frand Canyon National Pash thereour Collection Grand Canyon Association - Bibliography Page 1 of 1 Grand Canyon Association Enriching experience through knowledge. About Us Books & More Field Institute Membership Events Bibliography Kolb Studio Art Exhibits About GCA Contact Us Donation graphy Grand Canyon Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Earle E. Spamer, the bibliography lists more than 25,000 items produced between 1540 and the present. It includes books, periodicals, serials, maps, audio-visual works, and electronic media in 34 subject areas. Coverage includes the Grand Canyon of Arizona and the lower Colorado River corridor between Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, and the Colorado River delta in Mexico. Greatly expanded and revised from earlier editions published by Grand Canyon Natural History Association. Internet Edition Contributors Richard D. Quartaroli and Daniel F. Cassidy. View Bibliography GCA is an official partner of Grand Canyon National Park For more information on Grand Canyon National Park, visit http://www.nps.gov/grca/ o Contact Us Join E-Mail List Events Calendar Links Privacy Sitemap Home c Grand Canyon Association 2004 http://www.grandcanyon.org/bibliography.asp 12/27/2004 Epp, Ronald From: Colleen_Hyde@nps.gov Sent: Wednesday, January 05, 2005 11:34 AM To: Epp, Ronald Subject: Fw: Research Inquiry William Davis.doc (21 KB) Dear Dr. Epp, Your message concerning documents in the Grand Canyon Museum Collection concerning William Morris Davis was forwarded to me by Susan Eubank, Grand Canyon NP Librarian. I was able to locate four items in our collection of over 400,000 items cultural and natural history items that mention William Morris Davis. One is the record referenced by Susan, and the other three are letters between Pete Berry (an earlier settler in the area) and William Davis. I assume this is William Morris Davis, since the time frame is correct, but I am not certain. I have attached a word document giving the catalog number, description and date for these four items, SO you can get a better idea of what we have. (See attached file: William Davis.doc) Colleen L. Hyde Grand Canyon National Park Museum Collection P.O. Box 129 Grand Canyon, AZ 86023 (928) 638-7769 (office/ fax) colleen_hyde@nps.gov (email) Forwarded by Colleen Hyde/GRCA/NPS on 01/05/2005 09:24 AM Susan Eubank To: "Epp, Ronald" 12/28/2004 09:26 CC: Colleen Hyde/GRCA/NPS@NPS AM MST Subject: Re: Research Inquiry (Document link: Colleen Hyde) Dear Dr. Epp, I am carbon copying ("ccing") this email to our Museum Collection technician. The archives reside there. She will return from her holiday leave on 1/3/05. I looked in my databases and did find a grouping of William Morris Davis articles, but that was all from the Library. The following is the citation. Reference List 1. Davis, William Morris. Miscellaneous Papers on Grand Canyon Physiography. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College; 1901 May; Taken from the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. XXXVIII, Geological Series, Vol. V, No. 4; and Vol. XLII, Geological Series Vol. VI, No. 1. 150? p. Keywords: grca/ AZ/ Esplanade (GRCA), geology/ faults (geologic) / lava/ 1 drainages/ topography/ erosion/ geologic sections/ NRBIB: GRCA-0958/ Grand Canyon National Park, AZ/ Colorado Plateau Call Number: GRCA / Museum Collection, GRCA-59048 GRCA / Library, Media Room, Microfiche 'Books and Periodicals, 1 557.913 Abstract: This compilation of papers from the early 1900's includes 'An Excursion to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, and 'An Excursion to the Plateau Province of Utah and Arizona. I Illustrations, including black and white photo plates, bibliographies Our Museum Collection may have more. Colleen will follow through for you. Thank you for your inquiry, Susan C. Eubank Susan C. Eubank Grand Canyon National Park Librarian P.O. Box 129 Grand Canyon, AZ 86023 Phone: 928-638-7768 Fax: 928-638-7776 Susan_Eubank@nps.gov "Epp, Ronald" To: CC: 12/27/2004 12:24 Subject: Research Inquiry PM EST Dear Ms. Eubank: For the past four years I have been researching the life and times of George Bucknam Dorr (1853-1944), founder and first superintendent (1916-1944) of Acadia National Park. I am presently writing a biography of Mr. Dorr