17 Fresh Pond Parkway Cambridge 30 April, '16. hap Dear Mr Dorr: I have just sent you c/o the Cosmos Club the following night letter:- When you see President Wilson about creating National Monument at E. Desert please assure him that as summer resident there for thirty-five years and President Trustees Public Reserva- tions I endorse project in general and in detail, and believe that Monument would be of high permanent value to whole country." The Maine Senator must not adduce political considerations - local or other. We wish you complete success. Sincerely yours, Charles W. Eliot George B. Dorr, Esq. Charles Eliot, "Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect" Page 1 of 2 fit UNERSTEY OF 8/02 MASSACHUSETTS PRESS Showse by Subject trowse by Author Book Series Google about placing orders on 01 Google Search ADD TO CART VIEW CART ( Home Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect About UMass Press In the News Charles W. Eliot Introduction by Keith N. Morgan Place an Order CHAR Bonksteres ELIO Libraries A classic biography of a pioneer in the field of landscape Individuals architecture Overseas Orders Contact Us The history of the profession of landscape architecture in the United States is still obscure to most people, even landscape Staff Directory practitioners. One of the most important figures in this field Sales Representatives Customer Service was Charles Eliot, whose story is told in this richly detailed biography. It was written by his father, the president of Harvard information for Authors College, in 1902, a few years after Eliot's death at age thirty- Information for Media eight from spinal meningitis. Rights and Permissions Like his colleague and partner Frederick Law Olmsted Sr., the younger Eliot was a FAQ: enormous talent and energy, and a major force in the profession. He emerges from Site Index text as a brilliant though melancholy young man with a passion for travel, history, a natural landscape. Included are passages from Eliot's travel writing, professional correspondence, and public reports, which bear witness to the range of his interests intellect. Eliot pioneered many of the fundamental principles of regional planning and laid the Copyright © 2001 conceptual and political groundwork for The Trustees of Reservations, the first state University of Massachusetts, conservancy in the country. He played a central role in shaping the Boston Metropo Amherst. Produced and maintained by the System, designed several public and private landscapes, and wrote prolifically on a University of Massachusetts Press. topics. His early death robbed the profession of one of its brightest lights. This is an official page of the University of Massachusetts Amherst In a new introduction, Keith N. Morgan offers a critical reading of Eliot's life and con Campus. to the fields of landscape architecture and regional planning. Morgan fills in the gap Eliot's father and offers many insights into an important chapter in American landsc history. UMASS The book includes 110 illustrations and two large fold-out maps that show the distri public open spaces in metropolitan Boston in 1892 and 1901. Charles W. Eliot was president of Harvard College from 1869 to 1909. http://www.umass.edu/umpress/fall_99/eliot.html 11/27/2001 Charles Eliot, "Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect" Page 2 of 2 Keith N. Morgan is professor of art history at Boston University. Landscape Architecture / New England 826 pp., 110 illustrations 2 fold-out maps LC 99-21373 $50.00s cloth, ISBN 1-55849-212-7 1999 A volume in the American Society of Landscape Architects Centennial Reprint Serie. Published in cooperation with the Library of American Landscape History about placing orders on our SE ADD TO CART I VIEW CART I C Home I Browse by Subject I Browse by Author I Book Series I Electronic Books About UMass Press I In the News I Placing Orders I Contact Us Information for Authors I Information for Media I Rights & Permissions Frequently Asked Questions I Site Index http://www.umass.edu/umpress/fall_99/eliot.html 11/27/2001 Charles W. Eliot: The Manthis Beliet's ad. William Allen Neilson. vols. THE MAN AND HIS BELIEFS Harpert 8.02 true democracy will be glad he does, recognizing 1926. that his superiority does not obstruct or lessen the happiness of the common people, but rather pro- THE APPRECIATION OF BEAUTY motes it. Nevertheless the democratic goal is the happiness of the common mass. THE ultimate object of democracy is to increase Among the means of increasing innocent the satisfactions and joys of life for the great mass pleasurable sensations and emotions for multitudes of the people-to increase them absolutely and of men and women, none is more potent than the also relatively to pains and sorrows. In other cultivation of the sense of beauty. Beauty means words, the final aim of government by people for a thing enjoyable. It must always be something the people is to increase to the highest possible which excites in human beings pleasurable sen- degree, and for the greatest possible number of sations and emotions. Beauty is infinitely various, persons, the pleasurable sensations or cheerful and it is omnipresent. It is accessible, therefore, to feelings which contribute to make life happy, and all men in all places and in all moods; and its infinite to reduce to the lowest terms the preventable evils value for pleasure and content only waits on the which go to make life miserable. The reduction development of the capacity in human beings to feel of evil is an indirect