Davis, WM. M (1850-1934) 8/21/2018 William Morris Davis I Harvard Magazine issicons Your independent source for Ha HARVARD AGAZIN Lawrence Bacow The president HARVARD MAGAZINE S ARTICLES CURRENT ISSUE | ARCHIVES CLASS NOTES CLASSIFI FEATURES William Morris Davis On Reader Brief life of a pioneering geomorphologist: 1850-1934 1. The Low End Th by PHILIP S. KOCH 2. Oasis in Limesto SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2018 3. The Pragmatist 4. Who Built the Py 5. Take Care of Eac You Might Alexis Sa general profile The Har offers re reflectio 2018 Hir winners Davis relaxing in 1910 at Devil's Thumb, on the Continental Divide near Corona, Colorado Photograph courtesy of the Houghton Library Naught looks the same for long.. Waters rush on, make valleys where once stood plains; hills wash away to the sea. Marshland dries to sand, while dry land becomes stagnant, marshy pool. From Nature, springs erupt or are sealed; from earthquakes, streams burst forth or vanish. 8/21/2018 William Morris Davis I Harvard Magazine IN Metamorphoses, the Roman poet Ovid, echoing Pythagoras, alludes to geomorphology: the study of the forms taken by the earth's surface, and what causes them. Almost 19 centuries later, William Morris Davis, S.B. 1869, devised a clear, concise, descriptive, and idealized model of landscape evolution that revolutionized and in many ways created this field of study. Born into a prominent Philadelphia Quaker family, Davis studied geology and geography at Harvard's Lawrence Scientific School and then joined a Harvard-sponsored geographic- exploration party to the Colorado Territory, led by the inaugural Sturgis-Hooper professor of geology, Josiah Dwight Whitney. Wild stories had circulated since soon after the Louisiana Purchase about Rocky Mountain peaks 18,000 feet or higher. The Harvard expedition set out to investigate, and found none, but they did find "14ers" (14,000-plus feet). Among these, the expedition members surveyed, named, and made two first-recorded summitings in the "Collegiate Peaks," designating the tallest in the group Mount Harvard (honoring their sponsor), and the second tallest Mount Yale (honoring Whitney's alma mater). Once back in Cambridge, Davis earned a master's in mining engineering from the University's short-lived Hooper School of Mining and Practical Geology in 1870. Three years at an Argentinian observatory, and a bookkeeping stint in Philadelphia, followed-until geologist Nathaniel Southgate Shaler hired him to teach at Harvard in 1876. He had a slow start in academe, with few accolades for either his early teaching or his early research. (In 1882, President Charles William Eliot even advised him to seek employment elsewhere.) But Davis was tenacious, as well as a keen observer of nature, a master of logical deduction, and a brilliant synthesizer of disparate observations and ideas. From his own field observations and studies made by the original nineteenth-century surveyors of the western Davis, looking professorial in 1910 United States, he devised the theory for which he is best Photograph courtesy of the Harvard University known: the "Erosional Cycle." Inspired by the work of Archives Erasmus and Charles Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, it had a strong evolutionary flavor. Alongside tectonic uplift, Davis identified rivers and their tributaries as the primary agents for altering the appearance of landscapes, and distinguished three anthropomorphically named stages of landscape evolution, all initiated by uplift. In "Youth," narrow, incised river valleys locally decrease the growing elevation differences between "uplands" and "base-level" caused by uplift. In "Maturity," these elevation differences and the number of branching streams reach their maxima, while valleys cut downward and broaden. In "Old Age," the ever-broadening valleys hold meandering channels that create rolling lowlands ("peneplains"). In a complete cycle, the stages transition gradually unless interrupted and reset by subsequent uplift ("Rejuvenation"). This theory, published between 1886 and 1911, moved geomorphology, despite some opposition, from purely local descriptions to global explanations-and in the history of his discipline, time is often demarcated as "before" or "after" Davis. By the time he became a full professor in 1890, Davis had published more than 100 works on everything from astronomy to zoology and was renowned for inspirational lecturing and the complex but lucid blackboard illustrations he executed ambidextrously. Having lamented once that his field was "as much a sealed book to the person of ordinary intelligence and education as. a great cathedral would be to a backwoodsman. It makes one grieve to think of the 8/21/2018 William Morris Davis I Harvard Magazine he worked to rectify the situation; his pedagogical ideas would affect the content and teaching of physical geography in primary and secondary schools worldwide for nearly a century. Sharing an outing in Colorado in the 1890s with Scottish geologist Henry M. Cadell (front left) and a former student, R.E. Dodge, A.B. 1890, A.M. '94 (at rear), a future professor at Columbia Photograph courtesy of the Cabot Science Library In 1899, Davis himself became the Sturgis-Hooper professor, like his mentor, Whitney. He received numerous awards from professional societies and honorary doctorates on three continents; he even became a knight of the Legion of Honor. Retirement from Harvard in 1912 did not end his influence. Although deeply shaken by World War I and the deaths of his first, and then his second, wife, he rallied by the mid 1920s: marrying a third time, lecturing widely, and relocating first to the University of Arizona and subsequently to Caltech. He produced key works on the origins of coral reefs and on erosion in deserts, along coasts, and in limestone caverns, and created more print pages and drawings as an octogenarian than most do in an entire career. His cyclical model fell under attack-including by some in his former department at Harvard: faulted for ignoring the erosional roles of climate, underlying geology, physical processes, and the marine environment as well as changes in global sea-level. In his deductive determinism, he often appears to conflate model with observation. Dogmatic? Perhaps he was. Yet Davis was the first to give qualitative coherence to a field awash in decades of disconnected descriptions. His model does not answer all geomorphological questions, but in its elegant simplicity, it still holds pedagogical value. Philip S. "Flip" Koch '78, a faculty member at the Colorado School of Mines professing in earth science and finance, has ascended Mount Harvard multiple times. LETTERS Harvard Facebook. The implication that it was only Jr.) for an ascent of HM after the revelation of the inappropriate use Mount Mitchell, the of Facebook data by Cambridge Analytica highest peak in east- Visit harvardmag.com ern North America for additional letters. Authors! that it was necessary "to ask broader ques- tions..." is not supported by the facts. Yet their most Were Faust and the members of the Cor- lasting institutional contribution may have poration and the Board of Overseers unaware been as charter members of the Harvard Miss the deadline for our of the extremely numerous reports in widely Travellers Club, established in 1902. Under Holiday Reading List? read publications over many years regard- Davis's presidency, speakers discussed their ing the cavalier attitude toward user privacy explorations of sites from the South Pole to of Facebook leadership (e.g./https://www. Abyssinia. Dorr's home was the site of the wired.com/story/facebook-a-history-of club's second meeting-which continues to WE CAN DO IT mark-zuckerberg-apologizing/?mbid=Botto convey their enthusiasm to this day. mRelatedStories), in conjunction with evi- RONALD H. Epp dence that the company/leadership clearly Farmington, Conn. prioritized growth and profit over user wel- In Peace The Jaguars fare despite protestations to the contrary? Editor's note: Epp is the author of Creating That and Freedom Drewl Our Were the leaders of the University also un- Acadia National Park: The Biography of George eams aware of the repeated/instances of Facebook Bucknam Dorr. COACH having to "adjust" the numbers and meth- STRANGLED ods for publicly reported advertising metrics AMERICAN TRUTHS BULLDOG (e.g., https://www.forbes.com/sites/great- ACCORDING to Casey N. Cep's review of Jill speculations/2016/11/17/more-bugs-found- Lepore's These Truths: A History of the United in-facebooks-ad-metrics-to-the-dismay-of- States (September-October, page 64), the re- advertisers/#48ffoabe2a85): One might have vision from "these truths" being character- thought that these widely reported and well- ized as "sacred and fundamental" to 'self- known realities would have weighed heav- evident" meant that those rights were "the ily against inviting Zuckerberg to deliver a stuff of science" and not "the stuff of reli- Advertise your book in the commencement address at an institution that gion... But the term "self-evident" precisely Summer Reading List. claims to prize, as its highest value, "veritas." excludes scientific observation as the basis NEIL GREENSPAN 75 of knowledge We cannot, through scien- THE DEADLINE IS: Shaker Heights, Ohio tific inquiry alone. discover that all mean MARCH 14, 2019 are "endowed by their Creator with certain IDEOLOGICAL DIVERSITY unalienable Rights. And the Creator puts Reach 258,000 Harvard REGARDING the letter from David W. religion right back into the picture-if not alumni, faculty, and staff. Thompson in the September-October is- organized religion. at the very least Faith. sue (page 2) decrying the lack of ideologi- Regardless I have the highest degree of Your book ad will include: cal diversity at Harvard, I wonder just how admiration for Lepore and look forward to a book jacket photo, your easy it is to have ideological diversity on a reading her book name and Harvard class year, university faculty when almost half of the MICHAEL JORRIN '54 and a short description - ideological spectrum in this nation does not Ridgefield, Conn. accept science, changes long-held beliefs totaling 8 lines of text. on a dime, and believes truth is not truth? ERRATA Your ad will appear both JOHN T. HANSEN, LL.B. 63 A PRODCCTIONEROR mans- in print and online. San Francisco posed the names of Charles E. Gilberr IV and John F. For information about pricing VITAE Kotouc both since of 2018 and ad specifications, go to: WITHIN two years, profiles of George Buck- Hunn Meteorial Schools Charles E. nam Dorr and William Morris Davis have and Scholarships Awards harvardmagazine.com/hauthors Gilbert III been published (September-October 2016, in photo captions (Septem contact Gretchen Bostrom page 44; September-October 2018, page 44). ber-Occupet page at 617-496-6686, or e-mail Neither profile mentioned the other alum- In the paragraph classifieds@harvard.edu. nus by name, though their relationship was of inte Shards Disso- tight-especially in 1902 when Davis invited name (September-Oc- Dorr to join his scientific team to the Ameri- tober page (a) the TURNTO PAGE 62 can Southwest. Later that year Dorr returned were missing from Michael the favor by inviting Davis to join his com- Schadleer's x John F. to browse the Holiday Reading List panions (including Frederick Law Olmsted We regist Kotouc 6 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2018 Hanverd Magazine 16 June 2021 After completing the most recent of Chebacco (2021) devoted to the initial logbooks documenting the efforts of "Captain" Charles Eliot to spend his summer months with a select group of fellow Harvard undergrads. The location was Mount Desert Island and the inquiries were scientific and provided evidence that convinced this "Champlain Society"-initiated in 1880--that land conservation was necessity given the impact of tourism. At this time the Charles and Mary Dorr family was living in Storm Beach Cottage while their larger residence was being cionstructed on the Oldfarm property in Bar Harbor. George B. Dorr had graduated from Harvard in 1874 and spent the next four years abroad, traveling with his parents throughout Europe where he continued his studies at times independently of them. Nothing in the Dorr Archive nor in the Champlain Society early notebooks suggests interaction between Dorr and Eliot's student colleagues. To be sure, travel between Bar Harbor and Northeast Harbor was difficult unless one took to the sea. Yet it seems plausible that George might have been curious about these Harvard investigators, especially since Harvard geology instructor William Morris Davis spent a portion of the first two summers as a Champlain Society investigator. The historical record to date provides no evidentiary link during the early 1880's between Morris and Dorr. Two decades later in 1902 Dorr joined a Morris-led team investigating the geological character of the American Southwest. I find this to be a provocative area for future research. R.H. Epp NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS VOLUME XXIII-ELEVENTH MEMOIR BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS 1850-1934 BY REGINALD A. DALY PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE AUTUMN MEETING, 1944 WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS 1850-1934 BY REGINALD A. DALY William Morris Davis won distinction as geologist, meteor- ologist, and geomorphologist, but primarily as teacher. He made personal, outdoor researches in every continent except Ant- arctica, as well as in island groups of the Atlantic and the Pacific; yet his international fame rests chiefly on his development of a system of thought concerning the reliefs, the scenery, of our planet. His system is the "American" system, but it is appli- cable to the landscapes of the whole world. His early training in geology led him to the principle by which he, more than any- one else, has revolutionized the teaching of, and research on, the endlessly varied forms of the lands and coastlines. To geographers and geologists alike he was an apostle bringing to them the gospel of method in research and method in the presentation of the results of research. For him the root of the matter is evolution, orderly development. Many geologists had used this principle, so essential to understanding the protean crust of the earth, but few geographers had used it in describing land forms. Davis emphasized a mode of thinking and for its expression he devised a system which has greatly appealed to teachers and investigators in many foreign countries as well as in the United States of America. While creating his de- scriptive method in terms of evolutionary changes, he found our English tongue sadly deficient. He had to create a new, necessarily technical language. Every man of science knows the difficulty of such an invention. Some of his verbal tools Davis was able to adopt from the literature of earth science, an immense literature which he thoroughly mastered; other vital terms were his own. The combination has been put to construc- tive use by geologists and geographers, foreign and domestic, to an extent encouraging to our pioneer. He lived to see notable improvement of geographical instruction in grammar school, high school, college, and university improvement in the report- ing of geographical and geological facts by staffs of the State 263 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII and Federal surveys; and improvement in the discussion of "terranes" by the more philosophically-minded historians and economists. Knowing that even a long life could not vitalize all the dry bones of the old geography, Davis specialized on physical geog- raphy, leaving to others the problem of systematizing the in- finitely varied responses of organisms to their environment. This other half of geography needs today a clarifying leader like Davis. Davis was born in Philadelphia on February 12, 1850. At that time his father, Edward M. Davis, a business man, and his mother, Maria (Mott) Davis, were members of the Society of Friends and fully shared the best characteristics and activities of Quakers in full standing. Yet a hatred of injustice, which was to be an outstanding emotion of their son, led them into rebellion against one of the ironclad rules of the Society. Not content with helping to operate the "underground railway" for escaping slaves, Edward Mott enlisted in the Northern Army. For this action he was expelled from the Society of Friends and soon after his wife resigned from it. To both of them the question of States' rights was quite subordinate to the prob- lem of human freedom. To break with the Society's tradition took courage of the kind shown in the remarkable life of Lucretia Mott, the mother of Maria Mott. Theodore Tilton called Lucretia Mott, born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, "the greatest woman ever produced in this coun- try." "She was the real founder and the soul of the woman's rights movement in America and England. She was the out- standing feminine worker in the struggle to rid our country of slavery. She advocated labor unions in a day when they were proscribed and generally considered illegal. She proscribed war, and worked diligently for liberal religion." Her crusad- ing force "had its source in the love of freedom of her seafaring ancestry, and she feared opposition or the exploration of un- charted regions of the mind no more than they feared to venture into unknown seas" (quotations from Anita Moffett in the New York Times Book Review, August I, 1937). That her 264 WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY some of the more dramatic and better understood processes that mold the surface of our planet. But the young instructor knew full well that effective, authoritative teaching of geology, the principal subject of his first instructorship, demanded close personal touch with Nature. To get such experience he selected for field study in detail the Triassic formation of New England and New Jersey. On those regions he published fifteen pre- liminary papers (1882-1896), and a monographic summary of most of his results in "The Triassic Formation of Connecticut" (1898). This gave the first full account of the Triassic vol- canic history of the region, announced criteria for proving the extrusive character of some of the "trap sheets" and the in- trusive character of others. He also showed how the analysis of topographic forms could be used in explaining the under- ground, invisible structures of Connecticut and similarly faulted areas of the earth's crust. While working on the complex history of the Triassic areas, Davis interpolated field investigations: in Columbia County, New York, and the Catskills, where he described the northward continuation of the Appalachian structure; on the glacially- formed drumlins of New England and other regions; on the structure and origin of glacial sandplains and eskers; and on the geological history of Mount Desert Island. In later years he studied : the origin of the thick and widespread Tertiary formations of the Rocky Mountain region, showing that these are not lake beds, as had been generally assumed, but are flu- viatile and alluvial-fan deposits; the origin and erosional history of the Basin Ranges of the West; the development of the Colorado Canyon; the mechanical conditions leading to the formation of limestone caverns; and the nature of geological proof, asking geologists "how do you know you are right?"- a question that illustrated the fact that he was as much concerned with the method of scientific thinking as he was in the majestic happenings of earth history. Yet Davis must have been con- scious that he made a principal contribution to the philosophy of geology itself. His major contribution to earth science was the conception of the "erosion cycle." He applied it to the 269 WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY Field Work in Physical Geography. J. Geog. I : 17-24, 62-9. The New England States. Boston, Supplement to Frye's Complete Geography. [Also 1895 edition.] The Progress of Geography in the School. Chicago, pp. 49- (In National Society for Scientific Study of Education. Ist Yearbook, Pt. II 7-49.) River Terraces in New England. Harvard Coll. Mus. C. Z. Bull. 38 (g S 5) : 281-346. Systematic Geography. Am. Ph. Soc. Pr. 4I: 235-59. The Terraces of the Westfield River, Mass. Am. J. Sci. (4) 14: 77-94. 1903 The Basin Ranges of Utah and Nevada. (Abst.) J. G. II : 1201. Block Mountains of the Basin-Range Province. (Abst.) Science n.s. 17: 301 ; G. Soc. Am. Bull. 14: 55I ; Eng. Mo. J. 75: 153. The Blue Ridge in Southern Virginia and North Carolina. (Abst.) J. G. II 121. The Blue Ridge of North Carolina. (Abst.) Science n.s. 17: 220. The Development of River Meanders. G. Mag. (4) IO: 145-8. Effect of Shore Line on Waves. (Abst.) Science n.s. I5: 88; G. Soc. Am. Bull. 13: 528. An Excursion to the Plateau Provinces of Utah and Arizona. Harvard Coll. Mus. C. Z. Bull. 42 (g S. 6) : I-50. The Fresh-Water Tertiaries at Green River, Wyo. (Abst.) Science n.s. 17: 220-221 ; G. Soc. Am. Bull. 14 544; J. G. II 120. The Mountain Ranges of the Great Basin. Harvard Coll. Mus. C. Z. Bull. 42 (g S. 6) : 129-77. Practical Exercises in Physiography. J. Geog. 2: 516-20. The Question of Seminars. Harvard Grad. Mag. pp. 8. A Scheme of Geography. Geog. J. 22 413-23. London. The Stream Contest Along the Blue Ridge. Geog. Soc. Phila. Bull. 3: 213-44. Walls of the Colorado Canyon. (Abst.) Science n.s. 15: 87; G. Soc. Ain. Bull. 13: 528. 1904 A Flat-Topped Range in the Tian-Shan. Appalachia IO: 277-84. Glacial Erosion in the Sawatch Range, Colo. Appalachia IO: 392-404 Geography in the United States. Am. G. 33: 156-85; Am. Assn. Adv. Sc. Pr. 53. The Relations of the Earth Sciences in View of Their Progress in the Nineteenth Century. J. G. 12: 669-87. A Summer in Turkestan. G. Soc. Am. Bull. 36: 217-28. 1905 The Bearing of Physiography Upon Suess' Theories. Am. J. Sci. (4) 19: 265-73; (Abst.) Int. Cong. Geog. VIII, Rp. 164. 