focused more on the man than on the administrative history of Acadia National Park. You may recall that both Lafayette N.P. (in 1929 renamed Acadia N.P.) and the Grand Canyon N.P. received park status under the same 1919 congressional legislation. Recently I learned that Mr. Dorr (Harvard, class of 1874) journeyed with the famed Harvard geographer/geologist William Morris Davis to the Grand Canyon in July, 1902. Numerous 2 Page 1 of 2 A Bibliography of the Grand Canyon and Lower Colorado River Search Table of About Contents Bibliogr and Results 1 - 21 of 21 Davis, A. P. 1903 12.611 Scheme for utilizing the Colorado. Engineering News, 49(June 4):489. [From Los Angeles Times, May 22.] 1903 12.610 Cost of diamond drilling in Colorado River Valley and at St. Mary's Lake. Engineering News, 49(April ):395-396. 1907 12.612 The new inland sea. National Geographic Magazine, 18:37-49. >Mon. 8: 2-9< Davis, William Morris 1900 21.805 The physical geography of the lands. Popular Science Monthly, 57:157-170. >Mon. 8: 3-31< 1900 21.806 Notes on the Colorado Canyon district. American Journal of Science, 4th Series, 10:251-259. [Abstract by G. W. Stose in Geologisches Centralblatt, 1(11)(1 June 1901):332-333.] >Mon. 8: 3-31< 1901 21.811 Les enseignements du Grand Canyon du Colorado. Géographie (Bulletin de la Société de Géographie), 4 (2):339-351. [Abstract by Paul Léon in Geologisches Centralblatt, 2(23)(1 December 1902):791.] >Mon. 8: 3-31< 1901 21.807 An excursion to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Harvard College, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bulletin, 38 (Geology Series, no. 5):107-201. [Abstracts in 21.808 Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 12:483; 21.809 Geographical Magazine, 8:324; 21.810 Science, new series, 13:138.] >Mon. 8: 3-31< FQ4:43, 43a FQ8:101 FQ11:93 FQ15:154 1901 21.813 An excursion to the Colorado Canyon [abstract]. Science, new series, 13:138. >Mon. 8: 3-31< 1901 21.812 An excursion to the Colorado Canyon [abstract]. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 12:483. >Mon. 8: 3-31< 1902 21.814 The walls of the Colorado Canyon [abstract]. Science, new series, 15:87. 1902 21.815 Walls of the Colorado Canyon [abstract]. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 13:528. 1903 21.816 An excursion to the Plateau province of Utah and Arizona. Harvard College, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bulletin, 42 (Geology Series, no. 6):1-50. >Mon. 8: 3-31< 1906 21.817 The Colorado Canyon and its lessons. Liverpool http://www.grandcanyonbiblio.org/search/Results.cfm?Citation_Date_From_Integer=You+must... 12/27/2004 Grand Canyon NP: An Administrative History Dray 5/21/08 Page 1 of 1 National Park Service Grand Canyon National Park U.S. Department of the Interior Park Management Information Administrative History Polishing the Jewel Polishing the Jewel An Administrative History of Grand Canyon Nathan Park An Administrative History of Grand Canyon National Park Michael F. Anderson 2000 Copyright © 2000 by the Grand Canyon Association Monograph No. 11 31.00 Michael F. Anderson TABLE OF CONTENTS Want to know more about the history of the National Park Service? Visit www.cr.nps.gov/history/ Administrative History, Park Management, Grand Canyon National Park Park Management Last updated: 30-Jan-2004 Webmaster: Gigi_Wright@nps.gov http://www.nps.gov/grca/adhi/index.htm Trip Planning/Visitor Information ParkNet U.S. Department of the Interior FOIA Privacy Disclaimer FirstGov http://www.nps.gov/grca/adhi/index.htm 12/27/2004 2 real measure of protection from uncontrolled development, extent of fraudulent land claims, but permits had been however, did not arrive until II January 1908, when handed out freely and private inholdings remained a GLO Roosevelt proclaimed the L279-square-mile Grand Canyon concern. After 1908, however, rangers began to comb the National Monument. This status prohibited future private monument and question far-flung holdings, causing consid- claims of any type, although the canyon's pioneers scurried erable inconvenience to claimants who had to appear for to properly file their claims with Coconino and Mohave on-site inspections. They reported a greater number of Counties prior to that date.32 irregularities to land office investigators and