benefit. The direct way to pro- and to appreciate it. mote that public happiness which is the ultimate The enjoyment of beauty is unselfish. When one object of democracy is to increase the number, solitary man feels it, he does not, by his own enjoy- variety, and intensity of those sensations and ment, deprive any other creature of the same emotions which give innocent and frequently re- felicity; on the contrary, in most instances his curring pleasure. This increase of well-being enjoyment is much enhanced by sharing it with should take effect on the masses of the democratic sympathetic souls. The child who enjoys, she population; although the select few, who possess knows not why, the exquisite forms and colors of unusual capacity or good-will, will inevitably get a single pansy does not shut out other people from more than their proportional share of the general experiencing the same sensations at sight of the well-being. The natural and genuine leader, dis- same pansy; and she finds her pleasure only in- coverer, or superior person cannot but get unusual creased when father and mother and playmates satisfactions out of the benefits he confers; and a share it with her. When, at rare intervals, the Delivered by President Eliot of Harvard University at the snow-clad Mount Rainier reveals itself, touched by opening of the Albright Gallery, Buffalo, N. Y. Published in the rays of the setting sun, to far-off Seattle, the "The Critic," August, 1905. Copyright, 1905, G. P. Putnam's Sons. enjoyment of the solitary street-sweeper who has 554 first noticed it is only enhanced when the people 556 CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT THE MAN AND HIS BELIEFS 557 run out of their houses to enjoy the magnificent To that list it is time to add the cultivation of the spectacle. In their spiritual effects xesthetic sense of beauty, or rather to interfuse that cultiva- pleasures differ widely from pleasures, like those tion systematically with every item on the list. The of eating and drinking, which are exhausted on the Puritan, establishing himself painfully on the east- individual who enjoys them. The happiness of ern rim of the wild continent, thought rather of loving things beautiful is in a high degree a social duty than of beauty, and distrusted pleasurable sen- form of happiness; and it is the aim of democracy sations and emotions as probably unworthy of a to develop social happiness, as well as individual. serious soul, not looking for happiness in this life It is undeniable that the American democracy, but only in the next; and to this day his descendants which found its strongest and most durable springs and followers, spreading across the broad conti- in the ideals of New England Puritanism, has thus nent, pay far too little attention to the means of far failed to take proper account of the sense of promoting public happiness. They seek eagerly beauty as means of happiness, and to provide for material possessions and the coarser bodily satis- the training of that sense. On the main gate of factions, but are not at pains to discover and make Harvard University there stands this inscription, available the emotional and spiritual sources of taken from "New England's First Fruits," a little public and private happiness. It is therefore an book published in London in 1643: interesting inquiry how the sense of beauty, and the delight in the beautiful, are to be implanted, After God had carried us safe to New England, cultivated, and strengthened among the masses of and we had builded our houses, provided neces- the American population. saries for our livelihood, reared convenient places The oldest and readiest means of cultivating for God's worship, and settled the civil govern- ment, one of the next things we longed for and the sense of beauty is habitual observation of the looked after was to advance learning and perpetu- heavens, for which the only things needed are ate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate the open sight of the sky and the observing eye. The minister to the churches when our present minis- heavens are always declaring "the glory of God." ters shall lie in the dust. The noblest poetry of all nations celebrates the That sentence still describes the main objects majesty and splendor of the sky. Fsalmist, which present themselves to the minds of the pres- prophet, and artist draw thence their loftiest teach- ent generation of Americans when they settle a new ings. Sun, moon, and stars, sunset and sunrise, region, or reconstruct an old one-houses, liveli- clouds tossed and torn by wind, floating or driving hood, churches, civil government, and education; mists and fogs, snow, rain, and the clear blue are all and still that order of development commonly pre- phenomena of the sky which will afford endless de- vails, except that education is nowadays put earlier. lights to him who watches them. The dweller on 558 CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT THE MAN AND HIS BELIEFS 559 the prairie or the sea has the best chance at the sky; poppies, or in a forest, or in the millions of equal and the dweller in narrow streets, hemmed in by tall ripples on a sunlit lake. Over every landscape hangs buildings, has the worst. This obstruction of the the sky, contributing lights and shadows, brilliancy sight of the sky is one of the grave evils which beset or sombreness, perfect calm or boisterous windi- a modern urban population. City people run about ness.) The ear shares with the eye the beautiful at the bottom of deep