293 MAY 18, 1934 SCIENCE 445 other could be detached by procedures which leave valeric aldehyde and on the other the phenylureide of the normal peptide linkage intact. glycylalaninamide. The original leucine has thus been L. Zervas and I have worked out such a method, split off in the form of the easily identifiable aldehyde which I should like to illustrate by the simplest ex- containing one less carbon atom. ample which we have studied, namely, the tripeptide, The remaining substituted peptide-amide can now glycyl-1-alanyl-l-leucine. The first step is to block the be further treated with an equivalent amount of hy- free amino group by substitution. As a substituent drazine, again converted into a peptide-hydrazide and we chose in the first place phenyl-isocyanate and pre- through the azide with benzyl alcohol into the benzyl- CH2 CO-NH. CH (CH3) CO-NH CH C,H NH2 COOH CH2 CO-NH. CH (CH3) .CO-NH CH C.H. C.H..NH.CO.NH COOH CH2 CO-NH. CH (CH3 CO-NH.CH.CH, C.H.NH.CO.NH CO.N3 CH2 CO-NH. CH (CH3) CO-NH.CH. C,H C.H..NH.CO.NH H2 NH CO O CH2 . C.H CH2 CO NH CH (CH3) CO-NH2 CH C,H || C,H3 .NH.CO.NH O NH2 I CO2 CH. C.H5 -CO NH. NH2 etc. pared a phenylureide of the tripeptide. By thus urethane, etc.; the alanine is finally split off as acetal- neutralizing its basic function the tripeptide is con- dehyde and can thus be easily identified. In this verted into a true acid: from this the methyl ester manner we are able to break down a peptide chain can be prepared under very mild conditions with the step by step from the carboxyl end obtaining the aid of diazomethane The ester is treated with the successive amino-acids in the form of easily recog- equivalent amount of hydrazine to yield the hydrazide nizable derivatives.4 which in turn is converted according to the method of The above work was undertaken in view of the Curtius into the azide. Such azides on treatment with alcohols readily yield urethanes. The essential urgent need of improved analytie and synthetic meth- point of our method consists in the fact that we choose ods for the study of proteins and proteolytic enzymes. benzyl alcohol and thus obtain a benzyl-urethane. Now that some progress has been made in this direc- Now we hydrogenate catalytically this urethane and tion a general plan of attack on the problems of pro- are able to obtain on the one hand toluene and iso- tein constitution lies at hand. OBITUARY by Douglas Johnson. WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS before the Boston meeting of the American Associa- ON the fifth of February last (there closed a life tion for the Advancement of Science. When he lay which profoundly affected the development of two down to rest his writing table was filled with work earth sciences, geology and geography. For more actively in progress. than half a century William Morris Davis was a (Professor Davis enriched the science of geology by distinguished leader in these related fields. At the a long succession of able papers based on original end of this period he possessed, in his eighty-fourth studies covering a remarkable range of subjects. In year, the same enthusiasm of purpose, the same 1882 there began a series of fifteen articles and mono- flexibility of mind, the same penetrating powers of graphs on the Triassic formations of the Connecticut reasoning which made his career remarkable in the Valley, out of which came our first full knowledge annals of American science. Only a few weeks before his death he crossed the continent during an excep- 4 This process can no doubt be successfully applied to tionally severe winter to deliver the Maiben lecture other classes of compound. Its application to sugars and saccharides is contemplated. This content downloaded from 137.49.124.119 on Mon, 15 Oct 2018 14:42:44 UTC 446 SCIENCE VOL. 79, No. 2055 of the intrusive and extrusive trap sheets of this processes, acting on geological structures, through region, our first recognition and location of many recent geological time. oblique faults traversing the formations and our first Davis's "Geological Dates of Origin of Certain satisfactory understanding of the extent to which Topographic Forms on the Atlantic Slope of the topographic form could be utilized in unraveling United States" was for a quarter century the funda- faulted structures. To this early period belong papers mental paper on which correlation of geomorphic on details of Appalachian structure in the Hudson features in this region rested, and is to-day fre- Valley, which extended northward the known area of quently quoted. His papers on southern New En- typical Appalachian folding and gave us a clearer gland, in which the scheme of the fluvial erosion cycle conception than we had before possessed of the classic is carried to its ultimate stage in the peneplanation unconformity at Becraft Mountain, A series of of a vast area of resistant crystalline rocks, present papers on the distribution and origin of drumlins, a wholly novel interpretation of the later geological on glacial erosion, on lakes and valleys, gorges and history of the region in question, an interpretation waterfalls and on the origin of cross-valleys laid the which in its main outlines is still accepted. Davis foundation of his later geomorphic studies. makes clear the fact that he did not originate the idea In 1884 Davis published a short paper on the of land reduction to baselevel; but he gave name to classification of plains, plateaus and their derivatives a conception which had not previously gained wide which contains the first published statement of the currency, and SO effectively pictured the process of scheme of the erosion cycle, and which may therefore land-form evolution by orderly, sequential stages that be held to mark the beginning of the modern concep- the idea of fluvial peneplanation spread rapidly tion of land-form evolution. At this same early throughout the world. In Great Britain the novel period, in a report on the relation of the coal of American conception encountered the firmly estab- Montana to older formations, Davis recognized the lished theory of marine abrasion set forth by Ramsay extensive degradation to which the Great Plains pro- nearly half a century before; but largely through vince had been subjected, and began developing work the influence of Davis's pen the American view on the physical history of rivers which was to cul- gradually gained a place for itself. In France prog- minate in 1889 and 1890 in two brilliant essays: one ress was more rapid, while in Germany acceptance of on "The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania," the the new idea was aided when Davis by field studies other on "The Rivers of Northern New Jersey." demonstrated peneplanation of the Hunsrück border- These essays, highly original in both content and ing the gorge of the Rhine. Into central Asia Davis method, are remarkable for their close analysis of carried the new conception of land evolution by the influence of geologic structures upon stream de- demonstrating the peneplaned character of uplifted velopment at successively lower horizons in strongly and tilted blocks of the earth's crust in Tian Shan. folded regions. Although they appeared but a decade Later we find him in South Africa, where he was the after Davis's first published work, they exhibited such first to discover and describe the peneplane of the a mastery of deductive reasoning and such profound high veldt and the baselevelling of the Cape Colony knowledge of the effects of geologic processes upon ranges. Thus not by his pen alone, but by appro- complex geologic structures that they remain to-day priate field studies in four continents, Davis carried much-quoted classics of American geology. a great American idea to every quarter of the globe. With the year 1890 began a steady flow of impor- To him, more than to any other, is due the fact that tant papers from Davis's skilful pen which at the in almost every country where geological studies are time of his death, nearly half a century later, con- prosecuted to-day, the investigator dates a long series tinued unabated. It is not possible, within reasonable of major geological events in terms of ancient erosion space, to do more than indicate contributions of ex- planes. ceptional importance. The remarkable versatility of Nor were Davis's foreign studies confined to the Davis's mind, and the breadth of his interests, is problem of peneplanation. In France, Switzerland evidenced by papers, monographs and books of a and Norway he threw needed light on the moot ques- geographical, meteorological and pedagogical char- tion of glacial erosion. British geologists find in his acter; but we shall for the most part confine our work on Mount Snowdon the most systematic discus- attention to the field in which his chief labors lay, sion of alpine glacial erosion in their country; and in geomorphology. His preparation and training were his studies of English rivers a new and fertile treat- mainly in the field of geology; he drew his inspiration ment of stream adjustments in successive erosion primarily from the great geologists of the early sur- cycles. In France we look to Davis for the earliest veys-Powell, Dutton, Gilbert; and his life work has account of the extensive drainage modifications on chiefly been concerned with the study of geological structures of the Paris basin. A study of Permian This content downloaded from 137.49.124.119 on Mon, 15 Oct 2018 14:42:44 UTC MAY 18, 1934 SCIENCE 447 glaciation in South Africa presents evidence that the and a volume indispensable to future workers in this ice could not have had its source in a mountainous field. region, while an account of folded mountains in the We have touched but a limited portion of Davis's same continent traces the evolution of ranges of the record of scientific productivity. It is a record truly Appalachian type. Similarly, in other countries we remarkable for breadth of field covered, for penetrat- find his significant contributions to geomorphology in ing analysis of the problems treated, for quantity of studies of fault phenomena, continental platforms, new facts first established, for freshness and vigor of shoreline evolution and other problems. methods employed, and for number of novel and (No reference to Davis's shoreline studies can be fruitful ideas contributed. His notable achievements complete which does not record the fact that his con- in geomorphic research evidence a creative mind of tributions in this field opened a new era in shoreline high order whose talents were long and industriously investigations.) He closed the door on the old, em- devoted to the service of science. Such achievements pirical methods of shoreline description, and pointed could not fail to have a profound influence upon the the way to a genetic study of the effects of marine development of both geology and geography. It is processes on variable geologic structures. He showed impossible to measure the full extent of that influence; that there was a cycle of marine erosion just as truly but it is easy to point to evidences of its far-reaching as there were cycles of stream erosion and of glacial character and to indicate some of the ways in which erosion. Every modern account of shoreline evolution it has operated. is a tribute to the genius of William Morris Davis. By his writings Davis practically created a new In earlier paragraphs emphasis has been placed branch of geology, physiographic geology or geo- especially on Davis's original ideas, and only inciden- morphology. Men have, of course, long given atten- tally on work which followed the lead of others. But tion to the visible manifestations of geologic proc- even where he was not a pioneer Davis made note- esses, and great contributions in this field are asso- worthy contributions to geomorphology. In the ciated with the names of Hutton and Playfair, Lyell, Grand Canyon region he was first to discover that Geikie and Ramsay, DeLapparent, LaNoë and De- the major faulting antedated the "Great Denudation" Margerie, Von Richthofen and Penck, Powell, Dutton of Dutton, that the Esplanade had a structural and and Gilbert. But it was Davis who codified the work not a cyclic origin, and that the Colorado was not of these masters into a definite science, unified and necessarily an antecedent stream but might more vivified by a wholly new conception the orderly evo- reasonably be interpreted as superposed from a lution of landforms through systematic stages of course determined by geologic structures.) In a development. (It was he more than any other who notable series of papers on fault block mountains, he gave precision to this new branch of geology by a confirmed and extended ideas earlier promulgated by large body of critical work, and it was he who had Gilbert, and cast the study of these forms into an the largest share in creating an "American School" entirely new mold by developing to an unprecedented of geomorphology and giving to it international degree the value of physiographic evidence of fault- prestige.) ing. His paper on "The Sculpture of Mountains by By individual studies of high excellence in many Glaciers" has been widely quoted because of its artis- foreign lands and by field discussions with foreign tically eloquent and scientifically convincing com- investigators on their own territory, Davis initiated a parison of forms found in non-glaciated mountains large volume of work in other countries. Thus by and in formerly glaciated mountains of similar alti- personal example and oral teaching he supplemented tude. To him we owe our first full understanding of the labors of his pen in carrying the doctrine of the relation of rock defense to the positions and pat- land-form evolution throughout the world. In Europe terns of river terraces, imperfectly appreciated by a great range of geomorphic studies traces its inspira- earlier writers. (He added new evidence in support tion directly to him. In Asia his studies of the Tian of the fluviatile origin of the fresh-water Tertiaries Shan peneplanation were fruitful in later studies of the Rocky Mountain region, broadened our under- widely extending his original ideas. The South Afri- standing of erosion in the Front Range of the can geologists base the later geologic chronology of Rockies, enriched by field studies our knowledge of their region on Davis's study of the high veldt, and desert rock planes in the Southwest, and gave us our describe the evolution of their terrain in terms of his first detailed comparison of such planes with those theories of land-form evolution. It is doubtful of humid regions.) Following the lead of Darwin and whether any other American geologist or geographer Dana in the coral reef problem he visited thirty-five is so frequently quoted over so great a proportion of reef-encircled islands of the Pacific, and on the basis the world's surface. of years of study published a long series of articles In the development of any science the rôle of the This content downloaded from 137.49.124.119 on Mon, 15 Oct 2018 14:42:44 UTC 448 SCIENCE VOL. 79, No. 2055 critic is an important one. There can be no doubt work on the physiography of the lands. His vision that in this capacity Davis has rendered great ser- of the field of geography was thus broad as well as vice to the related sciences of geography and geology. penetrating. His many published reviews of geomorphic work at It was not surprising that Davis's well-equipped home and abroad not only kept workers in this field and disciplined mind should bring about a great in touch with the progress of events, but by their awakening in American geography. In a long series penetrating and constructive criticisms pointed the of papers on the teaching of geography he laid the way to higher achievement. Davis was a crusader in foundations for a new conception of the subject in the holy war against archaic theories and careless which scientifically organized content and scientific thinking; and if with the crusader's enthusiasm for a methods of instruction should replace a conglomera- cause he sometimes handled his lance with pitiless tion of facts empirically presented. (In lectures to skill, the victims have usually lived to forget the pain teachers of geography, in training future teachers in of criticism in the pride of work yet more skilfully his university classes and seminars, in founding the accomplished. Geomorphology has not yet outgrown Association of American Geographers, and in organ- the faults inherent in the youth of any science; but izing local and international geographical excursions few will doubt that its achievements are greater in he spread the doctrine of a new geography which quantity and higher in quality because of the analyti- should be as truly scientific in content and method cal mind and critical powers of William Morris Davis. as were its sister sciences.) Although late in life he (Truly great teachers have ever exerted a profound wrote that he would not class himself as a geographer, influence upon the growth of a science; and as a he is known throughout the world as one of the great teacher Davis was truly great. Through disciples in leaders in this field, one who inspired new life in the this and other lands who sat under his instruction in geography of his own country and profoundly affected the university, or listened to his teachings in the the course of geographic progress in others. field, or knew him only through the printed page, The extraordinary accomplishments of William Davis has exerted incalculable influence. In the pub- Morris Davis for the sciences of geology and geogra- lications of federal and state surveys, in the class phy won cordial recognition from his colleagues in work of universities at home and abroad, in the both fields. The Geological Society of America be- changed scope and emphasis of text books of geology, stowed on him its two highest honors: the presidency the effects of his teachings are strikingly apparent. of the society and the Penrose Gold Medal. The In SO minor a matter as the method of illustrating Association of American Geographers placed him relations of geologic structure to topographic form twice in the presidency, the American Geographical by block diagrams, one can trace his growing influence Society awarded him its Cullum Geographical Medal, in the geologic literature of many countries. And the National Council of Geography Teachers its Dis- this is but symptomatic of the deeper influence which tinguished Service Award. Twice the British Asso- has transformed the substance of geomorphic litera- ciation for the Advancement of Science made him ture in every land. Not only in English, but also in an honored guest, once in South Africa and once in German and in French he has carried his teachings Australia. Twice he was called as exchange professor to foreign lands both in lectures and in writings. to foreign lands, spending one year in Berlin and To-day one of the best advanced treatises on geo- one year in Paris, in each case lecturing in the lan- morphology is his "Erklärende Beschreibung der guage of the nation to which he was accredited. He Landformen," published in Leipzig and Berlin. was the recipient of many medals for signal service It is not easy to determine whether the geologist in geologic and geographic fields, held honorary doc- or the geographer is most greatly in his debt, but torates from four foreign universities in three dif- there can be no doubt that Davis profoundly affected ferent continents and was elected to honorary mem- the development of geography as he did that of geol- bership in the scientific societies of a dozen countries. ogy. For high accomplishment in the geographic Few men whose honors came solely as the result of field he was admirably prepared first by training in individual scientific labors, and in no degree as execu- astronomy, and practical work in the National Ob- tives or other official representatives of great insti- servatory at Cordoba, Argentina, where he discovered tutions or societies, have been accorded such world- several new variable stars; then by many years of wide distinction. research and teaching in the field of meteorology, (Among those who knew him intimately the memory bearing fruit in a text book in this subject remarkable of Davis the man will be treasured. His Quaker for clarity and logical presentation of matter, and a ancestry was perhaps responsible for a certain rigid- series of original papers which won for him election ity of discipline and a relentlessness in his antagonism as corresponding member of the German Meteorologi- to careless thinking which made him a severe master cal Society; and finally by his still more abundant and an uncomfortable opponent.) But those who could This content downloaded from 137.49.124.119 on Mon, 15 Oct 2018 14:42:44 UTC MAY 18, 1934 SCIENCE 449 endure the discipline and place high value on criticism of the man who was his most vigorous critic. Be- as helpful as it was keen, found in Davis a loyal neath a brilliant and incisive intellect beat a warm friend. He told a man his faults, but told others his heart capable of strong affection, whether for a great virtues. Many a student and younger scientific col- master like Gilbert or for his own disciples of a league has learned to his surprise of opportunities younger generation. opened to him by the quiet but effective intervention DOUGLAS JOHNSON SCIENTIFIC EVENTS PEAT INVESTIGATIONS AT THE INTERNA- cured from the chairman of the National Section, Dr. TIONAL CONGRESS OF SOIL SCIENCE A. G. McCall, U. S. Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, THE projected arrangements for the third Interna- Washington, D. C. Manuscripts and reports for the tional Congress of Soil Science, to be held at Oxford, congress are to be sent to Dr. R. V. Allison, at the England, from July 30 to August 6, 1935, include a same address. program of the Subcommission for Peat Soils. As at the previous congress, the interests of Amer- THE RAINBOW BRIDGE-MONUMENT ican members will find expression in the organization VALLEY EXPEDITION under the chairmanship of Dr. A. G. McCall, the rep- AN expedition to continue exploration of the Rain- resentative of the United States National Section, and bow Bridge-Monument Valley area on the Utah-Ari- Dr. R. V. Allison, chairman of the regional committee. zona border, one of the few Mittle-known large areas The outstanding part of the program is to be a remaining in the United States, will leave New York major theme dealing with the comparative study of on June 28 under the direction of Ansel Franklin "low moor" peat land from the standpoint of morpho- Hall, chief forester of the National Park Service. logical profile features and the influence of drainage According to an announcement in The New York on the physical, chemical and biological properties of Times, the tract to be visited, about three thousand peat soils. Regional examples will be drawn upon to square miles in extent, is known from exploration last establish an agreement on methods and technique. The year to contain interesting archeological, biological contributions will be summarized in a paper of 30 and other data. Its scenic features have led to dis- minutes' duration, to be read at a plenary session of cussion of the area as a national park. the congress, and to be followed by general discussion. Last year's expedition, under the leadership of Mr. In addition there will be sessions open to papers Hall, mapped the principal features of the area, but and discussions on various subjects in peat investiga- did not succeed, in the time at its disposal, in reach~ tions, such as surveys performed by government bu- ing the less accessible parts, many of which are be- reaus of different countries, cartographic work and lieved never to have been seen by a white man. A aerial photography, ecological and geographic rela- few Piute Indians, who are being made the basis of tionships, changes in climate since postglacial times, an ethnological study, live in the area. localization of peat industries, problems connected Professor Charles Del Norte Winning, of New with the various uses of peat land resources, highway York University, has been appointed associate field construction and amelioration. director. He will be accompanied by about thirty Another question to be discussed is the classification specialists. Fifteen of these have already been ap- of peat soils and the terminology required to express pointed. Additional members will include biologists new concepts. Lacking any authoritative standard, it or specialists in particular fields of biology, such as is hoped that a tentative statement may be presented herpetology or ornithology, and architects and artists to the commission for approval. to survey and sketch Indian cliff and mound dwellings, It is deemed desirable to stress American attendance of which several have been discovered. and participation in the program. The session is open Besides Mr. Hall and Professor Winning, the staff to any person engaged in some field of peat investiga- as selected to date includes Gerald E. Marsh, of the tion or interested in its practical application. The University of California; John Wetherill, custodian British government has taken official cognizance of of the Navaho National Monument; John E. Arm- the International Congress of Soil Science and has in- strong, of the University of California; Dr. Herbert vited the United States government to be represented E. Gregory, of Yale University, director of the Bishop by a limited number of delegates. Attention is di- Museum, Honolulu; Professor N. E. A. Hinds, of the rected also to the fact that during the congress facili- University of California; Thorne E. Mayes, engineer ties will be afforded to visit historic places, and that of the General Electric Company, and Lyndon L. immediately after the congress there will be a three- Hargrave, archeologist. weeks tour of England, Wales and Scotland. As was the case last year, the expedition is financed Blanks for membership in the congress may be se- by its members, each being assessed $398. The field This content downloaded from 137.49.124.119 on Mon, 15 Oct 2018 14:42:44 UTC THEME: Americans at Work Form No. 10-300 (Rev. 10-74) SUBTHEME: " ence and Invention" UNITED STATES DEPART ENT OF THE INTERIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM DATE ENTERED SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS TYPE ALL ENTRIES -- COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS 1 NAME HISTORIC William Morris Davis House AND/OR COMMON 17 Francis Street 2 LOCATION STREET & NUMBER 17 Francis Street NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY, TOWN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Cambridge VICINITY OF 8th STATE CODE COUNTY CODE Massachusetts 75 Middlesex 017 3 CLASSIFICATION CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE DISTRICT PUBLIC OCCUPIED AGRICULTURE MUSEUM BUILDING(S) PRIVATE UNOCCUPIED COMMERCIAL PARK STRUCTURE BOTH WORK IN PROGRESS EDUCATIONAL PRIVATE RESIDENCE SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE ENTERTAINMENT RELIGIOUS OBJECT IN PROCESS YES: RESTRICTED GOVERNMENT SCIENTIFIC BEING CONSIDERED YES: UNRESTRICTED INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORTATION NO MILITARY OTHER 4 OWNER OF PROPERTY NAME Francis M. Shea STREET & NUMBER 17 Francis Street CITY, TOWN STATE Cambridge VICINITY OF Massachusetts 5 LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE Middlesex Registry of Deeds--Southern District REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC STREET & NUMBER 3rd and Ottis Streets CITY, TOWN STATE Cambridge Massachusetts 6 REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE None DATE FEDERAL STATE COUNTY LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS CITY, TOWN STATE 15 7 DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE X XEXCELLENT DETERIORATED UNALTERED ORIGINAL SITE GOOD RUINS ALTERED MOVED DATE _FAIR (unrestored) UNEXPOSED DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE The William Morris Davis House in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a frame, 2 story gabled roof house with a gambreled roof wing. The exterior is sheathed in shingles. The main entrance is located on the side of the house and there is also a rear entrance. The front elevation is characterized by an irregular or assymetrical window arrangement and a columned porch at the entrance. An end bay window faces the street. The date of construction and the builder are unknown. The use of shingles as covering indicates that the-house belongs to what the authors of the Cambridge Historical Commission's Old Cambridge (1973) call the "shingle style" of the Queen Anne movement in Cambridge. This would indicate that the house was probably built in the 1890's. Old Cambridge does not note 17 Francis Street as a distinguished illustration of the "shingle style." In itself the building appears to be of no particular architectural significance. 17 Francis Street was the home Willima Morris Davis lived in from approximately 1898, the time he was appointed to the Sturgis-Hooper Professorship at Harvard, until 1916. It was during this period that Davis performed some of his most productive work in geography. 17 Francis Street retains an integrity of association with the Davis period. The building has undergone no significant exterior alterations since its construction. The basic interior floor plan is also intact with the exception that the present owner has installed an apartment on the third floor. The structure continues to function as a private residence. 8 SIGNIFICANCE PERIOD AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE -- CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW _PREHISTORIC ARCHEULOGY-PREHISTORIC COMMUNITY PLANNING LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE RELIGION _1400-1499 ARCHEOLOGY-HISTORIC .CONSERVATION _LAW SCIENCE __1500-1599 AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS LITERATURE SCULPTURE _1600-1699 ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION _MILITARY SOCIAL/HUMANITARIAN 1700-1799 ART LENGINEERING MUSIC THEATER 1800-1899 COMMERCE LEXPLORATION/SETTLEMENT _PHILOSOPHY _TRANSPORTATION 1900- LCOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY POLITICS/GOVERNMENT _OTHER(SPECIFY) INVENTION SPECIFIC DATES 1898-1916 BUILDER/ARCHITECT unknown STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE William Morris Davis was born February 12, 1850, in Philadelphia. His father was a successful Philadelphia businessman and young Davis grew up in comfortable and secure surroundings. His early education was typical of the period. His mother taught him at home until he was eleven at which time he entered a private school. In 1866 at age 16 Davis enrolled at Harvard's Lawrence Scientific School. In 1869 he earned a bachelor of science degree magna cum laude and a year later he received an engineering degree. Although Davis early displayed a high aptitude for scientific and engineering subjects, he returned to Philadelphia in 1873 and entered his father's business. The life of a businessman soon proved unsatisfactory to the young man and in 1876 Davis returned to Harvard to pursue the study of geology under Nathaniel S. Shaler. In 1877-78 he took a trip around the world studying geological formations and meeting his colleagues in other countries. Upon his return Davis was appointed an instructor of geology at Harvard. The appointment marked the beginning of a teaching career at Harvard that lasted until 1912. Davis' academic career was highly successful and reached its high point in 1898 when he was appointed to the Sturgis-Hooper Professorship of Geology. In 1912 Davis resigned from the Harvard faculty. His elevation to emeritus status did not mean the end of his research, writing, and active participation in geological and geographical circles. According to Herman R. Friss, Davis' biographer in the Dictionary of American Biography, it was during the 36 years between his appointment as Sturgis-Hooper professor in 1898 and his death in 1934 that Davis, " profoundly affected the science of geology and geography. After his retirement from Harvard, Davis traveled widely at home and abroad. In 1908-09 and again in 1911-12 he taught in Germany and France. Upon returning home in 1912 he lead a cross country excursion of leading American geologists and geographers. During World War I Davis served as chairman of the geography committee of the National Research Council. Beginning in approximately 1924 his interest centered on California where he studied oceanography and coral formations and lectured at various universities. Davis was active until the end of his life. He died on February 5, 1934, at Pasadena during the National Academy of Science annual meeting. Herman R. Friss, "William Morris Davis," Dictionary of American Biography, 21, (New York, 1944), p. 230. 16 (Continued) 9 MAJOR BIBLIOGRAP CAL REFERENCES Reginald A. Daly, "William Morris Davis, 1850-1934," National Academy of Science Biographical Memoirs, 23, (Washington, 1945). Herman R. Friss, "William Morris Davis," Dictionary of American Biography, 21, (New York, 1944). New York Times, February 7, 1934. 10 GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY less than one acre UTM REFERENCES A 19 3:26 155 4494030 B ZONE EASTING NORTHING ZONE EASTING NORTHING C D VERBAL BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION LIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES STATE CODE COUNTY CODE STATE CODE COUNTY CODE 11 FORM PREPARED BY NAME/TITLE James Sheire, Historian ORGANIZATION DATE Historic Sites Survey, National Park Service July 1975 STREET & NUMBER TELEPHONE 1100 L Street NW. 202-523-5464 CITY OR TOWN STATE Washington D.C. 12 STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER CERTIFICATION THE EVALUATED SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE IS: NATIONAL X STATE LOCAL As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665). I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the National Park Service. FEDERAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE TITLE DATE FOR NPS USE ONLY I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THIS PROPERTY IS INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER DATE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF ARCHEOLOGY AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION ATTEST DATE KEEPER OF THE NATIONAL REGISTER 19 Form No 10-300a (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORICPLACES DATE ENTERED INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM William M. Davis House, Mass. CONTINUATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER 8 PAGE 2 William Morris Davis' significance in the history of science in America rests in his contributions to meterology, geology, and gemorphology. In over 500 books and periodical publications he created a body of work in the earth sciences that mark him as an outstanding American scientist. In 1894 Davis published Elementary Meteorology. Although the work, which was essentially a textbook, did not contain any new basic science knowledge, it did bring organization and refinement to a large body of previously uncoordinated knowledge. Elementary Meteorology became the standard textbook on the subject for many years. Davis' international fame as a creator of new knowledge rests chiefly on his contributions to geology and geomorphology. In 1912, after he had resigned from Harvard and while teaching in Germany, Davis published Die erklaerende Beschreibung der Landformen (A Reasoned Description of Landforms) The work represented a summation of Davis' forty year study of the shape of the earth and the evolution of the earth's forms. Employing the knowledge of meteorology, geography, and geology Davis offered an explanation of the genesis, development, EADin v and classification of landforms. His system, which could be applied to the Eopography of the entire earth, became known as the Davisian or American school of geomorphological thought. In this work and subsequent studies Davis created 6 new doctrines and concepts (for example the concept of "erosion cycle") to explain the shaping and forming of the earth. In so doing he opened new areas of study for geologists and geographers. According to Reginald A. Daly, the distinguised geologist, Davis transformed the study of geography in America into a true earth science. Davis' contributions to the earth sciences earned him the esteem and recognition of his peers. Among his awards were the Cullum Medal of the American Geographical Society (1903), the Academy of Natural Sciences' Hayden Medal, and the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. Leading scientific societies both here and abroad, among them the National Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, elected him to membership. Page 1 of 4 William Morris Davis No Erosion of Impact Personal Life History- William Morris Davis was born in Philadelphia, Pa., on February 12, 1850. He died in Pasadena, CA., on February 5, 1934. He was the son of Edward M. Davis and Martha Mott Davis, who were both members of the Society of Friends. His father a Philadelphia businessman, was expelled from the society for enlisting in the Union army during the civil war. His mother was the daughter of Lucretia Mott an early and strenuous worker for women's rights and a firm antagonist of slavery. His mother resigned her post on the society shortly after the expulsion of her husband from the group. In 1879 Davis married Ellen B. Warner of Springfield Massachusetts. After her death he married Mary M. Wyman of Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1914. After her death he married Lucy L. Tennant of Milton, Massachusetts in 1928. She miraculously survived him. Academic History- Davis' contributions cover the separate field of geography, geology, and meteorology. He had an emphasis throughout his career on education in both the high school level as well as the college level. Davis' most influential concept was the "cycle of erosion". He worked on refining and detailing this concept for most of his professional career. Many of his early publications layed the foundation for this concept but it is the essay "the rivers of pennsylvania,1889" where he first states and defines the concept. It is clear that Davis was influenced by Darwin's organic evolution theory. In a 1883 writing he states "it seems most probable, that the many pre-existent streams in each river basin concentrated their water in a single channel of overflow, and that this one channel survives- a fine example of natural selection." He is noted in bibliographies reviewed that he was an avid sponsor of bringing professionals together. This is supported most notable by his involvement as one of the founders of the Association of American Geographers. Something of which I have been puzzled over however is the lack of mention of his involvement with the National Geographic Society(NGS). He is given credit as having an article or essay in the NGS magazine in each of its first nine years. Also these articles seem to have been some of his preeminent, most influential works. He is also listed as one of the original members of the NGS. Honorary Degrees from: The Cape of Good Hope University 1905; Greifswald University 1906; Christiana http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/davis.html 12/16/2004 Page 2 of 4 University(Oslo) 1911; Melbourne University 1914. Was decorated Chevalier Legion of Honor(France) 1912. Memberships/Leadership in Organizations: Founding member of Geological Society of America(pres. 1906 & 1911); Founding member of Association of American Geographers(pres. 1904,1905,1909); member of American Academy of Arts and Science; member of American Philosophical Society; Member National Academy of Sciences; member Imperial Society of Natural History(Moscow); member of the New Zealand Institute; Science and America(asso Editor); member American Association for the Advancement of Science (v-pres. 1903) Geographical Societies of: Berlin, Vienna, Madrid, Rome, Buda-pest, Leipzig, Greifswald, Frankfurt, Geneva, Petrograd, Amsterdam, Neuchatel, Copenhagen, Stockholm, New York and Chicago. The total list of is memberships honorary and otherwise is well over thirty memberships strong. He is also listed as having 501 titles in his bibliography with dates spanning between 1880 and 1938. Professional Time Line 1869- Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard University(Lawrence Scientific School) 1870- Master of Engineering from Harvard University 1870- Spends three years at Cordoba, Argentina as meteorologist in national observatory 1874-Assistant to Raphael Pumpelly on the Northern Pacific Survey 1877- - Assistant to Nathaniel Shaler professor of geology at Harvard University 1879-Instructor of geology at Harvard University 1882&1911 - Lecturer Lowell Institute 1883- Assistant geologist Northern Transcontinental Survey 1885-Appointed assistant professor of physical geography at Harvard University 1890-Full professorship in physical geography at Harvard University 1890-1915- Assistant geologist U.S. Geological Survey 1898-Appointed Sturgis Hooper professor of geology at Harvard University 1903-Physiographer to Pumpelly's Carnegie Institute survey of Turkestan 1908- Visiting professor at Berlin University 1911- Visiting professor at University of Paris 1911- Lead 9 week geographical pilgrimage from Wales to Italy 1912- Became Emeritus professor at Harvard University 1912- Organized an 8 week transcontinental expedition of the American Geographical Society 1925-26 Visiting lecturer Western Colleges 1927-30- Visiting lecturer at University of California at Berkeley 1927-31 Visiting lecturer at the University of Arizona 1927-32- Visiting lecturer at Stanford University 1930- Visiting lecturer at the University of Oregon 1931-32 Visiting lecturer at the California Institute of Technology 1931- Visiting lecturer at Columbia University Professional Contribution- Often called "the father of American geography". He was a professor of physical geography at Harvard, teaching many of the great American geographers to follow him. These students included Albert Perry Brigham, Richard Dodge, Ellsworth Huntington, Mark Jefferson, and Isaiah Bowman. He founded the Association of American Geographers in 1904. He became the first president of the AAG, and shaped the early years of the society. Davis wanted the AAG to be of high intellectual standing, and a contribution to geography, such as fieldwork or a publication, was required for membership. Davis called for an increase in geography curriculum at universities. He saw a break between school geography and professional geography. He wrote a series of papers giving advice on how to teach geography from grade school all the way up to college. To emphasize education he lead the Conference on Geography in 1894. In 1889 he wrote "The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania", which was the first paper of it's kind in America. Within this article he presented the "cycle of erosion". http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/davis.html 12/16/2004 Page 3 of 4 His ideas organized the principles of modern meteorology and contributed to significant studies in geology. Serving as president of the Geological Society of America Davis became an important figure in field research. Annotated Bibliographies Davis, William Morris. 