony to their having had this habit. believe that the Indians and Incas made use of the grain Great improvements have been made by the white race many years before these visitors arrived. We have corn in growing this cereal, and one of the chief of these is in that has been preserved for several hundred years, and it the diameter of the cob, which has been made to hold as may have been grown over a thousand years ago. In a high as twenty-four rows. From four to six ears have been dry state this grain appears to be indestructible, and have grown on one stalk, and ears produced of very remarkable in my possession some Peruvian corn that is certainly sev- length. Sugar Corn was introduced in 1779, and now it eral hundred years old; it is dry and friable, is of a red and Pop Corn have entered into the race, and larger varie- color, and yields a white meal. It was buried with a so- ties are being produced. The commercial variety known called mummy prior to the year 1555, and how long before as Turkey Corn" is not a Maize, and does not bear its history does not tell. Peruvian corn was in small ears, grain on an ear, but on the top, in the tassel, as the Broom from three to six inches long, and bore grains pointed on Corn does. Turkey Corn is about eight feet high and bears the top, not in rows, but somewhat imbricated. It was a small, rounded grain, which is either white or pinkish in evidently far removed from the wild stock. the east it is known by the name of Dura. The Turks and Primitive Corn, or Wild Corn, which has been found in Egyptians grow Indian Corn, it is true; but it was origi- several different regions of this continent naturally repro- nally obtained from America. Turkey Corn and Maize have ducing itself, has a character of growth that fits it for long often been confounded by botanical writers. Bié de preservation in a mild climate, although, if planted and Turquie" is a distinctive grain. cultivated a few years, all the characteristics of wildness Indian Corn in its wild state has been found in Ari- gradually disappear. The cobs of Wild Maize are thin and zona, southern Texas, the valley of Mexico and Central hard, covered.w lines of mushroom-shaped elevations, America. Rocky Mountain Corn I have known a long each having a wire-like pedicel growing from the top, period of time; it has very small ears. Corn has been attached to a glume enclosing a small pointed grain, or a found growing wild in the valley of Mexico, and one of flat grain smaller than any pop corn. These kernel-husks the professors in the University of Mexico has been experi- overlap each other toward the point of the ear, like the menting with it, and has the engraving of a plant which shingles on the roof of a house. The imbrications are grew about five feet high. Wild Corn has also been largest and longest at the butt of the ear, and gradually grown at the Landreths', near Bristol, to whom it was become less pronounced as they advance in distinct rows sent from Arizona. The last I have seen was found by to the point. The individual glumes are from an inch to Dr. Williams, of Houston, Texas, when on a hunting ex- two inches long, and are much longer than this where the pedition in the southern part of that state. It is a white grains are not fertilized, particularly if the entire ear is of flint of fair size, and fifteen stalks have only produced four this character, as is proved by a specimen in my collection. ears, which grew on two of the stalks. The plant is a very Over these imbrications is the outside husk as we have it in all cultivated Corns. Of course, the barn and the corn-crib vigorous grower, but it is not productive, and eight stalks grown in Texas did not produce a single ear, soon make winter protection by the glumes unnecessary. Philadelphia, Pa. Robert P. Harris. Originally there may have been but one variety of Corn, and it was attached to a mild climate; but, judging from [Indian Corn with glumes to each kernel is not rare, analogy and the effects of cultivation, we are of the opinion Usually, when this is planted, something like fifty per cent. that there were subvarieties, and in them the grains were of the ears produced have kernels without husks, which of a different color and the glumes striped. The Incas and fact suggests that it is a sport or strain of ordinary Field Indians had different varieties of Corn, and grew ears of Corn. If Maize has been found naturally reproducing itself several colors, some uniform and others mixed, but their where it could not have escaped from cultivation or have cobs were thin and sometimes the ears quite short, Six been produced from dropped seed, this certainly is a most varieties of the Wild Corn found growing in infrequented interesting fact--a fact so important, indeed, that botanists localities have been described, five of which I have seen, will feel inclined to scrutinize the evidence closely before and several of which have been grown. All have pedicels adopting the view that this Wild Maize is a survival of the attached to the glumes, and the glumes imbricated, prehistoric form, and not a reversion of cultivated Corn The word corn, in many languages, simply means toward the primitive type.