ditches, and often can see effects of weather on landscape. The rushing of only a narrow strip of the heavens. Fortunately the storm through the narrow valley, the murmur- the loftiest structures reared by man are not SO high ing tremor of the pines in the gentle breeze, the but that a moderate open area in the midst of a rustling and bowing of a field of corn in an August closely built city will give a prospect of large sec- gale, the clatter of palmettoes in a wind, the rattle tions of the heavens. This is one of the great of pebbles on a beach dragged down by the retiring things gained for an urban population by accessible wave, the onset of a thunder shower, are delights open spaces, such as parks, commons, marshes, and for the ear as well as the eye. For such implanting reaches or ponds of water. and developing of the sense of beauty in the minds Next to observation of the sky as a means of of urban populations, a large new provision has developing the sense of beauty comes observation been made by many American cities during the past of the landscape. (Landscape includes innumerable twenty years; and this movement is still gathering and very various objects of beauty; for it includes force. It will result in great gains for public hap- beauty of form, of texture, of color, and of lustre. piness. Thus, the contours and surfaces of hills and valleys Democratic society is not favorable to the crea- present infinite variety of beautiful form.) Some fields tion and permanent holding of great parks and and pastures are convex in form; others-and these forests by enduring families, a process which often are the more beautiful-are concave. (The plant and procured important advantages for the public in tree growths which cover portions of these surfaces feudal society.) The king, the prince, the cardinal, also present extraordinary varieties of color and or the court favorite held great estates which texture. Threads or sheets of water add silver might easily descend through many generations, un- sheen or lustrous blue or gray.) In some landscapes diminished and well maintained. The whole com- it is a single object like Niagara which absorbs the munity could enjoy in some measure the landscape attention; in others it is a group of objects as in the beauty thus created and preserved. Under demo- Garden of the Gods in Colorado or the Yosemite cratic legislation and custom it is difficult to trans- in California while in others the multitudinous mit from generation to generation great private multiplication of the same object is the interesting holdings in land. It is therefore fortunate that the feature, as in a field of wheat or of California democracy has already decided that it will itself 560 CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT THE MAN AND HIS BELIEFS 561 own and preserve for public uses large tracts of buildings. If we could always get in our public land. Public ownership will provide in our country buildings the beauty of good proportion and of the forests, parks, river-banks, and beaches which pleasing decoration, what an addition to the every- will give the urban and suburban populations access day enjoyment of the population would such good to landscape beauty. Another means of increasing the enjoyment of architecture give. To pass a noble building every beauty, which has of late years become commoner day in going from the home to the workshop makes in our country than it used to be, is the cultivation an appreciable addition to the satisfactions of the of flowers and flowering shrubs in houses or house- citizen. To go to school in a house well designed lots, and in gardens both public and private. This and well decorated gives a pleasure to the pupils cultivation is a very humane and civilizing source which is an important part of their training. To of enjoyment. It is usually a pleasure shared with live in a pretty cottage surrounded by a pleasing others-even with the passers-by,-and it is as en- garden is a great privilege for the country-bred joyable on the small scale as on the large for the child. The boy who was brought up in a New Eng- individual planter and tender. One of the encour- land farmhouse, overhung by stately elms, ap- aging signs about American systematic education proached through an avenue of maples or limes, is that school boards and teachers are beginning to and having a dooryard hedged about with lilacs, see the utility of school gardens. "How Plants will carry that fair picture in his mind through a Grow" was the title of one of Asa Gray's best long exile, and in his old age revisit it with delight. books. The place to teach that subject is not the In regard to public buildings, however, it is all- lecture room or the laboratory, but the garden plot. important that they should be not only noble in de- It is said that the first art a barbarous people sign, but also nobly used or occupied. When a just develops and fosters effectively is architecture. and kindly rich man builds a handsome palace for Shelter is a primary necessity; so the earliest arts himself and his family, his lavish expenditure does and trades will provide shelters. For the worship no harm to the community, but on the contrary pro- of their gods all peoples try to rear imposing struc- vides it with a beautiful and appropriate object of tures. The American people, if we study them all sympathetic contemplation. But when a knave or a across the continent, seem to mean that their best gambler lives in a palace, the sight of his luxury and buildings shall be