1888. "Geographic methods in geologic investigations", "National Geographic Magazine" 1: 11-26. The article starts with a definition of geography as "the account of present forms of the earth". Then he states that this definition is limited. The definition should include description and statistical account of the present surface of the earth, but also include a systematic classification of the features, viewed as the result of processes, acting for various periods, at different ages, on diverse structures. He sites two events that create an advance in geographic study. First the Pennsylvania surveys in 1840. Second the surveys of the west 1870. The advance is from the old school where structure determines form, to the new school where slow "form producing" processes create a sequence of forms. He uses an analogy with an oak tree. An individual is not able to witness a specific tree continually grow. But the individual can make reference to seeing the tree at different stages. Then apply the form development of the oak to other similar trees. This analogy examples how our understanding of the earth's surface features should be. His analogy of the oak does not hold true for structures which go through a repetition of the same process. He mentions an example of a stream which course was changed by glacial deposits and began eroding a portion of land which had reached its base level. He applies the ideas to how they can be received in schools and mentions the importance of having a base set of standard forms, to study from, for geographers and students. These would be used when applying knowledge of familiar areas to new areas. He also encourages the use of models in teaching. By saying "Good illustrations, photos, and maps are becoming more common; but the most important means of teaching will be found in models." He finishes by saying physical geography is too largely descriptive and statistical. It holds promise for wide usefulness when its forms are systematically studied and its principles are broadly applied. The essential element here is the systematic relation of form to structure, base level, and time. He suggests a new term might be Systematic Geography. Davis, William Morris. 1889. "The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania", "National Geographic Magazine" 1: 183-253. In this essay of 70 pages Mr. Davis first sets the scene for the whole essay with an introduction explaining certain assumptions made in the essay and the organization of the essay. To set the scene he cites a description of the region by Lewis Evans in 1755. He also describes and comments on previous work done on this area by Peschel, Tietze, Lowl, Philippson, Lesley. The second chapter of the essay gives a geological history the region and describes the formations. Many figures and sketches occupy this portion of the essay to graphically give reference and clarify how the structures were developed. In the third chapter he introduces the concepts which he is famous for. The complete cycle of river life: Youth, adolescence, Maturity, and Old Age. He examines the history of an ideal river life in order to study the Pennsylvania region. The cycle is started by what he calls an Original river the definition is a stream starting on a new land. After becoming established the stream then starts the cycle. After describing each stage of the cycle he indicates that a cycle can be changed by changes in the structure of the landscape. With the last chapter of the essay he traces the development of streams through the geologic history of pennsylvania. By making comparisons between streams in contrasting development with similar geologic structure. He defends the different stages of stream development found in various parts of Pennsylvania. http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/davis.html 12/16/2004 Page 4 of 4 Although thought of today as a work which signifies a period of time in geographic development his systematic approach to organizing streams is still used as a fundamental basis for stream development. Davis, William Morris. 1900. "The Physical Geography of the Lands", "Popular Science Monthly". 2:157-170. This article describes the physical features of the world known up to that time. It discusses the advances regarding the study of the earth, and mentions some geographers who helped make these advances. This article describes how the various physical features of the world interact with each other, and shows Davis' passion for physical geography. created 11-02-96; assistance by John Pruyne at Valparaiso Univerity If you would like to post materials on the History and Philosophy of Geography in this test area, please contact Jon T. Kilpinen. Return to VGDP Test Area VGDP History and Philosophy Page | The Virtual Geography Department Valparaiso University Department of Geography and Meteorology Comments This page is maintained by the Department of Geography and Meteorology at Valparaiso University. Please send comments and corrections to Jon T. Kilpinen at jkilpinen@exodus.valpo.edu. Last revised 25 March 1997 by JTK. tp://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/davis.htm) 12/16/2004 LETTER FROM DR. ROBERT STERLING YARD TO DR. H. C. BRYANT June 24, 1931. "I have read with keenest interest your report to the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial on educational activities in National Parks. While it contains few details of which I was unaware (having been secretary from the beginning of the National Park Educa- tional Committee, of the National Parks Association, and of the Museums Association's Outdoor Education Committee under both its titles) I find the achievement as a whole, as here presented, little short of astonishing. So lusty a growth from so small a start. in so short a time is not only eloquent of the public need that inspired it, but highly dramatic also, and I am keen for the popular rewriting which you promise as a public document. "But do not think of confining a statement so valuable to outdoor education and the fame of the National Park Service merely to the Nature Guide System. The story off the whole should be available in the public and university libraries of the country. "The only criticism I have concerns the beginning of education in the National Parks Service which preceded by several years the Nature Guide System. Of course that was before your personal observation, but I can make the facts available and will be very glad to do so. Here they are in, I think, sufficient detail. "Unofficially, the use of the national parks by universities as class rooms began many years ago. The University of California probably began it, but I havent the record. In 1899, Doctor Rollin D. Salisbury began taking University of Chicago geological classes into what afterward became Glacier National Park, Doctor Thomas C. Chamberlin and Doctor J. Paul Goode following his example. Doctor William M. Davis took Harvard classes to the Grand Canyon at an early date. Doctor Douglas W. Johnson took Columbia Universi ty classes into several national parks. Doctor Frederick G. Pack took Utah State University classes into Yellowstone and the Zion country long before our time. Doctor Ernest Lehner took University of Minnesota classes into Glacier for several consecutive years, and I have less definite notes in my 1916 files about several other state universities includin Texas. "Mr. Mather caught the educational idea, and definitely determined upon educational development, as early as the summer of 1916; this was on his second "Mather Mountain Party" in the Sierra, of which I was a member. We developed it together during our trail riding of many days. On our way back east we spent eight wonderful September days in Glacier where we met Dr. Ernest Lehnerts who had just dismissed his University of Minnesota geology class. During a stormy day in Lewis's hotel on Lake McDonald the three of us talked over many ideas, some of which afterward were realized. "We returned full of purpose, and sprung the educational idea officially at the fourth National Park Conference which was held in the Smithsonian during the first days of the following January, 1917. The second day of five was called Educational Day, and I presided at both sessions. Dr. Lehnerts, Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Dr. William H. Holmes and Dr. Arthur E. Bester, president of Chautauqua, were among eight or nine who spoke on education, but no one advanced any defined program. Dr. Claxton, U. S. Commissioner of Education, offered to cooperate with the National Park Service in securing 'educational extension in the national parks', but his ideas were vague like those of all the rest of us. At that meeting, by the way, I predicted the National Parks Association which actual] appeared two and a half years later. "No definite plans were made either at this meeting or in the months that followe though many were talked over. Mr. Mather assigned me to canvass opinion, but I found who took the idea seriously. In May, 1917, the question came up of a title to give my educational work more weight. I suggested (Educational Adviser to the National Park Service', but some one, I think Mr. Albright, thought that 'Chief of the Educational Division' would accord better with Interior Department usage. That was painted on my door (room 4133) in which, for two years, I carried on a vigorous composite of park publicity and educational promotion, writing, meantime, my 'Book of the National Parks The latter was built on an educational frame work which some of us had worked out as a basis for work in the Service. "Educational promotion wasn't much of a success at first. No one in Washington took any interest in it except Mr. Mather, spasmodically; Congressmen smiled over it; and, with a very few exceptions the concessioners opposed it. Somebody politically influential on the Pacific Coast slammed the whole idea of education in national parks by letter to his Senator, who called up Secretary Lane about it, and Lane phoned down to Mather that he'd better go slow on that unpopular kind of stuff. Thus the cause pe under a heavy cloud just as things were beginning to look hopeful. But I still kept my title, and hammered away as inconspicuously as possible. "Meantime Dr. Charles D. Walcott and a few Smithsonians, together with Mr. Matthe Mr. Campbell, and others of the Geological Survey, had been getting enthusiastic over our ideas, and we had a number of good friends in several universities. Discouraged by Lane's opposition, Dr. Walcott suggested a study organization to determine what should be done in the circumstances. "On June 26, 1918, was organized, in the Smithsonian Institution, the National Parks Educational Committee, consisting largely of university presidents and professor as far west at Utah and California, together with representatives of leading conserva- tion organizations including the Camp Fire Club, the Audubon Society and the Sierra Club. The committee numbered, I think, about 72 members, nearly all much interested. With Mr. Mather's permission and considerable interest, I ran this committee, as secretary, from my desk in the Service. It was all to the ultimate good of this Servi "With $84 collected as postage money, I conducted a lively correspondence, as a result of which, on May 29, 1919, the educational committee merged into the National Parks Association, creating it, and I resigned from government service to take charge. "This brings us, you see, up to the point where you begin your Rockefeller report In fact, nature guide work in California had already come to our attention, and Enos Mills had engaged in it in the Rockies. There was talk of applying it in the Nationa parks, but I think nothing was done till the California Fish and Game people (doesn't that mean you?) took the initiative. "I have written this at length to go into the Service files. From it, I hope that you will find what you need for your popular account of educational beginnings in national parks." Sincerely yours, /s/ Robert Sterling Yard. 2 Davis Davis and his two-page article in the Sun describing Davis had already developed a strong interest the event was for years remembered as a feat in economic questions, and many of the articles of reportorial skill. His experiences both in that he sent to the Times from Germany dealt Guam and in the Philippines, where he was with the economic conditions of that country present at the capture of Manila, were graphi- during the war. These articles are said to have cally described in Our Conquests in the Pocific, aroused the admiration of James A. Farrell, published in 1899. A year later, while gathering sponsor of the National Foreign Trade Council, news both for the Sun and Harper's Weekly with the result that Davis was asked to become during the Chinese Boxer Rebellion, he wit- secretary of the council-a post he held until nessed the looting of Peking and of Tientsin. the time of his death. During this period he con- Of some of his experiences in China, as the tributed articles on economics and foreign trade allies were moving their forces out of the coun- not only to the Times, but to the Far Eastern try, he wrote most interestingly in a series of Review, the Bankers Magazine, the Proceedings articles in Harper's Weekly entitled "Reporting of the Academy of Political Science, and other a Cosmopolitan War" (July 27/, Aug. 3, IO, journals. He was a delegate from the United 1901). In 1904 during the Russo o/Japanese War, States to the first Pan-American Postal Con- he represented the New York Herald. gress which met at Buenos Aires in 1921, and With no more wars for the present to report, in 1930 he asked President Hoover to recom- in 1907 he settled in Washington, D. C., where mend an appropriation of $1,500,000 for air- he served until 1912 as local correspondent for mail service to South America. He died of heart the New York Times and the Philadelphia Pub- disease at Bronxville, N. Y. He was married lic Ledger. During this period he made two un- on Apr. 6, 1899, to Jessie Bates Johnson of Bing- important excursions into/ the realm of fiction: hamton, N Y., who with two children, Margaret At the Emperor's Wish, a Tale of the New Japan and Oscar King, survived him. (1905) and The Storm-Birds (1910), the latter [Sources include: Who's Who in America, 1930-31 done in collaboration with Reginald Schroeder. N. Y. Times, Jan. 25, 1913, Jan. 6, 1930 Elmer Davis, But his chief interest/ during his Washington Hist. of The N. Y. Times, 1851-1921 (1921) F. M. O'Brien, The Story of the Sun (1928) ; obits. in the residence was politics/ A stanch Republican, he N. Y. Times and N. Y. Herald Tribune, June 4, 1932 had edited with John K. Mumford in 1901 obit. of Joshua B. Davis in the Baldwinsville Gazette The Life of William McKinley, which contained and Farmers' Jour., Aug. 29, 1889. The names of Davis and his wife appear together on a gravestone in "copious extracts from the late President's pub- Riverview Cemetery, Baldwinsville.] lic speeches, messages to Congress, proclama- NELSON F. ADKINS tions and other state papers." In 1908 he pub- lished William Howard Taft, the Man of the DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS (Feb. I2, Hour, a campaign biography. During all this 1850-Feb. ,1934),geographer,geologist,teacher, time he had been intimate with Theodore Roose- was born in Philadelphia, Pa., the son of Ed- velt, and with the formation of the Progressive ward Morris and Maria (Mott) Davis. On his party in 1912 he became secretary and publicity maternal side he was descended from James and chief of the Progressive National Committee, as Lucretia (Coffin) Mott [qq.v.]. His boyhood well as director of the party headquarters in was spent in an intellectual home environment Washington. In a volume of political reminis- colored by frequent associations with many of cence entitled Released for Publication (1925), the foremost liberals of the day. Until he was he reviewed his connections with Roosevelt from eleven he was taught by his mother. Through 1898 to 1918, giving what he calls the "inside 1861 and I862 he attended grammar school in political history of Theodore Roosevelt and his West Medford, Mass., and thereafter, until 1866, times."/ A great admirer of Roosevelt, he re- a private school in Philadelphia. At the age garded his friendship with the former President of sixteen he entered the Lawrence Scientific as one of the great experiences of his life. School of Harvard University, graduating in A few years later he resumed his work as 1869 with the degree of B.S., magna cum laude, foreign correspondent. He spent the year 1915 and a year later received the degree of mining in China gathering news for the Chicago Trib- engineer summa cum laude. His discovery of une, and in 1916 and 1917 he represented the the star "T Coronae Borealis" on May I2, 1866, New York Times in Berlin. While in Berlin, was indicative of his marked scientific ability. by dispelling certain illusions regarding the al- After traveling for a year in Europe he accom- leged mistreatment of Germans in America, he panied Prof. Raphael Pumpelly [q.v.] on an ex- Was in large part responsible for the release of cursion to the iron and copper districts of Lake many Americans then being held in Germany. Superior, and Prof. Josiah D. Whitney [q.v.] on 229 D.A.B. Supp. 1 Davis Davis an expedition to the Rocky Mountains of Colo- and geography. Travels in Europe, the Near rado, learning on these trips the practical appli- East, Africa, Canada, and the United States, and cation of theory in the field. From 1870 to 1873 in the Pacific Ocean, afforded him a wider ac- he served a scientific apprenticeship at the Na- quaintance with professional geographers and tional Observatory in Córdoba, Argentina, and geologists and opportunity for detailed field study acquired some fluency in Spanish and a wider of many areas. During the early part of this experience in astronomy and biology. The sum- period he was engaged mainly in a study of land- mer of 1873 was spent in Europe. forms, especially glaciers and coral reefs, and From 1873 to 1876 he was engaged with his in developing his major contribution-the sci- father in commercial affairs, for which he never ence of geomorphology. Association with the was temperamentally suited. In 1876 he became work of leading European geographers and geol- assistant in geology under Nathaniel S. Shaler logists, and with the American physiographer's, [q.v.] at Harvard. He accompanied him on field John W. Powell, Grove K. Gilbert, and Thomas trips to Tennessee, Kentucky, and the valleys C. Chamberlain [qq.v.], to whom he acknowl- of the Hudson and Connecticut rivers, and the edged a special debt, gave stimulus and aid to geology of the last-named became the field of his prolific contributions to the sciences. his geological work for a considerable time (see Davis was Harvard visiting professor at the annual reports of the director of the United University of Berlin in 1908-09 and at the Sor- States Geological Survey, especially "The Trias- bonne in I9II-I2, in each of which he lectured sic Formation of Connecticut," Eighteenth An- in the language of the country. In 1912 he pub- nual Report, 1896-1897, 1898, Pt. II, pp. lished in German his often-quoted and some- I-192). His work under Shaler, particularly in times misinterpreted classic contribution, Die charge of the geology laboratory, so indicated erklärende Beschreibung der Landformen (Ber- to him his lack of training that he applied him- lin, 1912, 2nd ed., 1924). This and subsequent self to developing teaching methods, and he ac- related studies gave rise to two opposing schools quired a high degree of ability in interpretation of thought with respect to the genesis, develop- and description, especially through the use of ment, and classification of landforms, the Davi- block diagrams, maps, and models. In 1877-78 sian or American and the Penckian or German he made a trip around the world, and the follow- (see Walter Penck: Die Morphologische Analyse, ing year he was appointed instructor in geology Stuttgart, 1914; O. D. von Engeln: Geomor- in Harvard, being given complete charge of a phology, Systematic and Regional, New York, course in physical geography and meteorology. 