-ED.] Jamacia Plain Historical Society - Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Aboretum Page 1 of 3 1987 JAMAICA PLAIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY Previous Article Next Article Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Aboretum Francis Parkman's neighbor across the ancient Perkins Street was Ignatius Sargent, a Boston merchant and banker. He received his business training with Perkins & Co., whose senior partner James built his summer house Pinebank on the Pond in 1806. Ignatius rightly scented profits in the railroads that were just starting and added much to the already substantial Sargent fortune via the Boston & Albany Railroad. In his Brahmin family tree were Saltonstalls, Brooks, Winthrops and Everetts. Boston & Albany Railroad station, South Framingham, Massachusetts. Sargent began summering on the Pond in 1847 to be near the Perkinses, and by 1852 he lived there year round. He bought his first acreage in 1845, until by 1873 his estate of 130 acres straddling the Brookline/Boston line was completed. Among these was the 20-acre plot of the estate of Thomas Lee, who had in 1800 begun the trek of Bostonians to Jamaica Pond for rural retreat. Lee also began the tradition of simple rambling landscape, which the Sargents carried on. Ignatius' second son, Charles Sprague Sargent, was born in 1841 and grew up on the estate named Holm Lea - from the Norwegian/Swedish for 'Inland Island Pasture.' After a lackluster career at Harvard with no education in the natural sciences (though it was available) Charles graduated in the Class of 1862 and enlisted in the Union Army later that year. He saw service in Louisiana, was mustered out in 1865 and then traveled in Europe for three years. Returning to Holm Lea, Charles Sprague Sargent had no idea of what he wanted to do and, for lack of nothing better took over the management of Holm Lea as its horticulturist - a calling then in its infancy. In this he was influenced by his cousin Henry and H.H. Hunnewell of Wellesley. With his money, self-education in botany and its application at Holm Lea, and his father's business training, the younger Sargent used the estate as a springboard and training ground. http://jphs.squarespace.com/people/2005/4/14/ignatius-sargent-and-the-arnold-aboretum.html 5/4/2005 Jamacia Plain Historical Society - Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Aboretum Page 2 of 3 Holm Lea was sold after Sargent's death in 1927 and cut up into luxurious house lots, and its former appearance faded. It had been described as a place tempting visitors under overhanging branches with lanes clothed with a profusion of trees and shrubbery. There were no flower beds, no gardens, no geometric schemes but rather nature under control, allowed to follow its way. If Holm Lea sounds like a description of the Arnold Arboretum, it is because both are the creation of the same man. Visitors to the Arnold Arboretum walk past an expanse of Mountain Laure in bloom on Hemlock Hill. C. 1900. Photograph courtesy of Francis Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University. By wondrous coincidence Harvard University finally decided to use the vast remainder of the Bussey bequest in Jamaica Plain for an arboretum in 1872. After a year as Professor of Horticulture at the nearby Bussey Institute on South Street (1871-72), Francis Parkman - never a healthy person - resigned and probably suggested his young neighbor as a successor. By the end of 1872 Sargent also became the first Director of the Arnold Arboretum (a post held until his death) and Director of the Botanic Garden in Cambridge (long since given up). http://jphs.squarespace.com/people/2005/4/14/ignatius-sargent-and-the-arnold-aboretum.html 5/4/2005 Jamacia Plain Historical Society - Ignatius Sargent and the Arnold Aboretum Page 3 of 3 Bussey Institute Sargent's activities for Harvard in Cambridge and Jamaica Plain are easily found elsewhere, but Holm Lea remained among his activities as well. Before the Arboretum's familiar Administration Building was erected in 1893, he kept the records at an empty house in Holm Lea. In addition, Sargent came of age as a dendrologist and published voluminously. His influence was felt nationally on the conservation of American forests (in particular the Catskills and Adirondacks). Locally he and Olmsted often teamed up, even for the tree pattern on Commonwealth Avenue. John Muir, California's noted naturalist, visited Holm Lea and noted: "This is the finest mansion and grounds I ever saw. The house is 200 feet long with an immense veranda trained with huge flowers and vines and stands in the midst of acres of lawns, groves, wild woods of pine, hemlock, maple and beech hickory. There are all kinds of underbrush and wild flowers, acres of rhododendrons 12 feet high and a pond covered with lilies. All the ground, hill and dale, waves clad in the full summer dress of the region and is trimmed with exquisite taste." Even by the standards of Boston society of the last century, Charles Sprague Sargent