schoolhouses and libraries,-cer- splendor may work injury to the lookers-on. It is tainly not a bad choice. They are also ready to the same with regard to public buildings. Their pay for costly buildings for the use of government occupation or use must be noble, like that of a -national, state, or municipal-each citizen hav- Gothic cathedral. They must harbor honest men, ing some sense of individual proprietorship in such not rogues. They must be used to promote large 562 CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT THE MAN AND HIS BELIEFS 563 public interests, and must be instinct with public sentiment. Such pictures the Roman Church kept spirit. before millions of its worshippers for hundreds of The provision of public museums, like this beau- years. The modern painter has not yet seized on tiful structure whose opening we commemorate to- any subject of such supreme merit and universal day, is another means of educating the popular sense of beauty. By casts, prints, etchings, and availability. Since the church has had only a slight photographs a good collection trains the eyes of the aesthetic function in the United States, public col- people to appreciate beauty of outline, of light and lections have in America even greater importance shade, of symmetry and proportion. Vases and tex- than they have in Europe. tile fabrics supply instruction in color, lustre, and It is apparent from the tremendous influence of texture. For training the eye to the appreciation the passion of love that beauty in man, woman, and of beautiful compositions in color, good paintings child must yield a large part of the available mate- are necessary. Examples of the work of the great- rial for developing and training the sense of beauty est masters in color are, of course, very difficult to in the masses of the population. The attraction of obtain for exhibition in the United States; but a sex becomes efficient when the eye is delighted by few such objects in our best collections would have the color, form and grace of the beloved object. It an immeasurable value. Unfortunately our bar- is through the eye and the ear chiefly that we are barous legislation, taxing imported works of art, susceptible to beauty in man, woman, or child. The piles on the natural difficulties of our situation a lover's senses are all quickened and set on fire, and serious artificial obstruction. One of the great serv- his vital energies are magnified. His fancy and his ices of the Roman Church to the peoples of Europe power of attention become lively and keen; and, in has been the free exhibition, as altar-pieces, or as short, all his vital functions are made healthier and chancel and sacristy decorations, of many of the stronger. It follows from this almost universal ex- most admirable works of the leading painters of the perience that the enjoyment of beauty accompanies world. The favorite subject with these great paint- and announces a condition of health and vigor in ers for a church picture-the Holy Family-offered the human body and the human spirit, and that to the artist a large variety of human figures in a whatever promotes the public health, or in other compact group, namely, a mature man, a young words the habitual health of the multitude, will also mother, a baby, and a Saint Catherine or a Saint promote the development of the sense of beauty, John the Baptist, representing so many interesting and will multiply the pleasurable feelings which ac- stages of human life, with all the appropriate vari- company the observation of beauty. Whatever eties of facial expression, skin coloring, and graceful promotes the public health tends, therefore, to pro- garments, the whole permeated with lofty and holy mote that public happiness which the recognition 564 CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT THE MAN AND HIS BELIEFS 565 and study of beauty are fitted to procure for the of the Japanese in flowers, gardens, and groves, popular masses. and their skill in producing the most admirable It has sometimes been maintained that love of varieties of fine work in metals, pottery, and tex- the beautiful is an effeminate sentiment, which may tile fabrics have been the wonder of the Western fitly accompany delicacy, tenderness, and refine- world. Even the arrangement of cut flowers is for ment, but is not an attribute of manly vigor or of a them a high art; a garden or a grove is almost a pioneering, enterprising, and martial race. On one sacred place: and the production of a single beauti- Memorial Day not long ago I was watching from ful porcelain or bronze vase or bowl is an adequate my office window a post of the Grand Army of the reward for months of labor. This devotion to the Republic marching slowly to wailing music toward production of the beautiful is absolutely consistent the graves of their former comrades in Mount with the possession by the same race of the quali- Auburn Cemetery, which they were about to deco- ties which we commonly distinguish by such words rate with flowers. The friend who stood beside me as manly, sturdy, and heroic. We ought not to be said: "I cannot bear to hear this music or see surprised at this union of attributes. We ought these flowers. Both are beautiful, but both are too never to have imagined that the sense of beauty sentimental. They are bad substitutes for the stern, harmonized only with softness, fineness, or frailty unadorned gravity and resolution of our Puritan in the human being. The fact is that many beauti- forefathers." My friend was an intense patriot: ful objects are coarse, rough, stern, or fierce, like but in this dislike he was wrong. The love of the the sea, the thunder-storm, or the bare mountain beautiful is not inconsistent with reverence for crag. Beauty often results chiefly from fitness; in- honor, justice, and faithfulness unto death. Neither deed it is easy to maintain that nothing is fair ex- is it inconsistent with intense energy, and keen in- cept what is fit for its uses or functions. If the tellectual foresight and penetration, or with the function or the product of a machine be useful and martial virtues of courage, self-sacrifice, and tenac- valuable, and the machine be eminently fit for its ity. If we need a demonstration that love of the work, beauty will be discernible in the machine. beautiful and habitual cultivation of the beautiful An American axe is eminently fit for its function, are not inconsistent with the simultaneous posses- and it conspicuously has the beauty of fitness. A sion of the most effective and robust human quali- locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of ties, we may find it in the extraordinary artistic beauty, derived from its supreme fitness for its func- qualities of the Japanese as a race, qualities they tion. As functions vary, so will those beauties exhibit in conjunction with great industrial effi- which depend on fitness for function vary, from the ciency, remarkable sanitary wisdom, and an un- exquisite delicacy of the narcissus to the sturdy paralleled energy and devotion in war. The interest vigor of the oak. In cultivating the love of the 566 CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT THE MAN AND H beautiful we shall also cultivate the love and ap- tains. It is his struggle tow: preciation of the fit. makes his life a happy one. The best place to inculcate the love of the beau- which all the work of the c tiful is the schoolroom. To the rising generation done. Everybody should be 1 the most effective lessons can be given, and from the fection in his art, or trade, school millions of children will carry the lessons wards that idealization of dail to millions of homes. After reading, spelling, writ- beautiful leads us; and the ing, and ciphering with small numbers and in simple the love of the beautiful with operations, drawing should be the most important is short and smooth. common school subject. All children should learn When, therefore, the citizen how lines, straight and curved, and lights and in this beautiful park to de shades form pictures and may be made to express building and its collections to symmetry and beauty. All children should acquire they are commending to the by use of pencil and brush power of observation high example of private benefi and exactness in copying, and should learn through mote, in a wise and sound wa their own work what the elements of beauty are. ness. It is monstrous that the common school should give much time to compound numbers, bank dis- count, and stenography, and little time to drawing. It is monstrous that the school which prepares for college should give four or five hours a week for two years to Greek, and no time at all to drawing. The main object in every school should be, not to provide the children with means of earning a liveli- hood, but to show them how to live a happy and worthy life, inspired by ideals which exalt and dig- nify both labor and leisure. To see beauty and to love it is to possess large securities for such a life. In diffusing among the American population knowledge and appreciation of the fine arts, we shall also diffuse the artistic sentiment about labor. The artist is always working with mingled gladness and disappointment towards an ideal he never at- Cornell University Making of America Page 1 of 2 "I The Century. 40, # 4 (August, 1890). 556-565. 556 THE FORGOTTEN MILLIONS. We seldom stop to consider how hollow and with the butler. He is the melodramatic vil- what a sham it is to entertain those whom we lain of society. Give me a tidy girl, with 3. do not care for, and who do not care for us. clean calico frock and a neat little white cap Is this artificial nonsense so much coveted that that the height of my ambition ! Look at 11.07 we are to sacrifice the comforts of OUT lives to her! there she stands with a cheerful smile and obtain it? What live in fear and anxiety a willing hand, ready to administer to your that we may outdo our neighbor by putting a comfort and laugh at your old jokes-ay more costly pair of boot-tops on our coach- though she has heard them fifty times. What man? Burden ourselves with a life of toll sim- a delightful audience! I am satisfied that no ply to increase the pomposity of our butler I butler ever laughs at: the same joke twice: I am satisfied that domestic melancholy sets in have tried it. (To 1x continued Joseph Jefferson. THE FORGOTTEN MILLIONS. LEGD. A STUDY OF THE COMMON AMERICAN MODE OF LIFE. BY THE PRESIDENT OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. is the fashion to discuss fortable, contented mass of the people in his social questions, and to eager sympathy with some small fraction which bring to the discussion is miserable and embittered and little by little many prepossessions and he comes to accept the extreme view that the not a little warmth of im- existing social order is all wrong, although agination. The anarchist, he knows perfectly well that the great majority socialist, and nationalist, of people, even in the worst American towns each for his own reasons, and cities, live comfortably and