admitted Before creation of the National Park Service, parks and increasing frustration at private claims to the most scenic monuments were managed by various federal agencies, points and to parcels needed for tourist development. In the including the War Department and the Department of the face of the escalating number of visitors, whose needs pio- Interior's General Land Office (GLO). Grand Canyon neer operators could no longer satisfy, the forest service was Forest Reserve had been indifferently managed by the thankful for an entity like the Santa Fe Railroad. Despite GLO since 1897, but in 1905 it was transferred to Gifford their desire to make developmental decisions, railroad offi- Pinchot's U.S. Forest Service (USES) with the land office cials proved willing to work with forest supervisors on retaining only those responsibilities associated with survey- design, to accept long-term leases rather than property ing, locating, and patenting private entries. 33 Because the ownership, and to spend liberally to develop quality tourism monument had been carved from the forest reserve, infrastructure. renamed Grand Canyon National Forest in 1907, the forest Pioneer developers like Pete Berry, Bill Bass, and service retained its administrative responsibilities with an Martin Buggeln became bitter with the new federal- expanded mission to accommodate tourist visitation. corporate relationship but could do nothing but watch their The forest service took seriously its responsibility to businesses wither and eventually sell out. Berry's anger was protect public lands under its care but, in the early years of typical, if a bit more extreme, than most. He refused time the agency's life, was not inclined to treat tourism as any- and again to succumb to Santa Fe Railroad purchase offers, thing but the lowest rung on its ladder of sustainable uses. choosing instead to sell to William Randolph Hearst whom Impediments included limited budgets, its congressionally he believed, correctly, would prove a thorn in the govern- mandated mission, inexperience with tourism, opposition ment's side. Ralph Cameron harbored the same hostility from pioneer individualists, and the personal visions of but was encouraged to continue the fight by his earlier suc- Pinchot and his successor, Henry S. Graves. USFS budgets cesses and his election as territorial delegate to the U.S. rose consistently during 1905-19, but SO did the number of Congress in 1908. The Santa Fe Railroad, for its part, chose national forests and administrative costs, SO that individual a new tack after its defeat over the Bright Angel Trail. monuments under its care received little money for road Henceforth the corporation and its concession partner, the improvements until the I9IOS, and none at all for tourist Fred Harvey Company, would focus on their own develop- accommodations until TO22. Abysmal funding also result- ments and leave legal battles to the federal government. ed from the chief foresters' focus on fundamental responsi- The new railroad strategy, enhanced federal role, and bilities-ranching, mining, timber production, and fire sup- nature of future conflicts were fully revealed in early 1909, pression. Rangers in the field spent their time checking when USFS mineral examiners T.T. Swift and H. Norton range conditions, working on timber sales, issuing use per- Johnson examined Cameron's lode claims and found them mits, recording homestead entries, building fences and tele- barren of commercial-grade minerals. Their report caused phone lines, and fighting forest fires, but rarely interacted the GLO to invalidate the claims.40 Close on the heels of with sightseers. this decision, railroad officials announced their "Hermit With its new responsibilities at Grand Canyon National project," an upscale road, trail, and inner-canyon camp Monument, local rangers found their alliance with the pri- development that they hoped would obviate Cameron's trail vate sector shifting from pioneer individualists toward cor- and Indian Garden Camp. The forest service quickly porate magnates who could offer more help with their new approved the necessary permit, and district forester Arthur roles. Formerly, it made sense for rangers to befriend early Ringland with forest examiner W.R. Mattoon accompanied miners and tourism operators who shared resource informa- the Santa Fe Railroad's engineers and landscape architect to tion and hospitality, stored fire-fighting tools at remote survey the new developments.4 Cameron's rage at the fed- locations, reported and helped fight forest fires, and even eral-corporate collusion was fueled by the fact that Hermit built the cabins that would become ranger stations at Anita, Road and Hermit Trail would pass over many of his well- Hull Tank, Rowe Well, and atop the Kaibab Plateau.