was unusual. Unlike his neighbors, the Quincy Shaws, he had nothing to do with local government and the social ills of his era. Like his father, Sargent was colder than cold roast-beef Boston society, a stern lord of his manor, and always at work during his waking hours. Yet his ways prompted keen loyalty in his co-workers, and his permanent legacy is the Arnold Arboretum for all to enjoy. If not a social lion in his lifetime, Charles Sprague Sargent spent his existence with an eye on the future. In a ceremony appropriately held on the Arbor Day, after Sargent's death Governor Fuller planted a white spruce on the grounds of the State House in Sargent's memory, complete with a plaque. He remarked, "Professor Sargent knew more about trees than any other living person. It would be hard to find anyone who did more to protect trees from the vandalism of those who do not appreciate the contribution that they make to the beauty and wealth of our nation." Charles Sprague Sargent had definitely found his mark with an everlasting legacy, even if the Holm Lea he knew is no more. Written by Walter H. Marx Sources: Brookline Public Library, Sargent file; Encyclopedia of National Biography; S. Sutton, "Charles Sprague Sargent & the Arboretum," Harvard, 1970; Arnold Arboretum, Sargent Papers, 14 boxes. Reprinted with permission from the August 13, 1993 Jamaica Plain Gazette. Copyright © Gazette Publications, Inc. View Printer Friendly Version Email Article to Friend 1997-2005 Jamaica Plain Historical Society Box 2924 . Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130 . (617) ) 522-1150 . www.jphs.org Site Design by Coffeegirl Studios. http://jphs.squarespace.com/people/2005/4/14/ignatius-sargent-and-the-arnold-aboretum.html 5/4/2005 Beatrix Farrand- "Landscape Gardener" Page 4 of 5 The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Sargent motivated Farrand to travel as much as possible SO that she could learn from some of the great works of the world. Sargent encouraged Farrand to study landscape paintings, to analyze natural beauty, and "to learn from all the great arts, as all art is akin" (Patterson, p. 1). Beatrix Farrand preferred to be called "landscape gardener" rather than a landscape architect. Sargent became Beatrix's mentor and was the person that suggested she study landscape gardening. Shortly after this meeting, Beatrix went to live at the Sargent's home in Brookline, Massachusetts. At the arboretum, she studied botany. Sargent taught Beatrix the basic concepts of landscape design, as well as how to stake out and survey a piece of land. Sargent imparted to Beatrix the idea that "plan" should fit the ground. One should never attempt to change the ground for the plan. (Balmori 2, p. 17) Farrand heeded this advice in her design plan for Dumbarton Oaks (Dumbarton Oaks, Site Plans, no. 3). Sargent was not Farrand's only mentor. Gertrude Jekyll was also an important influence on Beatrix. When Beatrix traveled abroad with her mother in 1895, Farrand set out in England to meet Gertrude Jekyll. Although the two did meet, there were no continued meetings or correspondences. Beatrix continued to read Jekyll's books. Part of Jekyll's influence on Beatrix involved Jekyll's intense emphasis on the value of nature. Jekyll believed in using native materials and was known for her subtle use of color. In Jekyll's book, Some English Gardens (1904), she wrote, " I am strongly for treating garden and wooded ground in a pictorial way." In Farrand's own work, Jekyll's influence can be translated in the harmonious and subtle blending of the plants chosen. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA99/hall/Dumbartonoaks/farrand_dum.html 7/16/2004 Beatrix Farrand- "Landscape Gardener" Page 5 of 5 Although Dumbarton Oaks may be considered Farrand's best work, she completed many works all over the United States. For the Rockefellers (Nelson and David Rockefeller's mother), she designed The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Garden in Seal Harbor, Maine between 1926-1929. Here many Buddhist influences can be seen. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA99/hall/Dumbartonoaks/farrand_dum.html 7/16/2004 Directions to the Arnold Arboretum Page 1 of 1 When You Visit Directions to the Arnold Arboretum By Public Transportation Take the Orange Line to the Forest Hills Station. The Arboretum's Forest Hills Gate is a one-block walk northwest along the Arborway from the station. Refer to the map of the MBTA subway. You can also take #39 bus to the Monument stop in Jamaica Plain. From there, walk five blocks south along Centre St. to the intersection with the Arborway (Rte. 203). The Hunnewell Building is located inside the Main Gate. By Car from Boston and Cambridge Take Storrow Drive to the Fenway/Park Drive exit. At the top of the ramp, follow signs to the Riverway, which becomes the Jamaicaway and then the Arborway. Follow signs to the Arnold Arboretum, located at the junction of the Arborway (Rte. 203) and Centre St. (Rte. 1). By Car from Route 95/128 From either the North or the South, exit onto Rte. 9 east. Follow Rte. 9 for 7 miles to the