1942; and Otto Maull: Geomorphologie, Leip- In 1885 he was made assistant professor of phys- zig, 1938). In I9I2 Davis also served as leader ical geography and in I800. professor. Summer- of the transcontinental excursion sponsored by school courses in geology in association with the American Geographical Society, in which Shaler, Jay B. Woodworth, Albert P. Brigham most of the leading physiographers and geog- [qq.v.], and others, from about 1879 to 1890, raphers of the time participated (see his Guide- contributed to his mastery of that science. His book for the Transcontinental Excursion of I9I2, frequent publications were masterpieces of de- 1912). He resigned the Sturgis-Hooper Pro- scription and geographical analysis. He was con- fessorship in 1912 and was appointed professor stantly directing his efforts toward a rational, emeritus. During the First World War, as chair- in contrast with the empirical, treatment of sci- man of the geography committee, geology and ence. It was during this period that he evolved geography division, of the National Research the concept of "the cycle of erosion" (see Jour- Council, he was responsible for the publication nal of Geology, January-February 1923) and of A Handbook of Northern France (1918), found the need for and fathered new terminology, and about the same time he prepared for the such as "peneplain," "mature," and "subsequent." National War Council of the Young Men's In addition to his other activities he carried on Christian Association Excursions around Aix- field study during the summers, and in 1883 and les-Bains. During the period 1920-34 his pub- 1891 visited the Rocky Mountain region, during lications were numerous and significant, among which time he also worked for the United States which were his classic landform studies of coral Geological Survey. reefs and atolls (see The Coral Reef Problem, His appointment to the Sturgis-Hooper Pro- 1928, and Les Côtes et les Récifs Coralliens de fessorship of Geology at Harvard in 1898 per- la Nouvelle Caledonie, Paris, 1926). mitted him greater time for research and travel. From 1925 to 1934 he spent most of his time It opened the second half of his career, in which on the Pacific Coast, where he lectured at vari- he profoundly affected the sciences of geology ous universities. He also continued to publish 230 Davis Davison the products of his numerous field trips and re- Wyman; third, Aug. I3, 1928, to Lucy L. Ten- searches, especially in the field of geomorphology. nant. He died of heart disease at Pasadena, Cal. His interest in oceanography induced him to [Isaiah Bowman, in Geographical Rev., Apr. 1934; prepare a study of submarine valleys, published A. P. Brigham, in Geographen-Kalendar vol. VII posthumously as "Submarine Mock Valleys" (1909), a biog. in English with a German translation; C.F Brooks, in Bull. of the Am. Meteorological Soc., (Geographical Review, April 1934). Less than Mar. 1934; Kirk Bryan, in Annals of the Asso. of Am. two months before his death, he gave an address, Geographers, Mar. 1935; Sci. Monthly, Apr. 1934; Jour. of Geography, Apr. 1934; Nature (London), June (The Faith of Reverent Science" (Scientific 1934; Bull. of the Geographical Soc. of Phila., Oct. Monthly, April 1934), before the American As- 1912; Science, May II, July 20, 1934; Pan-American Geologist, Aug. 1934; Geographical Jour. (London), sociation for the Advancement of Science. July 1934; Vera E. Rigdon, "The Contributions of To meteorology Davis contributed a useful William Morris Davis to Geography in America," 1934, manuscript doctoral thesis in the Lib. of Univ. of Neb.; authoritative textbook, Elementary Meteorology Am. Men of Sci. (5th ed., 1933) ; N. Y. Times, Feb. (1894), and through teaching and publication 7, 1934; Who's Who in America, 1932-33.] analyzed, organized, and clearly presented a re- HERMAN R. FRIIS finement of what was a highly specialized and unorganized science. To geomorphology and ge- DAVISON, GREGORY CALDWELL blogy he contributed a wide range of studies, (Aug. 12, 1871-May 7, 1935), naval officer and reflecting his keen historical sense, the formu- inventor, eldest of the six children of Dr. Alex- lation and elaboration of profound and new doc- ander Caldwell and Sarah (Pelot) Eppes/Davi- trines and ideas, such as the "cycle of erosion," son, was born in Jefferson City, Mo. Is father's and a developmental system of landforms classi- family traced its descent through Maj./William fication. He always considered himself a geog- Davison, merchant, of Winchester, V., and the rapher indeed, he is largely responsible for hav- emigrant of the same name, a British army officer ing made a science of geography in America and a native of Dublin, Ireland. His mother, through his mastery of landscape description, who was twice married, was born at Abbeville, skilful and precise presentation of facts, and ex- S. C., a Pelot, of Swiss Huguenot extraction. ceptional accomplishment in the preparation of In May 1888 Gregory was appointed naval cadet maps and block diagrams. To the teaching of at Annapolis and four years later was graduated geography he contributed frequent articles on fifteenth in a class of forty, standing near the methodology and the effective use of illustra- top of his class in physics and mathematics. After tions, and by his own teaching he set an example two years' required duty /afloat-on board the and inspired his students and colleagues. He San Francisco-he was made an ensign, July I, was the author of over five hundred books and 1894. In this rank he served with the Castine, periodical publications. on special service, and in the South Atlantic, The honors and degrees he received and the 1894-96. In the latter year he went to the torpedo memberships in foreign and American scientific boat Cushing as second in command, and thence societies and on editorial boards that he held to Torpedo Boat No. 6. During the Spanish- were numerous. He was awarded the Cullum American War Davison served on board the medal, American Geographical Society, 1903; Oneida in Cuban and Florida waters. While with the Hayden medal, Academy of Natural Sci- the New York, flagship of the North Atlantic ences, Philadelphia, 1918; the Patron's medal, Station, he in /1900, as first assistant engineer Royal Geographical Society, 1919; and the Pen- officer, remodeled her engines, with the result rose medal, Geological Society of America, 1931. that she exceeded her trial speed record set ten Among the many societies to which he belonged years previously. It was at this time that he were the National Academy of Sciences, the aided Marconi in making the first radio trans- American Association for the Advancement of mission between ships and shore. In 1900 he Science, and the American Philosophical So- was promoted lieutenant; and in 1906, lieutenant ciety; he was also corresponding member of the commander. Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, Royal On Nov. I2, 1900, Davison was ordered to Geographical Society, London, Société de Géo- command the torpedo boat Rodgers. He had now raphie, Paris, Imperial Geographical Society of found his forte, and his future service in the Petersburg, and Sociedad Antonio Alzate of navy was chiefly with torpedo boats, destroyers, lexico. and ordnance. Work on torpedoes and gun de- Davis was married three times: first, Nov. 25, sign at the Bureau of Ordnance was his chief 879, to Ellen B. Warner, by whom he had three employment, 190I-02. He commanded the tor- ons, Richard Mott, Nathaniel Burt, and Ed- pedo boat Barney, 1902-03; the torpedo boat ard Mott; second, Dec. 12, 1914, to Mary M. flotilla at the Norfolk navy yard, 1903; and the 23 I 581.974 R186f ra of Mount Desert Island, Maine. CONTENTS. A PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE PA PREFACE OF THE GENERAL OUTLINE OF PLAN OF CATALOGUE. NTS GROWING ON MOUNT DESERT I. INDIGENOUS PLANTS II. INTRODUCED PLANTS III. SYNONYM8 AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS. IV. ARRANGEMENT AND NOMENCLATURE V. CITATION OF AUTHORS VI. FORMS VIL TERMS DENOTING RELATIVE OCCURRENCE BY VIII PLANTS NOT REPRESENTED IN THE HERBARIUM EDWARD L. RAND AND JOHN H. REDFIELD. IX ABBREVIATIONS X GEOGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE INTRODUCTION. I. MOUNT DESERT AND ITS FLORA With a Geological Introduction II. THE MAP OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND List of Corrections Br WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS, III. BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE CATALOGUE AND A NEW MAP OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND. OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. INTRODUCTION THE GRANITE BELT THE PRE-GRANITIC ROCKS THE POST-GRANITIC ROCKS THE GREAT DENUDATION CAMBRIDGE: THE GLACIAL INVASION JOHN WILSON AND SON. POSTGLACIAL HISTORY University Press. 1894. 6 CONTENTS. FLORA: CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. PHANEROGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. DICOTYLEDONES, OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS 75 ANGIOSPERMEE : POLYPETALE 75 GAMOPETALE 107 PREFACE. APETALA 139 GYMNOSPERMEE 149 MONOCOTYLEDONES, OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 150 CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. PTERIDOPHYTA THE territory covered by this Catalogue of Plants 184 comprises the Island of Mount Desert and the ad- BRYOPHYTA 190 MUSCI joining islands, the more important of which are the 190 HEPATICA Cranberry Isles, Bartlett Island, Thompson Island, and the 219 THALLOPHYTA Porcupine Islands. The Duck Islands, lying some miles 227 CHARACKE seaward southerly from the Cranberry Isles, are also in- 227 ALGE cluded for convenience, although having no close con- 227 LICHENES 250 nection geographically with the rest of the territory. Politically it comprises the towns of Eden, Mount Desert, SUMMARY 275 Tremont Cranberry Isles, a small part of Trenton, and a APPENDIX.-LIST OF EXCLUDED SPECIES 277 part of Long Island Plantation, in which the Duck Isl- ands are included. All of this territory, with the ex- ception of the Duck Islands, is shown on the map that INDEX 281 has been prepared to accompany this Catalogue. In 1880 the Champlain Society an association of college students formed for the purpose of field work and study in various branches of natural science, established its camp on the shores of Somes Sound at Wasgatt Cove, Mount Desert Island. This Catalogue of Plants repre- sents the final results of work begun by its botanical department, while the introductory article on the Ge- ology of Mount Desert represents the work of its geo- logical department. Two years later one of the authors, John H. Redfield, began independent investigation of 8 PREFACE. PREFACE. 9 the Island flora. In 1888 the Champlain Society allowed wise would have been locked up in the herbaria and its botanical work to pass into the hands of the other note-books of unknown workers in the same territory. author, Edward L. Rand, who, however, had been con- Specimens of every plant in this list, with very few nected with the work from its beginning. Soon after- exceptions, will be found preserved in the Mount Desert wards the authors consolidated the results of all the Herbarium, at present kept in Cambridge, Mass. These botanical work on the Island, so far as they were able, exceptions, most of which are either Alg or Lichens, and henceforth carried on the work together, with such are denoted by an asterisk prefixed to the name of the assistance as could be procured from other botanists. species. For specimens of plants thus marked, as well as Although more or less incomplete, and somewhat hastily for other plants from collectors now unrepresented, we prepared, this Catalogue is now presented, at the request shall be most grateful. The Philadelphia Academy of of many interested in the subject, as a preliminary con- Natural Sciences, furthermore, has an almost complete tribution to a Flora of Mount Desert Island. This is duplicate set of the Phanerogams and Pteridophyta; and done with the hope that it may serve as a means of excit- Dr. Carl Warnstorf of Neuruppin, Germany, has a dupli- ing interest in the undertaking, and thus make possible cate set of the Sphagna. Duplicates from the Herbarium a more complete catalogue in the near future. have also been distributed among various public and pri- So far as the study of its flora is concerned, Mount De- vate herbaria of the country. sert has no history. We are told by the early explorers Much care has been taken to make the Catalogue reli- that wild roses and beach peas were abundant, and that able. Very few plants have been admitted to the list is all. No botanists native to the Island - if any there except on the authority of an undoubted specimen, and in were or are - have given us information as to its plants. every case of exception only on a positive affirmation by a All such information has come from such botanists as have specialist or other botanist of high repute as to the chanced to go there from a distance, usually during the authenticity and identity of the lost specimen. More- summer months only. Even of these the known list is Over, we have had the kind assistance of many of the not long, and only few antedate the beginning of syste- leading botanists of the country in the determination of matic work in 1880. It has, furthermore, been extremely specimens in difficult families and genera, and in cases difficult to discover the names of these botanists, and to of doubtful determination, as well as in the criticism and consult their notes and collections, although the authors correction of our manuscript. Prof. L. II. Bailey has have, endeavored in many ways to accomplish this. The given his help in Carex and Rubus; Mr. M. S. Bebb, in result naturally has been far from satisfactory. In spite Salix; Prof. William Trelease, in Rumex and Epilobium; of all these discouragements, however, the work on the Dr. Thomas C. Porter, in Solidago, Aster, and Mentha; Flora has been carried on with perseverance. It is now hoped that from the very fact of the publication of pres+ 1 Any correspondence relating to the Flora may be addressed to Edward L. Rand, 740 Exchange Building, Boston, Mass., or to John H. Redfield, 216 ent results help may be obtained for the future that other- West Logan Square, Philadelphia, Penn. 10 PREFACE. PREFACE. Mr. John K. Small, in Polygonum; Prof. F. Lamson fresh-water Algx and the Fungi, and it has seeme Scribner, in Gramine; Dr. L. M. Underwood, in Isoetes for the present to omit the latter altogether f1 and in Hepatic; Mr. George E. Davenport, in Filices; Catalogue. It is hoped that in the near futu Dr. T. F. Allen, in Characex ; Messrs. Frank S. Collins attention may be given to increasing in a marked and Isaac Holden, in Algx; Dr. Carl Warnstorf, Prof. D. our knowledge of this part of the Island flora. C. Eaton, and Mr. Edwin Faxon, in Sphagnum; Mrs. E. G. Britton and Dr. Charles R. Barnes, in the other July 1st, 1894. Mosses; Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, Miss Mary L. Wilson, and Miss Clara E. Cummings, in Lichenes; and Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. Thomas Morong, Mr. Walter Deane, and Mr. M. L. Fernald, in various other determinations. The article on the Geology of Mount Desert has been kindly contributed by Prof. William M. Davis, of Harvard College. To these and to all others who have done 80 much to add to the value and accuracy of this Catalogue, to the various collectors whose names appear therein, and to President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University, through whose interest and kindness the publication of our work has been made possible, we extend our sincere thanks. Acknowledging, as we have at the outset, the incom- pleteness of this Catalogue in many of its divisions, we issue it at the present time to assist those interested in the plants of the Island to the acquirement of a better knowledge of its flora. With this end in view, therefore, it has seemed well to include, for the benefit of specialists, even manifestly incomplete lists of some of the Crypto- gams. The list of Vascular Cryptogams (Pteridophyta), the Ferns and their allies, is fairly complete; the lists of Mosses and Liverworts are well advancing towards com- pletion, and the same is true of the lists of Lichens and of the marine Algm. Very little work, however, has been done thus far in the collection and determination of the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE. the 7/2/07 VOL. XLII. GEOLOGICAL SERIES, Vol. VI. No. 1. AN EXCURSION TO THE PLATEAU PROVINCE OF UTAII AND ARIZONA. By W. M. DAVIS. WITH SEVEN PLATES. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. JUNE, 1903. JUN 5 1903 No. 1. - An Excursion to the Plateau Province of Utah and Arizona. By W. M. DAVIS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduction 1 The Section near Antelope Wash 30 The Sevier-Torowcap Fault 4 The Topography of the Colorado Previous Statements 4 Canyon 31 The Fault at Upper Kanab 5 The Cross-Section of the Canyon 31 The Jurassic Sandstones 8 Amphitheaters in the Canyon Kanab Canyon 9 Walls 33 The Fault at Pipe Spring 12 The Profile of Sharp Cusps 34 The Moccasin Fault 14 General Relations of Amphithe- Erosion in the lipe Spring aters and Cusps 34 District 15 The Great Terraces 36 Connection of Sevier and Toro- Refreshed Cliff Profiles 36 weap Faults 17 Revived Erosion of the Pink The Toroweap Fault at the Grand Cliffs 38 Canyon 18 The Valley of the Virgin 39 Camping on the Esplanade 21 The Fresh-water Tertiaries 42 General Features of the Espla- Previous Statements 42 nade 21 Eocene of the High Plateaus The View from Vulcan's Throne 23 of Utah 43 The Hurricane Fault 26 The Green River Basin, Wyoming 45 Previous Statements 20 Bibliography 49 The Section near Coal Spring 27 Explanation of Plates 50 Introduction. IN the summer of 1902. the writer made his third visit to the region of the Colorado canyon. The results of the first visit in 1900 have already been published (a, b); 1 the results of the second visit in 1901 were of relatively small import and are here presented along with those of the third. The last excursion was undertaken partly as a means of providing oppor- tunity in field work for some of our advanced students in geology at Harvard, two of whom, Messrs. Ellsworth Huntington and J. Walter 1 Dates, letters, or page numbers in parenthesis refer to the bibliography at the close of the article. VOL. XLII. - NO. 1 1 2 BULLETIN MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. DAVIS: THE PLATEAU PROVINCE OF UTAH AND ARIZONA. 3 Goldthwait, were enabled by the generous contributions from several friends of the geological department to spend five weeks in the plateaus north of the canyon. An abstract of their report has been published in the Journal of Geology and a fuller statement of their results will form a later member of this Bulletin. P.H Our itinerary, shown by a broken line with numbers for dates on Figure 1, was as follows : - From Provo by rail to Marysvale, July 12 31% Marysvale by wagon to Kanab, July 13 to 17 ; Kanah, in saddle with wagon outfit, to Mt. Trumbull and the Colorado canyon at Toro- weap, July 18 to 21 ; on the esplanade of the canyon, July 22 from 15 Rt the canyon to Toquerville, July 23 to 29 ; about Toquerville with wagon, July 30 to August 5. On the latter date I left my companions 29T at St. George to continue their study of the Toquerville district, and went by wagon and rail to Salt Lake City, and thence to Nevada and Oregon, as will be described in a later number of this Bulletin. 26 The observations made in 1900 led to certain departures from conclu- sions previously published, especially as to the time of the production UTAH ARIZIONA of the great north-south faults by which the platean province is traversed. It was believed that the greater part of the faulting had been accom- P.S plished before the uplift of the region by which the erosion of the Colorado 18 canyon was initiated; that is, during the plateau cycle of erosion, so- called because the removal of a great thickness of rocks from the broad area of the plateaus north and south of the canyon was then effected (a,p.119). It was further thought that during the canyon cycle of erosion 24+ extensive areas of weak Permian rocks were stripped from the uplifted 20 region while the Colorado river was corroding its canyon (p. 139) ; and 23 it was suspected that the western boundary of the uplifted region lay along the line of the Grand wash fanlt, on which a relatively late move- ment, long after an earlier movement, served to place the plateau region on the east above the Basin region on the west (1. 148). The first of these conclusions will liere be further substantiated ; but at the same time it will be shown that modern faulting of large amount has taken place on the Hurricane fault fifty miles and more north of 50 the canyon. Additional evidence will be presented as to the stripping of weak Permian strata from the plateaus north of the canyon during the canyon cycle. Perhaps the most important result of the summer's FIGURE 1. work bears on the recent movement along the Grand wash fault, which Route map. The numbers alongside of the broken line showing the route followed indicate is now promoted from the rank of a supposition to that of a reasonable the dates in July (14-31) and August (1 to 5), 1902, when certain points were passed. certainty, as will appear from the work of niy student companions. Sev- The abbreviations are as follows -A, Grand View Hotel ; B, Bright Angel Hotel. These two points, south of the canyon, were visited in the summer of 1901. FA, Fre- cral collateral problems are discussed, as appears in the table of contents. donia ; G. St. George; KB, Kanab; P11, Panguitch; l. S., Pipe spring; R, Ranch; T, Toquerville. Joshua L. Chanberlain (Ed.) 1900 64 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS: Harvard In werity COOLIDGE, Archibald Cary, 1866- Latin Orient Works. He is a member of the Ameri- Born in Boston, Mass., 1866; graduated at Harvard; can Historical Society, the Massachusetts Historical studied in Berlin, Paris, Baden; diplomatic service Society, and the Somerset Club. at St. Petersburg, Paris and Vienna; Asst. Prof. of History at Harvard; member of the American Histori- cal Society, and of the Massachusetts Historical DAWES, Thomas, 1757-1825. Society. A RCHIBALD CARY COOLIDGE, Ph.D., Born in Boston, Mass., 1757; graduated at Harvard, 1777; member of the Constitutional Conventions of Assistant Professor of History at Harvard, 1780, 1789 and 1820; Judge of the Supreme Court of is the son of Joseph Randolph (great-grandson of Mass, 1792-1803; Judge of the Municipal Court, Bos- Thomas Jefferson) and Julia (Gardner) Coolidge, ton, 1803-1823; Judge of Probate, 1823-1825; fellow of and was born in Boston, Massachusetts, March 6, American Academy; died in Boston, 1825. 