³ placed mining claims, recently declared invalid. He com- There had been some animosity over control, with pioneers plained to Gifford Pinchot and Secretary of Agriculture irritated by the permit system and rangers vexed by the James Wilson, posted notices of trespass at his claim sites, 8 an administrative history of grand canyon national park 3 out the village. As the end of their tenure approached, for- from resource extraction but might bolster local service est officials could look back on a number of achievements, industries as well as state and county coffers. All special particularly their corporate partnerships and aggressive pur- interests that had supported creation of the National Park suit of fraudulent land claims. But developmental problems Service, including the Arizona chapter of the General persisted-problems they could not adequately address, Federation of Women's Clubs and the Arizona Good much less resolve. Roads Association, also supported the canyon's promotion. At the national level, the forest service's administration They were joined by Mark Daniels, first superintendent of of all lands in its care on multiple-use principles spurred the national parks, his successor Robert Marshall, and the preservationists to clamor for a federal bureau that would first director of the National Park Stephen Mather. focus on protection of and visitation to the nation's parks Even the U.S. Forest Service proved an ambivalent antago- and monuments. The idea was opposed by individuals of nist, opposing the transfer as a matter of general principle the Cameron mindset and "get-in, get-rich, get-out" corpo- yet approving of it to rid themselves of an administrative rations like the early lumber companies. It was also contest- headache. 49 ed by civilians, bureaucrats, and legislators who sincerely believed in the middle road of sustainable democratic use of the public lands versus blatant destruction or no use at all. The forest service, concerned for its own bureaucratic empire and loss of forest lands to parks, led the political opposition. Arguments were couched in progressive rheto- ric that emphasized efficient extraction of natural resources for the most citizens for the longest period of time. They were also framed in favor of traditional economic endeavors that in the century's first years did not include tourism, and against the inefficiency of creating still another federal bureaucracy that might limit public-land productivity. FAES NARVEY Bunch Supporters of a parks bureau faced a hard battle to over- CANYON 1915 come exploiters and their political allies, as well as conser- By 1917 supporters considered vationists who still fought to overcome unrestrained devel- it a foregone conclusion that Figure 4. Fred Harvey Girls and other emploees,ca. opment. By arguing that parks and monuments were typi- Grand Canyon would be elevated 1915. Harvey Girls worked cally worthless for mineral production, timber, grazing, and in stature and that its manage- at the Bright Ang Hotel (later the Bright Angl crops, and that tourism promised more in the way of ment would transfer to the one- Lodge) and ElTovar from regional dollars, however, a handful of proponents accom- year-old National Park Service. 