Riverway. Exit to your right onto the Riverway (Rte. 1 South) toward Dedham and Providence. Follow signs along the Riverway, Jamaicaway and Arborway to the Arboretum, located at the intersection of Centre St. (Rte. 1) and the Arborway (Rte. 203). By Car from the Southeast Expressway (Rte. 93) From either the North or South, take Exit #11 (Granite Ave./Ashmont) onto Rte. 203 West. Follow Rte. 203 through Dorchester, past Franklin Park to the Arnold Arboretum. The Arboretum is on your left just beyond the Forest Hills Subway Station. At the rotary (near the western edge of the grounds) turn left at the lights, go around the rotary 360 degrees onto Rte. 203 in the opposite direction. The main gate will be on your right, 50 yards beyond the rotary. A Map of the MBTA Hours and Rules of the Arboretum main living education ICLS visiting The President and Fellows of Harvard College http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/ Updated 13-Oct-98 ATH http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/dir.htm 5/28/2002 12/18/2020 Oakes Ames (botanist) - Wikipedia WIKIPEDIA Lambridge Historical Society Proceedings article led me to O.Ames. Oakes Ames (botanist) Oakes Ames (/ermz/; September 26, 1874 Oakes Ames - April 28, 1950) was an American biologist specializing in orchids. [1] His estate is now the/Borderland State Park in Massachusetts, He was the son of Governor of Massachusetts Oliver Ames and grandson of Congressman Oakes Ames. Contents Life and career The Glass Flowers References External links Born September 26, 1874 U.S. Life and career Died April 28, 1950 (aged 75) Ames was born into a wealthy family from Ormond Beach, North Easton, Massachusetts, the youngest Florida, U.S. son of Anna Coffin Ray and Governor Oliver Ames. At age fifteen, he collected his first Nationality American orchids in Easton. He was educated at Alma mater Harvard University Harvard University, receiving his A.B. in Scientific career Biology in 1898 and his A.M. in 1899 in Botany. He married Blanche Ames (no Fields Botany relation) in 1900, resulting in her married Institutions Harvard University name of Blanche Ames Ames. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakes_Ames_(botanist). 1/5 12/18/2020 Oakes Ames (botanist) - Wikipedia Ames spent his entire professional career at Harvard. As administrator, he was Assistant Director (1899-1909) and Director of the Botanic Garden (1909-1922); Curator (1923-1927), Supervisor (1927-1937), Director (1937-1945), and Associate Director of the Botanic Museum (1945- 1950); Chairman of the Division of Biology (1926-1935) and Chairman of the Council of The Oakes Ames estate is now Botanical Collections and Supervisor of the Borderland State Park Biological Laboratory, the Atkins Garden in Cuba, and the Arnold Arboretum (1927- 1935). As teacher, he was an instructor in botany (1900-1910), associate professor of botany (1915-1926), professor of botany (1926-1932) and Arnold professor of botany (1932-1935). From 1935 to 1941 he was a research professor of botany. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1911. [2] The Orchidaceae were little-known before Ames' study and classification. He made expeditions to Florida, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and Central and South America, with his wife Blanche Ames Ames creating scientifically accurate drawings of the plants they cataloged. The Ames' work was published in the seven-volume Orchidaceae: Illustrations and Studies of the Family Orchidaceae. They also developed the Ames Charts, illustrating the phylogenetic relationships of the major useful plants, which are still used. Ames most notable accomplishment is building an extensive orchid herbarium, with library, photographs, and paintings, which he gave to Harvard in 1938. Today the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames contains about 131,000 specimens, plus 3,000 flowers in glycerine, 4,000 pickled specimens, and hundreds of line drawings. Its library includes about 5,000 books, reprints, and journals. This orchid Herbarium would eventually be integrated into the larger Harvard University Herbaria as Ames succeeded Professor George Lincoln Goodale as the director of Harvard's Botanical Museum (now the Harvard Museum of Natural History) in 1923 [3][4] The Glass Flowers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakes_Ames_(botanist 2/5 12/18/2020 Oakes Ames (botanist) - Wikipedia As the museum's second director, he oversaw the final stages of the creation of the famous Glass Flowers collection, exchanging a letter with the patron sponsor of the enterprise, Miss Mary Lee Ware during her second trip to Dresden, Germany in 1908 visiting Rudolf Blaschka, one of the Flowers' makers. [5][6] This missive to Professor Ames was published on January 9, 1961 by the Harvard University Herbaria - Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University Vol. 19, No. 6 - under the title "How Were The Glass Flowers Made?" and details some of Miss Ware's observations regarding Rudolf. [7] However, Prof. Ames was not as passionate regarding the project as Goodale had been, and