1866. He graduated at Harvard in 1887, and T HOMAS DAWES, A.M., Overseer of Har- vard, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, July 8, 1757, son of Thomas Dawes (1731-1809), a leading patriot of Boston during the Revolution. He was graduated at Harvard in I777, and under the inspiration of his father and of the times, at once became active in public affairs. In 1780 he was a member of the Constitutional Convention, and in the Convention of 1789, which adopted the Federal Constitution, he was also a delegate. In 1792 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Mas- sachusetts, and for ten years served in that office. From 1803 to 1823 he was Judge of the Municipal Court of Boston and from the latter year until his death he officiated as Judge of Probate. It is said of Judge Dawes that his literary productions were popular, and his witticisms proverbial." He was a fellow of the American Academy and was an Over- seer of Harvard from 1810 to 1823. He died in Boston, July 22, 1825. DAVIS, William Morris, 1850- ARCHIBALD CARY COOLIDGE Born in Philadelphia, Penn., 1850; educated at public then studied at Berlin University, and at the École and private grammar schools and at Lawrence Scien- tific School and at the Hooper Mining School of Har- des Sciences Politiques in Paris, and at Freiburg in vard; was Assistant in the Argentine National Baden, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Observatory; Assistant and Instructor in Geology at at the latter Institution in 1892. He spent several Harvard; Assistant Professor of Physical Geography years abroad travelling extensively and obtaining a at Harvard and since 1890 Professor of Physical Geog- raphy at this College ; is member of the National glimpse of diplomatic service at St. Petersburg, Geographic Society, the Geological Society of America, Paris and Vienna. At St. Petersburg he served as the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, fellow Secretary of Legation without appointment in 1890- of the American Association for the Advancement of 91, and at Vienna was Secretary of Legation by Science and corresponding member of other societies. appointment in 1893. For several years he has W ILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS, S.B., M.E., taught history at Harvard, and now holds the posi- Professor of Geology at Harvard, was born tion of Assistant Professor in that subject. Dr. Cool- in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February I-2, 1850. idge has donated to Harvard many hundred volumes His father and mother were both of Quaker descent, relating to Slavic history, and with his father, J. R. the former Edward Morris, being a member of the Coolidge, he gave in 1900 the Riant Collection of families of Davis and Evans in Eastern Pennsylvania, UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS while his mother, Maria Mott Davis, was the daugh- Geographical Society of Berlin, and corresponding ter of James and Lucretia Mott, the former being member of the Geographical Societies of London, descended from Long Island Quakers and the latter Paris, Munich and Philadelphia, of the Geological from Nantucket Quakers. Mr. Davis received his Society of Edinburgh, and of the German Meteoro- early education at the grammar school at West Med- logical Society. He married, November 25, 1879, ford, Massachusetts, and at a private school in Phil- Ellen Bliss Warner, of Springfield, Massachusetts, and adelphia. In 1869 he received the degree of has three children : Richard Mott, Nathaniel Burt Bachelor of Science at the Lawrence Scientific and Edward Mott Davis. School at Harvard and one year later was given the degree of Mining Engineer, at the Hooper Mining School of the same University. "Three years were DENNETT, John Richard, 1837-1874. then spent in the Argentine National Observatory Born in Chatham, N. B., 1837 graduated at Har- vard, 1862; Editor Harvard Magazine while in College; Superintendent of a plantation in the South during the Civil War; contributor and afterwards one of the Editors of the New York Nation; Assistant Professor of Rhetoric at Harvard, 1869-1872; died in Westboro, Mass., 1874 J OHN RICHARD DENNETT, Assistant Pro- 1 fessor of Rhetoric at Harvard, was born in Chatham, New Brunswick, in 1837 and was fitted for College in the High School of Woburn, Massa- chusetts, to which place his parents removed during his childhood. He was graduated at Harvard in 1862, and soon after went to Beaufort, South Carolina, to take charge of a plantation. Shortly after the close of the Civil War he made a compre- hensive tour of the Southern States in the interest of the New York Nation, and contributed to that paper a series of interesting letters upon the political con- ditions and prospects of the South. On his return North he became connected with the editorial staff of the New York Nation, and in 1869 accepted the Assistant Professorship of Rhetoric at Harvard, in which he officiated until compelled to resign by WILLIAM, M. DAVIS reason of failing health in 1872. Mr. Dennett's journalistic talents and rhetorical abilities were at Cordova under Dr. B. A. Gould. Since 1876 strikingly manifested while he was yet. an under- Professor Davis has. been connected with the Har- graduate at Harvard. During his College course he vard Faculty, for the first nine years as Assistant and edited the Harvard Magazine, and his Class Day Instructor in Geology, for the next five years as poem was a production of such unusual merit as to Assistant Professor of Physical Geography, from bring forth the especial commendation of James 1890 to 1899 as Professor in the last-named branch Russell Lowell for its rare poetic qualities. He died and in 1899 was elected to the Sturgis-Hooper Pro- at the early age of thirty-seven years, in Westboro, fessorship of Geology. He is the author of text- Massachusetts, November 26, 18 books on Meteorology and Physical Geography, and is a member of numerous societies, including the Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, the Bos- DUNBAR, Charles Franklin, 1830-1900: ton Natural History Society, the Geological Society Born in Abington, Mass., 1830 educated at Phillips- of America, the National Geographic Society, besides Exeter Academy and Harvard; received the degree being a fellow of the American Association for the of A.B. in 1851; studied W in the Harvard Law Advancement of Science, honorary member of the School and in the office of Hoar, Gray & Bangs; 5 UNH LIBRARY 3 4600 00816 4185 GEOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS BY WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS STURGIS-HOOPER PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY EDITED BY DOUGLAS WILSON JOHNSON ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOGRAPHY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON . NEW YORK . CHICAGO . LONDON 551.4 D265 EDITOR'S NOTE An endeavor has been made in this volume to meet the grow- ing demand for an edition of Professor Davis's most important geographical essays. Since it was not possible to include within the limits of a single volume all essays which students of geog- raphy desire to see reprinted, the editor was asked to select a limited number, and to prepare them for publication. He can hardly expect that his choice will meet with unanimous approval, but he believes it will appear that the selections herewith pre- COPYRIGHT, 1909 sented are fairly representative of the author's contributions to By WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS the science of geography. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For sake of uniformity in style, method of treatment, etc., 89.6 minor modifications have been made in many of the essays, SO that they do not always conform exactly to the text as originally published. A large number of the illustrations have been re- drawn, while a few have necessarily been omitted. In special (cases portions of the text have been materially revised to bring them into accord with recent discoveries, or to eliminate matter inappropriate for publication under the present circumstances. Such alterations as have been made have received the author's approval. The original form of any essay may be found by con- sulting the citations given in the Table of Contents. The essays admit of a natural classification into two main groups : those concerned chiefly with the teaching of geography, included in Part One, Educational Essays and those dealing with the principles of the science of geography, more especially be athenxum Dress GINN AND COMPANY PRO- that branch of the science known as physiography, included in PRIETORS BOSTON U.S.A. iii iv EDITOR'S NOTE Part Two, Physiographic Essays. Under each part the essays are grouped according to subject-matter rather than in the order of their publication. A more recent essay precedes an older CONTENTS essay on the same general subject, whenever it appears desirable PART ONE - EDUCATIONAL ESSAYS that the older essay should be read with a full knowledge of the PAGE author's latest opinions. I. AN INDUCTIVE STUDY OF THE CONTENT OF GEOGRAPHY 3 Presidential address at the second meeting of the Association of For the reproduction of the essays in the present form, the American Geographers, December, 1905. Bulletin American publishers are indebted to the several publications in whose Geographical Society (1906), XXXVIII, 67-84. II. THE PROGRESS OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE SCHOOLS 23 pages the essays originally appeared, and by whose courtesy First Year Book National Society for the Scientific Study of Educa- they are reprinted here. tion (1902), Part II, 7-49. DOUGLAS WILSON JOHNSON III. THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE LANDS 70 Popular Science Monthly (1900), LVII, 157-170. HARVARD UNIVERSITY IV. THE TEACHING OF GEOGRAPHY 87 Educational Review (1892), III, 417-426; IV, 6-15. V. THE EXTENSION OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN ELEMENTARY TEACHING 105 An address delivered before the Middlesex (Massachusetts) Teachers Club, in Boston, October 8, 1892. School and Col- lege (1892), I, 599-608. VI. GEOGRAPHY IN GRAMMAR AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS 115 School Review (1893), I, 327-339- VII. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN THE HIGH SCHOOL 129 School Review (1900), VIII, 388-404. VIII. THE NEED OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY 146 Educational Review (1895), X, 22-41. IX. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AS A UNIVERSITY STUDY 165 (Last four pages omitted in the reprint.) Journal of Geology (1894), II, 66-100. X. METHODS AND MODELS IN GEOGRAPHICAL TEACHING 193 A lecture delivered before the Scientific Association of Johns Hop- kins University on February 13, 1889. The American Naturalist (1889), XXIII, 566-583. XI. PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 210 Compiled from two essays on same subject, one published in the Proceedings Fifth Annual Conference New York State Science Teachers Association (1900), the other published in National Geographic Magazine (1900), XI, 62-78. XII. FIELD WORK IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 236 (First four pages omitted in reprint.) Journal of Geography (1902), I, 17-24, 62-69. y V1 CONTENTS PART TWO - PHYSIOGRAPHIC ESSAYS PAGE XIII. THE GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLE 249 Geographical Journal (1899), XIV, 481-504. XIV. COMPLICATIONS OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLE 279 Eighth International Geographic Congress, 150-163. XV. THE GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLE IN AN ARID CLIMATE 296 - Journal of Geology (1905), XIII, 381-407. XVI. PLAINS OF MARINE AND SUB-AÉRIAL DENUDATION 323 Bulletin Geological Society of America (1896), VII, 377-398. XVII. THE PENEPLAIN 350 Originally written in reply to a paper by Professor R. S. Tarr on the same subject. Reprinted with numerous minor changes. American Geologist (1899), XXIII, 207-239. XVIII. BASE-LEVEL, GRADE, AND PENEPLAIN 381 Journal of Geology (1902), X, 77-III. XIX. THE RIVERS AND VALLEYS OF PENNSYLVANIA 413 National Geographic Magazine (1889), I, 183-253. GEOGRAPHICAL ES XX. THE RIVERS OF NORTHERN NEW JERSEY WITH NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF RIVERS IN GENERAL 485 National Geographic Magazine (1890), II, 81-110. XXI. RIVER TERRACES IN NEW ENGLAND 514 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology (1902), XXXVIII, 281-346. XXII. THE SEINE, THE MEUSE, AND THE MOSELLE 587 National Geographic Magazine (1896), VII, 189-202, `228-238. XXIII. THE SCULPTURE OF MOUNTAINS BY GLACIERS 617 Presented in abstract before Sections C and E of the British Association at Cape Town, August 17, 1905. Scottish Geo- graphical Magazine (1906), XXII, 76-89. XXIV. GLACIAL EROSION IN FRANCE, SWITZERLAND, AND NORWAY 635 Proceedings Boston Society Natural History (1900), XXIX, 273-322. XXV. THE OUTLINE OF CAPE COD 690 Proceedings American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1896), XXXI, 303-332. XXVI. THE MOUNTAIN RANGES OF THE GREAT BASIN 725 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology (1903), XLII, 129-177. INDEX 773 HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 1 7 Help RO Full Catalog Journals Reserves Digital Resources Your Account ITAS Comments HOLLIS CATALOG Search Expanded Search Command Search Start Over HARVARD UNIVERSITY Previous searches Results list Display options Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Print/Save/Send Add to List View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view Short view I MARC Record 190 out of 377 Previous Record Next Record Author : Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Title : An excursion to the plateau province of Utah and Arizona. Published : Cambridge, Mass., Printed for the Museum, 1903. Locations/Orders : Availability Location : Museum Comp Zoology i MUS 4890 Holdings Availability Description : 50 p. profiles, 7 plates. 25 cm. Series : Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, V. 42 [no. 1] Geological series, V. 6, no. 1 Subject : Geology -- Utah. Geology -- Arizona. Other Titles : Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology : V. 42, no. 1. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Geological series ; V. 6, no. 1. HOLLIS Number : 005039327 Previous Record Next Record SEARCH: FULL CATALOG Browse an Alphabetical List: Browse for: Author (last name first) Browse Clear Keywords from: Search for: Keywords anywhere Search Clear About the HOLLIS Catalog HARVARD LIBRARIES HOME OTHER CATALOGS E-RESOURCES CONDUCTING RESEARCH LIBRARY INFORMATION HARVARD HOME Copyright c 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College http://lms01.harvard.edu/F/LBGB6MQRTL5DLDAP6HPYQPHBDN6D5E1L4SRTCJSFPP8R5R... 12/4/2004 HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 2 7 Help Full Catalog Journals Reserves Digital Resources Your Account 1TAS Comments HOLLIS CATALOG Search Expanded Search Command Search Start Over HARVARD UNIVERSITY Previous searches Results list Display options Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Print/Save/Send Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view Short view MARC Record 347 out of 377 Previous Record Next Record Author : Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Title : Additional papers, 1885-1951. Locations/Orders : Availability Location : Houghton i b MS Am 1798 Holdings Availability Description : 7 boxes (3.5 linear ft.) Description : Organized into the following series: I. Letters to William Morris Davis; II. Letters from William Morris Davis; III. Other letters; and IV. Compositions and other papers. History notes : Davis, an American geographer and geologist, was a world authority on physical geography, a creator of the science of geomorphology, and called the father of physiography. He taught geology at Harvard University (1876-1912), traveled throughout the world, founded the Harvard Travelers Club and the Association of American Geographers, and also contributed to the fields of astronomy and meteorology. Summary : The bulk of the collection is professional correspondence, primarily to Davis from his colleagues. Letters by him and between third parties also focus on his work as a geographer, geologist, and professor. The chief correspondent represented is geographer Lawrence Martin. There are compositions by Davis on geology as well as poems by him. Additionally, there are contracts, business papers, clippings, and photographs. Finally, there are some compositions by others. Notes : Some letters to Davis are in German. Provenance : Transferred from the Geographical Institute, 1955. Cite as : William Morris Davis Papers (MS Am 1798). Houghton Library, Harvard University. Finding aids: Electronic finding aid availablehttp://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Hough:hou00697 Unpublished printed finding aid available in the Houghton Accessions Records, 1964-1965, under *64M-265. Subject Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Subject : Harvard University -- Faculty. Subject Geomorphology. Maps. Physical geography. World War, 1914-1918 -- Maps http://lms01.harvard.edu/F/LBGB6MQRTL5DLDAP6HPYQPHBDN6D5E1L4SRTCJSFPP8R5R... 12/4/2004 HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 2 7 Help R Full Catalog Journals Reserves Digital Resources Your Account ITAS Comments HOLLIS CATALOG Search Expanded Search Command Search Start Over HARVARD UNIVERSITY Previous searches Results list Display options Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Print/Save/Send Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view I Short view I MARC Record 369 out of 377 Previous Record Next Record Author : Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Title : Papers of William Morris Davis, ca. 1878-ca. 1930 (inclusive). Locations/Orders : Availability Location : Harvard Archives i Harvard Depository HUG 1317 [Family correspondence, reprints, and biographical material] Holdings Availability Description : 2 boxes of mss. History notes : William Morris Davis (1850-1934) earned his Harvard S.B. in 1869. He taught geology and geography at Harvard. Summary : Consists of family correspondence, biographical material, reprints, diplomas and medals. Family correspondence consists of letters from Morris to his parents written while he was a student at Harvard, 1870, and letters from Morris to his son Edward and daughter-in-law Dorothy, 1932- 1933. Subject : Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Keyword Subject : Harvard University -- Geology. Harvard University -- Geography (Field of study) Harvard University -- Faculty member. Form/Genre : Diplomas. HOLLIS Number : 000604252 Previous Record Next Record SEARCH: FULL CATALOG Browse an Alphabetical List: Browse for: Author (last name first) Browse Clear Keywords from: Search for: Keywords anywhere Search Clear http://1ms01.harvard.edu/F/LBGB6MQRTL5DLDAP6HPYQPHBDN6D5E1L4SRTCJSFPP8R5R. 12/4/2004 - Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Additional papers: Guide. Page 1 of 16 MS Am 1798 Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Additional papers: Guide. Houghton Library, Harvard College Library VE THARVARD Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 C 2003 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Descriptive Summary Repository: Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University Location: b Call No.: MS Am 1798 Creator: Davis, William Morris, 1850-1934. Title: Additional papers, Date(s): 1885-1951. Quantity: 7 boxes (3.5 linear ft.) Abstract: Primarily professional correspondence of American geographer and geologist William Morris Davis as well as compositions by him. Administrative Information Acquisition Information: *64M-265 Transferred from The Geographical Institute; received: ca. 1955. Historical Note Davis, an American geographer and geologist, was a world authority on physical geography, a creator of the science of geomorphology, and called the father of physiography. He taught geology at Harvard University (1876-1912), traveled throughout the world, founded the Harvard Travelers Club and the Association of American Geographers, and also contributed to the fields of astronomy and meteorology. Arrangement Organized into the following series: http://oasis.harvard.edu/html/hou00697.html 12/4/2004 Datr 1.d lisilent kg 506 N213b v.23 11th 1902 14DD ponky Daly, Reginald Aldworth, 1871 Biographical memoir of Willia Q141 N2 v.23 11th 1944 Does pour NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS VOLUME XXIII-ELEVENTH MEMOIR BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS 1850-1934 BY REGINALD A. DALY PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE AUTUMN MEETING, 1944 Wee Daus WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS 1850-1934 BY REGINALD A. DALY William Morris Davis won distinction as geologist, meteor- ologist, and geomorphologist, but primarily as teacher. He made personal, outdoor researches in every continent except Ant- arctica, as well as in island groups of the Atlantic and the Pacific; yet his international fame rests chiefly on his development of a system of thought concerning the reliefs, the scenery, of our planet. His system is the "American" system, but it is appli- cable to the landscapes of the whole world. His early training in geology led him to the principle by which he, more than any- one else, has revolutionized the teaching of, and research on, the. endlessly varied forms of the lands and coastlines. To geographers and geologists alike he was an apostle bringing to them the gospel of method in research and method in the presentation of the results of research. For him the root of the matter is evolution, orderly development. Many geologists had used this principle, so essential to understanding the protean crust of the earth, but few geographers had used it in describing land forms. Davis emphasized a mode of thinking and for its expression he devised a system which has greatly appealed to teachers and investigators in many foreign countries as well as in the United States of America. While creating his de- scriptive method in terms of evolutionary changes, he found our English tongue sadly deficient. He had to create a new, necessarily technical language. Every man of science knows the difficulty of such an invention. Some of his verbal tools Davis was able to adopt from the literature of earth science, an immense literature which he thoroughly mastered other vital terms were his own. The combination has been put to construc- tive use by geologists and geographers, foreign and domestic, to an extent encouraging to our pioneer. He lived to see notable improvement of geographical instruction in grammar school, high school, college, and university ; improvement in the report- ing of geographical and geological facts by staffs of the State 263 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XX111 WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY and Federal surveys; and improvement in the discussion of grandson was to be a crusader, a champion for mental and "terranes" by the more philosophically-minded historians and moral probity, was assured by inheritance from parents and economists. grandparent. Knowing that even a long life could not vitalize all the dry As a boy Davis was retiring, little interested in sports, but bones of the old geography, Davis specialized on physical geog- engrossed in his studies. For several years before attending the raphy, leaving to others the problem of systematizing the in- local schools he was taught his lessons by his mother. She, finitely varied responses of organisms to their environment, like her own mother, knew well the power of words and laid This other half of geography needs today a clarifying leader much stress on their correct use; doubtless this early training like Davis. had much to do with Davis's rigor in developing a scientific Davis was born in Philadelphia on February 12, 1850. At vocabulary for his favorite science and his insistence on pre- that time his father, Edward M. Davis, a business man, and his cision of speech and writing by student or professional in- mother, Maria (Mott) Davis, were members of the Society of vestigator. Friends and fully shared the best characteristics and activities The boy was a good student and showed his mental calibre of Quakers in full standing. Yet a hatred of injustice, which by winning the Harvard degrees of Bachelor of Science at the was to be an outstanding emotion of their son, led them into age of nineteen and Master of Engineering a year later. He rebellion against one of the ironclad rules of the Society. Not immediately accepted a call to the meteorological service of content with helping to operate the "underground railway" for the National Observatory of Argentina at Cordoba. After escaping slaves, Edward Mott enlisted in the Northern Army three years of that routine work he returned to the United For this action he was expelled from the Society of Friends States. After a term as field assistant to Pumpelly in the North- and soon after his wife resigned from it. To both of them ern Pacific Survey, he was appointed (1877) to an assistantship the question of States' rights was quite subordinate to the prob in geology at Harvard, under N. S. Shaler, with whom he gained lem of human freedom. To break with the Society's tradition a permanent love for earth science. In those days promotion took courage of the kind shown in the remarkable life of was slow and from 1879 to 1885 he was listed as instructor in Lucretia Mott, the mother of Maria Mott. geology at Harvard, where he began a five-year term as as- Theodore Tilton called Lucretia Mott, born in Nantucket sistant professor of physical geography in 1885. In 1890 he Massachusetts, "the greatest woman ever produced in this coun attained the rank of full professor in the same subject. Nine try." "She was the real founder and the soul of the woman's years later he became Sturgis Hooper Professor of geology, rights movement in America and England. She was the out a position held until 1912, when he resigned, to be a Harvard standing feminine worker in the struggle to rid our country emeritus" for the remaining twenty-two years of his life. of slavery. She advocated labor unions in a day when they were He had two leaves of absence. In 1908 he was appointed visit- proscribed and generally considered illegal. She proscribed ing professor at Berlin University for a year, and, in 1911, war, and worked diligently for liberal religion." Her crusad- visiting professor at Paris for a year, during which he lectured ing force "had its source in the love of freedom of her seafaring also at several provincial universities of France. ancestry, and she feared opposition or the exploration of un- With his resignation Davis was freed from his responsibilities charted regions of the mind no more than they feared to venture as active Sturgis Hooper Professor and found the eagerly- into unknown seas" (quotations from Anita Moffett in the sought opportunity to make many postponed field studies both New York Times Book Review, August I, 1937). That her in North America and abroad, and also to make personal con- 264 265 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY tact with geographers and geologists and their respective work- membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, shops. Because he had a philosophy to expound, he could not the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of refrain from accepting many invitations to lecture at western Sciences, the Imperial Society of Natural History in Moscow, universities : California (Berkeley, 1927-1930) ; Arizona (1927 and the New Zealand Institute. 