1905 until the 950s.GPCA 18207;photo byT.L.Brown. plished their mission in less than a decade. Among these Senator Henry Ashurst of were spiritualists like John Muir; interest groups like the Arizona, whose father had once prospected the canyon's Sierra Club, American Civic Association, General depths, introduced Senate Bill 300 on 4 April 1917. The leg- Federation of Women's Clubs, western railroads, and islation quickly passed the Senate on I6 May 1918. The emerging "good roads" associations; and politicians like United States entry into World War I, Horace Albright's William Howard Taft, Interior Secretaries Walter Fisher negotiations with the forest service over boundaries, and and Franklin Lane, Representative John Raker of details concerning the status of the Bright Angel Trail, California, Representative John Lacey of Iowa, and Senator rights of private interests, and other matters of continuing Reed Smoot of Utah. Legislation introduced annually dur- commercial use delayed approval by the House Committee ing 19II-15 resulted in the creation of the National Park on Public Lands until 18 October 1918. After clearing that Service on 25 August 1916.4 hurdle, the bill easily passed the full House and Senate, and Arguments for the creation of the National Park Service President Woodrow Wilson signed it into law on 26 coincided with efforts to promote Grand Canyon to February 1919. The forest service continued to manage the national park status. A great many visitors to the canyon park until the Sundry Civil Act of I9 July 1919 appropriated had considered the nation's premier chasm a national park funds for new administration and the park service could ever since the Santa Fe Railroad and U.S. Forest Service gather its own staff. Transfer in the field took place when had established their presence at its South Rim. Lingering William H. Peters was appointed acting superintendent private opponents to national park status, other than Ralph and arrived on I5 August 1919 to take charge of the nation's Cameron and a few like thinkers, had been satisfied since seventeenth national park. the early I9IOS that the canyon could never produce wealth IO an administrative history of grand canyon national park 4 part in the Teapot Dome scandal) who appointed a U.S. attorney for northern tracts protected concessioner interests,since concessioners generally did not own Arizona sympathetic to Cameron's canyon interests,helping to explain retention the land under their developments. Monopolies were also preferred to eliminate of his canyon mining claims. During the reelection year of 1926 he was severely bickering among small operators, annoyed both customers and NPS criticized in the media and in Congress for his attempts at private gain in the administrators. national park and for filing fraudulent mining claims at the site of the planned Hoover n.Horace Albright related that everyone within the U.S. Forest 8. Report ofthe Directpro20, 14; 1925, 2. Mather persisted with this argument Service, U.S. Biological Service, and National Park Service rooted for Carl throughout the late I9IOS and 1920s. Hayden to beat him in the 1926 election and partied when Hayden trounced him. 9. Examples are found in Report ofthe Director917, IO-I3, and 1920, 60-64, but Cameron was defeated by Henry Ashurst in 1928 and again by Hayden in 1932. Mather and Albright in their reports throughout the 1920s and early 1930s never At the time of Cameron's death in I953 at age 89 he was promoting a tourist failed to mention the variety and volume of literature, art,and media employed to ranch in Yuma and still condemning federal control of western lands. promote the parks. 45. George Wharton James, The Gand Canyon ofArizona: How To See It(Boston: IO. Mather emphasizes the economic advantages of park tourism in Report ofthe Little, Brown, 1910), I5, 2I-23, 49-50. See Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Directori920, L4, 70-73, but consistently makes this case in earlier and later Girls: Women Who Opened theWest (Paragon House, 1989) for a summary history reports.] first uses the phrase, "See America First, in the 1920 report, the of the Fred Harvey Company and its role as the Santa Fe Railroad's concession idea and informal campaign predate the NPS. By 1922 the Page Publishing partner. Company alone had produced fourteen books in its See Ameica 46. Anderson, Living at the Edge, 97-99; USDA, USFS, "A Working Plan";USDA, written by romanticist writers like George Wharton James and Thomas Murphy USFS, "A Townsite Plan for Grand Canyon National Monument, "by W.R. and serving as travelogues to the U.S. West. See George Wharton James, Utah: Mattoon, 18 July 1910, GCNPRL;USDA,USFS, A Plan for the Deelopment of Land ofBlossomingálleys( (Boston:] Page Company, 1922) publishers pages, the Village ofGrand Canyon,Ariz. by Frank A. Waugh (Washington, D.C.:GPO, 163-193, for a list of such books and James promotion of the southern Utah parks. 