began his tenure as Goodale's successor with a letter of grave concern to Mary Ware: I enclose a letter just received from Mr. Blaschka. This letter disturbs my peace of mind to its depths. It is unnecessary for me to explain why. We have discussed the situation at length. I have thought again and again about our future relations with Mr. Blaschka. Perhaps I am stupid in being at a loss for a solution of the problem. I do not see how we can throw aside a man who has become SO much a part of our scheme of things. Yet, how can we avoid the danger of allowing kindness to misguide us? I will go on thinking about possibilities. [8] Why exactly he was disturbed is unknown, but Ames found his solution in what he referred to as "Economic Botany", asking Rudolf Blaschka to make glass Olea europaea (Olive) and Vitis vinifera (Common Grape Vine), a request which Rudolf answered with alacrity and became a series of glass fruits in both rotting and edible condition. [9] However, Prof. Ames continues to exchange letters with Miss Ware discussing the project, namely the quality and speed of production as Rudolf ages, discussions which on Ames' part vary from controlled excitement to continued concern regarding the project and Rudolf's continuing ability to produce in a satisfactory manner. That said, in 1924 he wrote to Miss Ware to note to great success of the Glass Flowers overall: "You ought to be very happy in the realization that your great gift is one of the outstanding attractions of the country. But Tom Barbour certainly looks a bit disgusted when visitors to the Agassiz Museum asks if the giraffe is made of glass. [10] References Citations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakes_Ames_(botanist). 3/5 12/18/2020 Oakes Ames (botanist) - Wikipedia a 1. "AMES, Oakes"(https://books.google.com/books?id=l-wRAAAAYAAJ&pg=P A26). The International Who's Who in the World. 1912. p. 26. 2. "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A" (http://www.amacad.org/publicati ons/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf) (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 17, 2011. 3. The Orchid Library of Oakes Ames - http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/oakes_am 4. Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries (Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium (AMES)) - http://huh.harvard.edu/pages/oakes-ames-orchid-herbarium-ames 5. Schultes, Richard Evans., William A. Davis, and Hillel Burger. The Glass Flowers at Harvard. New York: Dutton, 1982. Print. 6. Daston, Lorraine. Things That Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science. New York: Zone, 2004. Print. 7. Ware, Mary Lee. "HOW WERE THE GLASS FLOWERS MADE?" Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 19, no. 6 (1961): 125-36. - https://www.jstor.org/stable/41762212 8. Oakes Ames Correspondence: Botany Libraries, Archives of the Economic Botany Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria 9. Oakes Ames Correspondence: Botany Libraries, Archives of the Economic Botany Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria 10. Oakes Ames Correspondence: Botany Libraries, Archives of the Economic Botany Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria 11. IPNI. Ames (http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviatio =Ames). Bibliography Donovan S. Correll, Review of Oakes Ames. Jottings of a Harvard Botanist by Pauline Ames Plimpton and George Plimpton. Brittonia, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun. 1980), pp. 276-278. JSTOR 2806802 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl e/2806802) Karl Sax, "Oakes Ames, 1874-1950", Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 31, pages 335-337. Borderlands: Oakes Ames (http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/northeast/brochur es/bord/oakes.htm) Harvard University: Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium (http://www.huh.harvard, edu/collections/oakes.html) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakes_Ames_(botanist) 4/5 12/18/2020 Oakes Ames (botanist) - Wikipedia External links Papers of Oakes Ames : an inventory (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARC H:hua08003) (Harvard University Archives) Letter in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1918: A Finding Aid. (http://nrs.harv ard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch01009) Schlesinger Library (https://web.archive.org/web/20041016004838/http://ww w.sfbg.com/lit/march00/smile.html), Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Oakes Ames (1874-1950) Papers (http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/arch lives/AMES.html) The Orchid Library of Oakes Ames (http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/oa kes_ames.htm) How Were The Glass Flowers Made? (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176221 2) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Oakes Ames_(botanist)&oldid=980765460' This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 09:32 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakes_Ames_(botanist) 5/5