hopefully, and have all an interest in magnifying and proclaim- with as much contentment and gladness as ing every wrong, evil, and danger which can can be expected in people of their rather joy- possibly be attributed to industrial conditions. less lineage. In this fortunate land of ours the antidote Shrung In every important strike the strikers endeavor to enlist public sympathy by giving vivid de for this empoisoned state of mind is the care- Sample scriptions of the injuries against which they ful study of communities which illustrate the protest by quitting work. Newspapers and commonest social conditions and the com- magazines find it profitable to print minute monest modes of life. By observing with ac- accounts of the cruelest industrial practices, curacy the commonest social conditions of the most revolting human habitations, and the to-day, we also qualify ourselves as well as most depraved modes of life which can any- possible for imagining the probable social con- where be discovered in miners' camps, fac ditions of to-morrow; for it is the common, tory villages, or city shims. The evils described not the exceptional, conditions of the present are real, though perhaps exaggerated and the which predict and prepare the conditions of average reader, whose sympathy is moved day the future, At the risk of dwelling upon ele- using after day by some new tale of injustice and mentary principles in popular government, and distress, gradually loses all sense of the pro~ of describing as unknown things familiar to portion of good to evil in the social organism. many country-bred Americans, therefore He does not observe that, whereas almost all purpose to delineate with some minuteness the evils portrayed are developed in unnatu- the mode of government, mode of life, and ral agglomerations of population, three-quar> general social condition of the people who pa ters of the American people do not live in make up the sparsely settled town of Mount dense settlements, but scattered over great Desert. situated on the island of that name areas, only one-quarter of the population liv. which lies on the east side of the wide Penob- ing within groups SO large RS four thousand scot Bay. I select this remote and poor town state persons. It has not been brought home to him simply because 1 am well acquainted with the that even in such a hideous mass of misery as habits and conditions of its people there are East London sixty-two per cent. of the popu- doubtless thousands of towns which would an- lation live in comfort and with an upward swer my general purpose just as well. tendency. He tends to forget the great, com- The island of Mount Desert is divided into ../pageviewer?coll=moa&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0040%2F&tif=00566.TIF&frames=10/30/2003 Cornell University Making of America Page 1 of 2 THE FORGOTTEN MILLIONS. 557 three townships. The northeastern portion is In striking contrast to the common relation the town of Eden; the southwestern is Tre- in cities and large towns between the number mont; and the intermediate third is the town of taxpayers and the number of voters is the of Mount Desert, incorporated in 1789. The relation between these two numbers in Mouni town lies upon the sea at both ends and is it- Desert. The taxpayers in Mount Desert are regular in shape but its major axis, which much more numerous than the polls, because runs about N. W. by W. and S. E. by E., is many women, children, and non-residents are twelve miles long, and its width perpendicular taxed. Thus in 889 the taxpayers numbered to this axis varies from 31/2 to 5 miles. Its 578, of whom 176 were non-residents; but these area is therefore about filty square miles, the non-resident taxpayers are mostly people of greater part of this area being occupied by thesame county (Hancock), who formerly lived salt-water inlets, fresh-water ponds, and rocky in the town, or have bought land there on hills. The population, which in r88c num- speculation. The number of persons from with- bered 1017, probably numbered about 1400 out the State who had built houses in the town 1889, the polls having increased in that in for summer occupation was only sixteen down terval from 243 to 337. There is but one vil- to the summer of 1889. lage proper in the town, namely, Somesville, The largest tax paid in the town for that at the head of Somes Sound; though there vear was $152; and the rate being $33 on are several other small groups of houses, as at $1000, this largest tax implied a valuation Northeast Harbor, Seal Harbor, and Pretty of $4606.06 for the estate which was assessed Marsh. In general the population is scattered highest. The incidence of the whole tax levy, along the shores of the sea and the intets. as shown in the following table, is interesting The number of houses in the town in the sum- because it exhibits approximately the distri- mer of 1889 was about 280, of which about botion of property among the townspeople. one-tenth were for summer use only. The av- There are no rich persons in the town; very erage number of persons to a house is therefore few who have not acquired some property between five and six. The surnames which and fewer still who are not in condition to bear are common in the town are chiefly English their share of the public. burdens. (Wall, Davis, Grover, Clement, Dodge,Lynam Bracy, Savage, Kimball, Smallidge, Jordan, 3/33 persons, at estates, paid tacha tax between & and $5 " " LOS 4 277 Gilpatrick, Roberts, Manchester, Atherton, 102 05 % 44 " .4 17 20 in 23 " M. " "