1918). The U.S. Railroad Administration created the Bureau of Service in June 1918 as a 47. A hands-off USFS posture is adjudged from a number of sources,including clearing house for those interested in promoting U.S. tourist travel and particular USDA,USFS, "Map of the Grand Canyon, Kaibab National Forest, Grand ly to coordinate rail travel to the national parks and distribute promotional mate- Canyon National Monument, Grand Canyon National Game Preserve, with rial. See Report ofthe Director918, II-I2. Mather's and Albright's efforts to create Directions to Campers and Tourists," a 16-page informational brochure, (ca 1913- a federal tourist agency paid off with creation of the U.S. Tourist Bureau within r7),in Reference File-U.SForest Sevice, GCNPRL; Putt, "South Kaibab the NPS in 1936, formalized in 1940 with an "Act to Encourage Travel in the National Forest," 59-76; and observations of Robert McKee, son of pioneer United States." See also Jean Henderer, "The Future is Now," NPS Newsletter tourism operators Thomas and Elizabeth McKee, in the Krueger Papers,in pos- (October I, 1970):I-2. session of Martha Krueger of Bailey, Colorado. With corporations looking for II. Mather believed,or led Congress to believe, that the parks required only one profits and the USFS concerned with multiple use and low budgets,there was no good physical facelift to bring them out of the horse-and-buggy age into the comprehensive approach to monument development.A Also, the forest service did automotive era,especially in terms of roads,trails,and administrative buildings, not have entrance stations to the monument nor did they maintain a considerable after which park revenues would fund costs of administration,operations,protec- presence at the village, remaining at scattered stations best suited to fighting fires tion, and maintenance. Congress made such cost accounting difficult in 1920 and otherwise managing adjacent national forests. when it directed that all receipts be deposited in the general treasury when 48. Albright, The Birth ofthe National Park Since, 6-8, 23, 34-39. The NPS enabling heretofore they had remained in the rks.Mather and Albright also began to act is printed in USDI, Annual Report ofthe Supentendent ofNational Parks to the drop this argument of keeping park revenues in the parks by the late 1920s, realiz- Secretary ofthe Letior for the FiscalYear Ended Junego, 1916 (Washington, D.C.: ing they had been too optimistic. Mather reported that in 1920 about 35 per- GPO, 1916), 8I-82, hereafter noted as Report ofthe Supentendent 1916. cent of the cost of park operations had been returned to the treasury through direct revenues;in 1923, Yellowstone produced 90 percent of its administrative, 49. Albright, The Birth ofthe National Park Souce, 23, 37, 83; Report ofthe protection,an maintenance costs. See Report ofthe Directpr917, 22, 24; 1920, 49; Superintendent 1916, 5, 9-10; USDI, Report ofthe Director ofthe National Rar and 1923, 26-27 for Mather's views on automobile entrance fees and park self-sus- Service to the Secretary ofthe Entor for the FiscalYear Ended Junego, 1917 tainability. Strictly speaking, parks did not have "entrance" fees in the 1920s, (Washington, D.C.:GPO, 1917), 4-6, 94, all such reports hereafter noted as charged automobilists and motorcyclists for using park roads. Report ofthe Directowith the fiscal year date following; Report ofthe Director 1918, 32-33, 237-38. 12. One of Mather's principal arguments for government subsidies and for keeping prices low was to compete with the European market, which was subsidized by 50. Albright, The Birth ofthe National Park Since 83; Report ofthe Directp1917, 94; European governments. Yellowstone, with 304 miles of "automotive highways" in 1918, 32-33, 95, 237; 1919, 36, 94-95, 276, 295; "An Act to Establish the Grand 1916, charged an auto license fee of $10.00; some parks charged as little as fifty Canyon National Park in the State of Arizona," Statutes at Large 1175 (1919). cents or nothing at all,depending on the state of their roads. All such fees were The park's enabling act is printed in Report ofthe Directpr919, 301-304. Grand reduced in 1926, however, when tourist complaints escalated. See