1931) ; Stanford (1927-1932) ; Oregon (1930) ; California In- The Geological Society of America made him its acting presi- stitute of Technology (1931-1932). With unfinished manu- dent in 1906 and full-time president in 1911. He founded the scripts on his desk at Pasadena he died in harness, on February Harvard Travelers Club, of which he was president from 1902 5, 1934, seven days before his eighty-fourth birthday. to 1911, and the Association of American Geographers, of which The efficiency of Davis as a man of science was in no small he was thrice elected president (1904, 1905, 1909). For his part secured by domestic happiness. He was married three times leadership and scholarliness he was chosen to be an associate and twice he suffered by the death of a partner. In 1879 he editor of "Science" and the "American Journal of Science." married Ellen B. Warner of Springfield, Massachusetts; in 1914, In 1886 he was awarded the H. H. Warner Medal "for scien- Mary M. Wyman of Cambridge, Massachusetts; and in 1928, tific discovery"; in 1895, another from the University of Paris. Lucy L. Tennant of Milton, Massachusetts, who has survived Later awards were: the Cullom Medal from the American him. All three women were truly sympathetic helpmeets, as Geographical Society (1908) ; a medal from the University of the present writer knows from forty years of close association Berlin (1910); a medal from the Harvard Travelers Club with this man, who needed much freedom from the cares of (1911) ; a medal from the Geographical Society of Philadelphia a household while working for and in the world outside, (1912) the Culver Medal from the Geographical Society of The science of land forms, so intelligently enriched and or Chicago (1913) ; the Kane Medal from the Philadelphia Geo- ganized by Davis is a planetary science; his message was ad. graphical Society (1913) ; the Hayden Medal from the Phila- dressed to geographers and geologists of every nation. That delphia Academy of Sciences (1918) ; the Patron's Medal from those colleagues recognized the vitality and soundness of his the Royal Geographical Society, London (1919) the Vega evolutionary ideas is indicated by the long list of honors showered Medal from the Swedish Geographical Society (1920) the on him by foreign as well as American societies. He was elected Locy Jagos Medal from the Hungarian Geographical Society to honorary membership in the geographical societies of Am- (1930) ; and the Penrose Medal from the Geological Society of sterdam, Berlin, Budapest, Frankfurt, Geneva, Greifswald America (1931). He became Chevalier of the French Legion Leipzig, Madrid, Neuchatel, New York, Petrograd, Rome of Honor. As Exchange Professor to France he was the first Stockholm, and Vienna, as well as the Royal Society of Natural American to give regular instruction at the Sorbonne. History at Madrid, the American Meteorological Society, and Davis was given four honorary degrees: S.D. by the Uni- the Scientific Society "Antonio Alzate" of Mexico; to corre versity of the Cape of Good Hope (1905) and by the University sponding-membership in the Berlin and Paris Academies of of Melbourne (1914) ; Ph.D. by the universities of Greifswald Science and the Accademia dei Lincei; to corresponding-mem (1906) and Christiania (1911). bership in the geographical societies of Chicago, London After his death the California Institute of Technology at nich, Paris, and Philadelphia, and the geological societies of Pasadena, where he had made many new friends, dedicated to Belgium, Liverpool, and London and the German Meteorological Davis a memorial "Gate of Knowledge," one of the entries to Society; to foreign-membership in the Academies of Sciences the grounds of the Institute, whose students and faculty he had at Christiania, Copenhagen, and Stockholm. He was elected to stimulated by his courses of lectures. 266 267 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY Work in Meteorology some of the more dramatic and better understood processes that Davis's interest in meteorology was doubtless aroused by his mold the surface of our planet. But the young instructor knew study of atmospheric conditions in Argentina, from 1870 to full well that effective, authoritative teaching of geology, the 1873. Soon after his appointment at Harvard he undertook principal subject of his first instructorship, demanded close his first pioneering task, the creation of a systematic course on personal touch with Nature. To get such experience he selected the science of the atmosphere. This course became noted for its for field study in detail the Triassic formation of New England broad scope and for the clear, logical mode of presentation and New Jersey. On those regions he published fifteen pre- in these respects it had no rival in America and probably none liminary papers (1882-1896), and a monographic summary of anywhere else. Fortunately he was able to put the content of most of his results in "The Triassic Formation of Connecticut" the course in the permanent form of his "Elementary Meteor (1898). This gave the first full account of the Triassic vol- ology," published in 1894, when the course was turned over to canic history of the region, announced criteria for proving the Robert DeCourcy Ward, a capable, Davis-trained student, who extrusive character of some of the "trap sheets" and the in- greatly expanded the university offerings in meteorology and trusive character of others. He also showed how the analysis added courses in climatology. This development, together with of topographic forms could be used in explaining the under- the founding of the Blue Hill Observatory as a Harvard re- ground, invisible structures of Connecticut and similarly faulted search institution, was an abiding satisfaction to Davis and in areas of the earth's crust. cidentally freed him for other enterprises. While working on the complex history of the Triassic areas, The superbly designed and executed "Elementary Meteor Davis interpolated field investigations: in Columbia County, ology," for many years the best college text on the subject and New York, and the Catskills, where he described the northward still valuable in spite of the enormous increase of meteorological continuation of the Appalachian structure; on the glacially- data since 1894, illustrated its author's skill in compiling the formed drumlins of New England and other regions; on the best of the world's thought about the physics of the atmosphere structure and origin of glacial sandplains and eskers; and on and contained the results of his own direct observations. With the geological history of Mount Desert Island. In later years the help of volunteer assistants he carried on such field investi he studied the origin of the thick and widespread Tertiary gations as could be prosecuted in New England. The results formations of the Rocky Mountain region, showing that these were published in papers on thunderstorms, the sea breeze at are not lake beds, as had been generally assumed, but are flu- mospheric convection, and theories of rainfall. Other papers viatile and alluvial-fan deposits; the origin and erosional history with novel points of view were published on tornadoes, secular of the Basin Ranges of the West; the development of the changes of climate, and the wind systems of the oceans, EGG Colorado Canyon; the mechanical conditions leading to the writings on thunderstorms and the sea breeze are "classic for formation of limestone caverns; and the nature of geological teachers of meteorology. Between 1884 and 1893 he published proof, asking geologists "how do you know you are right ?"- a question that illustrated the fact that he was as much concerned forty papers on this general subject. with the method of scientific thinking as he was in the majestic Work in Geology happenings of earth history. Yet Davis must have been con- Not long after Davis became associated with the inspiring scious that he made a principal contribution to the philosophy Shaler, the two men published jointly a handsome volume The of geology itself. His major contribution to earth science was trations of the, Earth's Surface" (1881), intended to populariz the conception of the "erosion cycle.' He applied it to the 268 269 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY physiographic history of Pennsylvania, New England, the Rhine and its inhabitants aid SO powerfully in observing and appre- province, Turkestan, and many other, once-lofty ranges of moun- ciating the facts of nature." tains and proved that each of these regions had been reduced "Geography has today entered well upon its third stage of progress. The 'causal notion' is generally admitted to be essen- by slow denudation to a lowland, to an "almost-plain" or "pene- tial in the study. Thus understood, geography involves the plain." He further showed that after completion of a cycle, knowledge of two great classes of facts: first, all those facts of many an "old-mountain peneplain" was uplifted and again deeply inorganic environment which enter into relationship with the dissected by its rivers. With such demonstrations, phrased in earth's inhabitants; second, all those responses by which the the terms of his new geographical vocabulary, Davis made more inhabitants, from the lowest to the highest, have adjusted them- selves to their environment. The first of these classes has long vivid than ever before the enormous length of geological time. been studied as physical geography, although this name has been No geologist who had carried the logic of the erosion cycle used as a cover for many irrelevant topics. In recent years into the interpretation of the major "unconformities" visible there has been a tendency to compress the name into the single in the strata of the earth's crust was greatly surprised when, word 'physiography.' "The second of the two classes of facts has not yet reached later, the results of radioactivity in rocks gave a minimum age the point of being named, but perhaps it may come to be called of about two billion years to that crust. ontography. Ecology, to which increasing attention is given by biologists, is closely related to what I here call ontography, yet Work in Geography there is a distinction between the two, in that ecology is concerned Davis gave much thought to the question as to the content largely with the individual organism, while ontography is in- of scientific geography, a subject which, because of the world- tended to include all pertinent facts in structure, physiology, in- dividual, and species. wide problems of both war and peace, is likely to be in long- "Neither physiography nor ontography alone is geography continued demand in our colleges and universities as well as proper, for geography involves the relation in which the elements in secondary schools. In the first yearbook of the National of its two components stand to each other. Each of the com- Society for the Scientific Study of Education (1902) he wrote ponents must be well developed before geography can be taken up as a mature study." "Geography as a mature subject is capable of a higher develop ment than it has yet reached. In this connection it will be well Davis held that "teachers of geography should be better to review briefly the three stages of development recognizable in taught"; that the subject should be treated more scientifically the progress of our venerable subject. Until within about a hun- both here and abroad; that it is far more than the "location of dred years the content of geography consisted of a body of uncorrelated facts concerning the earth and its inhabitants. The things" that emphasis on principles rather than on items can- facts were described empirically, and as a rule very imperfectly not fail to foster the "intelligence as well as the memory" of Their location was noted, but their correlations were overlooked pupils in secondary schools that even in such schools the causal it had not indeed been clearly made out that correlations existed. notion should be stressed-"h and "why" as well as "where" This blindly inductive first stage was followed by a second stage which was opened by Ritter's exposition between the earth and and "what," about things as we find them. "Elementary geog- its inhabitants such relationships as were noted had to be raphy may still deal with the salient facts and place man con- explained on the old doctrine of teleology-the adaptation of the spicuously in the foreground; more advanced geography may earth to man-instead of on the modern principle of evolution include examples of greater complexity, by always selecting the adaptation of all the earth's inhabitants to the earth. It is important rather than trivial matters; but the investigator must this principle which characterizes the third stage of progress, and study the trivial items along with the greater ones, and all must along with it goes a principle of almost equal importance; namely that all the items which enter into the relation between the earth be duly scrutinized, described, and classified." 271 270 WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII The delay of the subject to reach mature treatment did not In another place he wrote: surprise Davis, who regarded it as "perhaps the most complex "In whatever way a new mass is offered to the wasting forces, of all sciences." Although he did not mention it, not the least let us call the forces that uplift it constructional forces and the forms thus given, constructional forms. Let all the forces of of the complications in human geography is man's free will, wasting be called destructional forces let the sea-level surface, SO often obscuring his responses to physiographic controls. down to which a sufficiently long attack of the destructional Thus for more than one reason Davis himself did comparatively forces will reduce any constructional form, be called the ulti- little in illustrating his fundamental principle of relationship mate baselevel ; and let the portion of geological time required for the accomplishment of this task be called a geographical cycle. between organisms and environment. He wisely restricted him- Construction, destruction, baselevel and cycle are our primary self to spade work on the inorganic side of the vast subject. terms." (Journal of Geology, vol. 2, 1894, p. 72.) In his chosen field Davis worked on the principle that, while It should be noted that "cycle" is here used in the figurative geology is the study of the past in the light of the present, sense of a long period of time. The "plain" of extreme old age physiography is the study of the present in the light of the could never attain the form of the youthful stage, the greatly past. The one science complements the other and it is no acci- multiplied branches of the master rivers and also the inter- dent that his influence on geological research has been at least stream areas having individual slopes quite different from the as great as his influence on geographical research. general slope of the young plain, both in magnitude and azimuth. On many occasions he told of his deeply-felt indebtedness Thus at the ultimate stage of development of the ideal cycle we to American geologists, particularly Lesley, the staff of the have an almost-plain with a relief which, though gentle, is vastly Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, and Powell, Gilbert, Dut- more varied than the relief of the young plain. To this final ton and Holmes of the great western surveys. It was while form Davis gave the name "peneplain," which, like "cycle," reading their published writings that "geography gained a new has won a permanent place in the vocabulary of physiographers interest" for Davis. That interest culminated in the development and geologists. of his most famous idea, that of the "cycle of erosion." He Similarly, Davis worked out the ideal cycle as a means of visualized a structural unit in the terrestrial landscape and then vividly describing the erosional changes suffered by terranes of deduced the topographic results of erosion of this unit by rivers much greater variety of initial relief, such as mountain ranges born on its original surface or developed on the unit during the and volcanic provinces. With sufficient study any actual unit later, systematic evolution of its river system. of the earth's topography can be interpreted in terms of the erosion cycle, with its three dominating ideas, structure, process, "The sequence of forms assumed by a given structure, the dur or and stage. ing its long life of waste is determinate, and early Nevertheless Davis knew well that the scheme of a simple forms are recognizably different from the mature forms young and the old forms. A young plain is smooth. The same region cycle can rarely suffice for a full scientific description of land at a later date will be roughened by the channeling of its larger forms. He saw that at any stage of its history a topographic streams and by the increase in number of side branches, until unit may be affected by uplift or subsidence, with corresponding it comes to 'maturity,' that is to the greatest variety or differen effect on the power of eroding streams and on the fashioning tiation of form. At a still later date the widening of the valleys of reliefs. Thus the deductive scheme was enlarged to the consumes the intervening hills, and the form becomes tamer conception of multiple cycles, separated by "interruptions" due until in 'old age' it returns to the simple plain surface of 'youth to changes of level. Then, too, the landscape in question may (National Geographic Magazine, vol. I, 1888, p. 15). 273 272 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY have had its drainage system affected by change of climate or by ally selected fully agrees with the actual landscape before him. volcanism-complications to which he gave the technical name "accidents." scription is thus greatly abbreviated." concisely and effectively named in accordance with it; and de- When the proper type is thus selected, the observed landscape is In the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1902) Davis further explained his mode of thought as teacher As he put the case in 1894, "one of the chief aids to sharp and investigator in the following words: outsight is clear insight." To illustrate, he cited the need of The geographer "must generalize in order to bring the observ special training for the maker of topographic maps. able items within the reach of descriptive terms, and as soon as he generalizes, the use of idealized types is practically unavoidable Such types have long been in current use, but they have been and the topographer must appreciate his subject before he "Even the best surveys are necessarily sketched in great part; too few and too empirically defined for the best results. They sketch it. He must have a clear insight into its expression; can his need to be greatly increased in number, and at the same time outer eye must be supplemented by his inner eye." therefore strive to complete a deductive geographical scheme Let us they must be correlated with structure, process, and time: for only by following the path of nature's progress can we hope to until it shall at last be ready to meet not only the actual store our minds with types that shall imitate nature's products variety of nature, but all the possible variety of nature." It may be fairly urged that the larger the store of types a geog Davis gave still another summary of the method he recom- rapher possesses, and the more careful and numerous the com parisons with nature by which the types have been rectified the mended to the geographer who aspired to be truly scientific. better progress can the geographer make in new fields of The savage may do little more than observe natural happenings. observation. The barbarian may go a step further and invent hypotheses in "But the geographer who adopts the explanatory methods in explanation of those events; although his hypotheses are gen- whole-souled fashion will find himself called upon not only to erally wild, he may be said to have a two-faculty approach to imagine a large series of type forms; he must also call into exercise his deductive faculties and employ them to the fullest Nature. The modern, well-trained naturalist takes four steps. if he would make the best progress in the newer phases of his He observes, invents, deduces, and verifies; he deduces the subject, however purely inductive he has imagined it to be In consequences of each hypothesis and then goes back to Nature setting up a store of types, there is need of deducing one type to improve his deductive scheme and to verify the correct from another at every step; and it may be confidently urged hypothesis if he has been fortunate enough to create it. He whoever hesitates to recognize this principle will fail of His effort to describe through explanation. But as a matter of fact has the four-faculty approach to Nature. Two generations of geography has some time been more deductive than geographer workers in earth science have benefited by Davis's insistence have supposed it to be; and the newer phase of the science is not on the value of multiple hypotheses, even "outrageous" hypothe- characterized so much by introducing deduction for the first ses, in search for the truth about the outdoor world. By such time, as by insisting on its whole-souled acceptance as an essen thinking all around the subject, that is, by inventing all of the tial process in geographical research. "It is only by giving the fullest exercise to the faculties of more reasonable, conceivable solutions to the problem at issue, imagination and deduction that the cycle of erosion becomes the investigator is put on the alert. His field record becomes serviceable. Here the geographer who hesitates is lost. automatically charged with crucial observations and kept free "Thus comparing the partial view of the landscape, as seen from a load of hit-or-miss, unessential observations. Valuable the outer sight, with the complete view of the type as seen by as it is, the scheme of the erosion cycle is not so important for his inner sight, [the geographer determines, with great savini of time and effort, just where his next observations should be research in earth science as the underlying philosophy, which made in order to decide whether the ideal type he has provision makes deduction no whit inferior to induction in the tool-chest of the naturalist. 274 275 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY It seems equally clear that the application of Davis's method version of a "glacial cycle," this to include evolutionary stages of thinking about land forms is of great worth in the training quite different from, though in some instances analogous to, of young students. That method is based on the exercise of the systematic stages demonstrated in regions exposed to normal the imagination, the highest faculty of the mind it is the faculty climatic conditions. From his field studies of the New England of seeing things as they are and not as they appear to be and other coastlines, supplemented by examination of large- To develop it in the youth of school and college is the most scale maps of continental and island shores the world over, precious privilege of the teachers, and for this purpose few Davis aided by his pupil, F. P. Gulliver, showed how shoreline high school subjects are comparable with the evolutionary treat forms can be systematized and scientifically described in the ment of landscapes. terms of the "cycle of marine erosion." In 1889, five years after his first announcement of the cycle Two masterly, advanced courses in physical geography, one idea, Davis published the most remarkable of all of its many on the United States and the other on Europe, claimed the un- applications. The subject of this study is entitled "The River ading admiration of those who listened. Illustrated with a and Valleys of Pennsylvania." In this masterpiece of acute host of large-scale topographic maps of States and European reasoning and close observation in a complicated terrane he countries, these lectures showed the solid worth of Davis's traced the influence of a whole set of differing geological philosophy, though in scholarly fashion he gave full weight to tures on the development of highly varied land forms and the opinions and methods of other investigators on the two the associated river system. The results of this path-breakin continents. Probably because of the difficulty of adequately research make this early paper a classic, the conclusions eproducing the maps around which the discussion centered, which stand fast after more than half a century has added the material of these unique lectures was never published. To our knowledge of the Pennsylvanian region. pread his gospel Davis relied chiefly on what he used to call Other broad units of the earth's relief were similarly treated the rapid-fire gun," propagandizing with hundreds of papers, in scores of later papers. At first their author went into the number of which were written in French and German and more easily accessible fields which were already covered by rinted in Europe. To the teachers in secondary schools he reasonably accurate topographic maps: for example, northern offered his elementary "Physical Geography" (1898) and a New Jersey, southern New England, and Virginia, Then econd book, "Practical Exercises in Physical Geography" a result of many visits to Europe and travels in central Asia 1908), but the only comprehensive statement of his matured South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, he tested, far and philosophy was published in German with the title "Die Er- wide, his art of describing land forms genetically, in terms 01 lärende Beschreibung der Landformen" (1912). In English structure, process and stage. As he himself expected, he found e have a convenient assembly of twenty-six among the more new complications, but none that could not be fitted into the gen important papers dealing with methods of teaching geomorphol- eral scheme, so long as each. individual region is affected by gy and with the general idea of the erosion cycle. This vol- the normal climate. Arid regions, however, demanded different me of nearly 800 pages was edited by the late Douglas W. John- treatment, and, aided by the writings of Passarge and other on, fellow member of the National Academy of Sciences, with Davis worked out a scheme for "the desert cycle. His per he title "Geographical Essays" (1909). sonal inspection of the great topographic changes wrought Not the least merit of Davis's papers and books is their pro- mountain glaciation in central France, the Alps, Norway use illustration with block diagrams, which tell his story with our western Cordillera led him to an incomplete but illuminating xxtraordinary clarity and conciseness. His sureness of pen- 276 277 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS-VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY stroke and his sense of values in selecting the essential features tion and verification, but in the opinion of the present writer of the thousand landscapes he pictured entitle him to the name Davis failed to give adequate consideration to some of his prem- artist. In this art no geographer nor geologist has ever rivaled ises, including the geological dates when the reef foundations him. Everyone who saw him do it marvelled at his simultaneous were prepared and when the wave-resisting species of corals be- use of both hands when drawing block diagrams on the black- came abundant in the tropical ocean. Nor was sufficient attention board-with amazing speed and practically without erasures. paid to the relatively enormous areas and remarkable flatness of In 1912 Davis resigned from the professorship of geology the lagoons inside atoll and barrier reefs-features which are which he had held for thirteen years, after having been Harvard's almost universal and not to be expected on the Darwin-Dana leading geographer for fourteen years. Thus for nearly thirty hypothesis. It may further be remarked that this hypothesis is years he had been a bridge-builder between the two sciences. It not supported by the findings at test bore-holes in Bermuda and was natural that he should be attracted to the problem of coral at Michaelmas Cay and Heron Island inside the Australian Great reefs, which is obviously in the border field. In 1914 a grant Barrier Reef. from the Shaler Memorial Fund of his university enabled him Notwithstanding such failure to secure the premises on which to visit many islands in the Fiji, New Hebrides, Cook, Loyalty, the author of "The Coral-Reef Problem" based his own conclu- and Society groups as well as Oahu, New Caledonia, and a long sions, this book will long remain the Bible for geologists and stretch of the Queensland coast inside the Great Barrier Reef of geographers who need a richly illustrated handbook summarizing Australia. In 1923 he added to his field experience by travel the facts known about these marvelous structures of the coral among the reef-bearing islands of the Lesser Antilles. For seas, or are interested in the relation of the reef controversy to twelve years his time was largely spent on the study of his own the fundamental question as to the strength. and. stability of the observations, of the multitude of island charts issued by the earth's crust. hydrographic offices of the world, and on the voluminous litera Personal Characteristics ture on the controversial subject of reef origin. At intervals he published the results of his correlations, producing twenty-eight Davis had a wonderful capacity for continuous labor. Great papers and a book on the Antilles. In 1928 there appeared his physical endurance helps to explain his keen zest for life as well weighty monograph, entitled "The Coral-Reef Problem," giving as his success in systematizing a world-embracing science. It his complete views concerning the relative merits of the many took zeal and courage to attempt wholesale reform of the geog- hypotheses which have been offered as solutions to the reef raphy taught before his time; both qualities were confirmed problem. as he saw his heresies become gradually accepted principles. Davis was fascinated by the beauty and apparent cogency of His favorite tool was logic. Although at heart he was capable the Darwin-Dana view that atolls and barrier reefs are best re of deep emotion, he would rarely allow emotion to appear in garded as the products of slow subsidence of the foundations on his writings or in his college lectures. Partly for this reason which these structures are built, and at first (1915) thought the the writings did not appeal to the general public, nor the lectures subsidence hypothesis to be alone competent in explanation to the rank and file of Harvard students. Davis was some- Later he accepted the idea of "Glacial controls" as useful in times severely critical of student or colleague who, in order to accounting for the "platform foundations" and crowning reefs ii lighten style of presentation, used simile, metaphor, or other the marginal areas of the earth's coral-reef zone. His treatment figure of speech which could in the least obscure orderly expres- of the problem was dominated by the double principle of deduc sion of the thought. Rigorous with himself, he was rigorous 278 279 NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS--VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY with his students. He detested sloppiness and made disciplined KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY thought and precision the outstanding aims of his courses in both Am. Ac. Pr. = American Academy of Arts and Sciences Proceedings college and graduate school. Yet he was sympathetic with honest Am. Assn. Pr. = American Association Proceedings endeavor and spent much time and energy helping special stu- Am. Assn. Adv. Sc. Pr. = American Association for the Advancement dents who through no fault of their own, had not been properly of Science Proceedings prepared for imaginative and logical attack on scientific problems. Am. G. = American Geologist Am. Geog. Soc. Bull. = American Geographical Society Bulletin By his Quaker upbringing Davis was endowed with a high A'm. Geog. Sp. Pub. = American Geographical Special Publication ethical standard. As we have already noted, his family was Am. Geophys. Tr. === American Geophysical Union Transactions forced to leave the Society of Friends, but Davis kept one con- Am. J. Sci. = American Journal of Science crete relic of that early association. Even into old age he ad- Am. Met. J. = American Meteorological Society Journal dressed each member of his own family with the pronoun "thee." Am. Nat. = American Naturalist Perhaps this habit of speech was rooted so deeply because of a Am. Ph. Soc. Pr. = American Philosophical Society Proceedings An. Rep. Astron. Obs. Harvard Coll. = Annual Report of the Director scene witnessed during his plastic childhood. Then he heard a of the Harvard Astronomical Observatory Quaker boy, fighting with another boy who was not of the An. Géog. = Annales de Géographie Friends, intersperse his blows with the taunt "Thee little. You, Assn. Am. Geog. An. = Association of American Geographers Annals thee!" The influence of his forbears was particularly shown in Atl. Mo. = Atlantic Monthly Biog. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. = Biographical Memoirs, National Academy Davis's craving for fairness and justice in the world and in his of Sciences religious tolerance. He used to say "Who am I to 'tolerate Boll. R. Soc. Geog. = Bollettino Royal Società Geografica anybody's belief I. want to respect it even if I cannot agree. Boston Soc. N. H. Pr. = Boston Society of Natural History Proceedings He affiliated himself with the Unitarian church. Two months Brit. Assn. Adv. Sci. Rep. = British Association for the Advancement of after his death his last paper, "The Faith of Reverent Science, Science Report Bull. Volcanologique = Bulletin Volcanologique was published. He there declared his ideal for the human race Calif. J. Mines and Geol. = California Journal of Mines and Geology progress ever upward "to a truly Christian standard." Conn. Sch. Doc. = Connecticut School Document Ed. Rev. = Educational Review Eng. Mo. J. = Engineers Monthly Journal Franklin Inst. J. = Franklin Institute Journal Geog. Anzeiger = Geographischer Anzeiger Geog. J. = Geographical Journal Geog. Rev. = Geographical Review Geog. Soc. Phila. Bull. = Geographical Society of Philadelphia Bulletin Geog. Teacher = Geography Teacher G. Assn. Pr. = Geologists Association Proceedings G. Mag. = Geological Magazine G. Rundschau = Geologische Rundschau G. Soc. Am. Bull. = Geological Society of America Bulletin G. Soc. 'Am. Pr. = Geological Society of America Proceedings Ges. Deutsch. Naturf. u. Ärtze = Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärtze Ges. Erdk. Berlin Zs. = Gesellschaft Erdkunde Berlin Zeitschrift Goldthwaite's Geog. Mag. =Goldthwaite's Geographical Magazine 280 28I NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS--VOL. XXIII WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS-DALY The Geographic Cycle. Paper Read at the VII Intl. Geog. Congress of Field Work in Physical Geography. J. Geog. I : 17-24, 62-9. Berlin. Verhandl. d. vii Internat. Geog. Kongr. Berlin. 1899 (1900). The New England States. Boston. Supplement to Frye's Complete 22-31. Geography. [Also 1895 edition.] Glacial Erosion in France, Switzerland and Norway. Boston Soc. N. H. The Progress of Geography in the School. Chicago, pp. 49. (In National Pr. 29: 273-322. Society for Scientific Study of Education. Ist Yearbook, Pt. II : Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino. Appalachia ix: 136-56, pls. River Terraces in New England. Harvard Coll. Mus. C. Z. Bull. 7-49.) 38 15, 16. (g S 5) : 281-346. History of the Cincinnati Anticline (discussion). G. Soc. Am. Bull. Systematic Geography. Am. Ph. Soc. Pr. 4I: 235-59. II: 604-5. Local Illustrations of Distant Lands. I. A Temporary Sahara. J. Sch. The Terraces of the Westfield River, Mass. Am. J. Sci. (4) 14: 77-94. Geog. 4. no. 5: 171-5. 1903 Notes on the Colorado Canyon District. Am. J. Sci. (4) IO: 25I-9. Block The Basin Ranges of Utah and Nevada (Abst.) J. G. II : 1201. Note on River Terraces in New England. (Abst.) G. Soc. Am. Bull. 301; G. Soc. Am. Bull. 14: 551 ; Eng. Mo. J. 75: 153. Mountains of the Basin-Range Province. (Abst.) Science n.s. 17: 12: 483-4. Peneplains of Central France and Brittany. (Abst.) G. Soc. Am. Bull. 12: The Blue Ridge in Southern Virginia and North Carolina. (Abst.) J. G. II: 121. 481-3. Physical Geography in the High Schools. The School Review 8: 388-404, The The Blue Ridge of North Carolina. (Abst.) Science n.s. 17: 220. 449-56. Development of River Meanders. G. Mag. (4) IO: 145-8. The Physical Geography of the Lands. Pop. Sci. Mo. 57 : I57-70. Effect of Shore Line on Waves. (Abst.) Science n.s. 15: 88; G. Soc. Physiographic Terminology with Special Reference to Land Forms. Sci- Am. Bull, 13: 528. ence II : 99. An Excursion to the Plateau Provinces of Utah and Arizona, Harvard Practical Exercises in Geography. Nat. Geog. Mag. II : 62-78. Coll. Mus. C. Z. Bull. 42 (g S. 6) : I-50. The Fresh-Water Tertiaries at Green River, Wvo. (Abst.) Science n.s. 1901 17: 220-221 ; G. Soc. Am. Bull. 14: 544; J. G. II: 120. The Causes of Rainfall. J. N. E. Waterworks Assn. 15: 338-50. The Mountain Ranges of the Great Basin. Harvard Coll. Mus. C. Z. Bull. An Excursion in Bosnia, Hercegovinia, and Dalmatia. G. Soc. Am. Bull. 42 (g S. 6) : 129-77. 3: 21-50, pl. I-4. Practical Exercises in Physiography. J. Geog. 2: 516-20. An Excursion to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Harvard Coll. Mus. The Question of Seminars. Harvard Grad. Mag. 8. C.Z. Bull. 38 (g S 5) : 107-201 ; (Abst.) G. Soc. Am. Bull. 12: 483; G. A The Scheme of Geography. Geog. J. 22: 413-23. London. pp. Mag. (4) 8: 324; Science n.s. 13: 138. The Geographical Cycle. Int. Cong. Geog. VII, Verh. Pt. 2: 221-31, 213-44. Stream Contest Along the Blue Ridge. Geog. Soc. Phila. Bull. 3: Local Illustrations of Distant Lands. J. Sch. Geog. 5: 85-8. Walls of the Colorado Canyon. (Abst.) Science n.s. 15: 87; G. Soc. Ain. Maps of the Mississippi River. J. Sch. Geog. 5: 379-82. Bull. 13: 528. Note on River Terraces in New England (Abst.). G. Soc. Am. Bull. 12: 1904 483-5. Peneplains of Central France and Brittany. [Abst.] G. Soc. Am, Bull A Glacial Flat-Topped Range in the Tian-Shan. Appalachia IO Erosion in the Sawatch Range. Colo Appalachia IO: 277-84. 12: 481-3, pls. 44-5. Practical Exercises in Physical Geography. Proceedings Annual Confer Geography in the United States. Am. G. 33 156-85; Am. Assn. 392-404. Adv. Sc. Pr. 53. ence N. Y. State Science Teachers Association, Albany, II pp. Les enseignements du Grand Canyon du Colorado. La Géographie, 4 The Relations of the Earth Sciences in View of Their Progress in the Nineteenth Century. J. G. 12: 669-87. 339-35I. A Summer in Turkestan. G. Soc. Am. Bull. 36: 217-28. 1902 Base Level, Grade and Peneplain. J. G. 10: 77-III. 1905 Elementary Physical Geography. Boston. Ginn and Co. vviii + 40T pp The Bearing of Physiography Upon Suess' Theories. Am. J. Sci. (4) 19: [Also 1926 printing.] 265-73; (Abst.) Int. Cong. Geog. VIII, Rp.: 164. 292 293 Catalog #: GRCA 14865 Object: Letter Description: Letter to Pete Berry from William Davis. One sheet, typed back and front. Dated Cambridge, Mass, 28Mar1901. Requests info on trip to Cataract Canyon, "home of Supai Indians", such as time needed, difficulty, horses or wagons. Wonders about also getting to Red Butte, Aubrey Cliff's, with Berry as guide. Possible trip in July, white paper, black type. Also see GRCA 14866 and 14875. Manufact. Date: 03/28/1901 Catalog #: GRCA 14866 Object: Letter Description: letter from William Davis to Pete Berry, from Cambridge, Mass, 28Apr1901. Answering Berry's letter of April 6. Afraid it's impossible to make trip to Aubrey Cliffs, but hopes to get to Red Butte and possibly Cataract Canyon. Will sent word in June to give more definite number of party size. On white half sheet. Typed in black ink. Signed in blue ink. Also see GRCA 14865 and 14875. Manufact. Date: 04/28/1901 Catalog #: GRCA 14875 Object: Letter Description: Letter from William Davis, Cambridge, Mass. to Pete Berry. On 1/2 sheet, typed, signed in black ink. Dated 31Jul1901. Says he's arrived home safe. Enjoyed trip to Grand Canyon, Grandview Hotel. Will send as many friends as possible. Is missing box of photo film, possibly lost on trail or in yard. Also tells Berry that if he can help "in your relations to the Santa Fe RR. , or otherwise" he should write. See GRCA 14865-66. Manufact. Date: 07/31/1901 Catalog # GRCA 59048 Object: Report Description: "Miscellaneous papers on Grand Canyon Physiography" by William Morris Davis. Includes "An Excursion to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado" and "An Excursion to the Plateau Province of Utah and Arizona". Black and white photos, illustrations, hardcover. Manufact. Date: May1901; June1903