Report ofthe Canyon and LaFayette (Acadia) National Parks were designated on the same day, Director 1917, 23-24; and 1926, 20. tying for 17th place. I3. Congress appropriated $6,000 in 1923 and for years thereafter to "study, verify, and check the accounts" of concessioners. An independent CPA from San CHAPTERTWO Francisco was hired in that year to do the work. Audits were to ensure that the government received its fair share of fees and that concessioners made a profit, Foundations/9.9-19 29 but also to keep prices as competitive as possible. See Report ofthe Directpr923, Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks:A Histor(New 44; 1924, 19; 1925, 16. Albright, always a firm believer that parks were for the peo- I. Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 32-34. See also Alfred Runte, National ple, disliked the concept of "use" fees for varied NPS services. Parks: The Amercan Experience 2d ed.(Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, L4. Report ofthe Directpr917, 19-20; 1918, 15-16. Mather and others began arguing for 1987). 65-81, 82-97, as one of the first histories to explain the national parks in such a system in 1915. In 1917 the task was turned over to the National Park psychological,utilitarian,and economic terms. Highway Association. Some of its earliest activities included the mapping and 2. Report ofthe Supentendent 1916, I. signing of roads designated as part of the overall loop. Mather continued to work with all interests to promote better western roads;many of the same people and 3. Report ofthe Supentendent1916, 2, 8I-82. organizations helped create the NPS and GCNP. 4. Report ofthe Directpr917, I-2, 8-21. Albright actually wrote the letter of I3 May 15. Report ofthe Director919, 17-20; 1920, 37-4I, which includes a map of the park- 1918, under Lane's signature, that laid out NPS policy for the next fifty years. to-park loop; I92I, 25-27; 1922, 18. The park-to-park highway was formally desig- lists goals and objectives that emphasize use and identifies preservation in terms nated and dedicated on 26 August 1920, with a 4,700-mile tour completed 26 of protecting scenery more than flora and fauna. August-9 November, but by the mid-1920s, only about 25 percent had been rebuilt for autos. 5. Analysis of the Report ofthe Director the years 1917-33, supports these conclu- sions. Early directors'words,including Amo Cammerer's (1933-40), resemble 16. Report ofthe Directpr921, 23-25; 1922, 20. those of business executives promoting park (product) improvements, tallying numbers of visitors (customers) ,expanding the visitational base to the middle 17. Report ofthe Directpr921, 23; 1922, 20; 1923, 9; 1924, II-I2; 1925, 17-18; 1930, 35 class, and responding to visitor demands. 1932, 3I-33. The number of visitors arriving by automobile had already surpassed those arriving by train and stage by the late I9IOS. The National Park Roads and 6, Mather, by example, imbued NPS personnel with a "protestant work ethic," and Trails Act of 1924 released its first funds in December 1924. Mather had argued like Gifford Pinchot with the USFS, replaced political appointees with more earlier that park roads should be built to less exacting standards than those of the capable men by the mid-1920s. BPR and that $7.5 million would be sufficient to renovate or build all of them. 7. Mather described and justifled his promotion of corporate concession monopolies When Congress allocated that amount in 1924, he immediately changed his in his Report ofthe Directpr923,41 Facilities had to be upgraded quickly to mind,n the pact with the BPR to build to their standards,and estimated that meet NPS visitational objectives,a only larger companies had the capital to do another $51 million would be needed. so and to operate for a full season rather than just peak periods. Long-term con- end notes 93 Maps of Grand Canyon National Park Page 1 of 6 Mapping the National Parks Home Page Acadia Grand Canyon Great Smoky Mountains Yellowstone Maps of Grand Canyon National Park Early European Maps Old Southwest Post-Civil War Maps The Tertiary History Maps Produced Before 1920 U.S. Government Maps Grand Canyon Bibliography The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in northwestern Arizona is one of the earth's greatest natural wonders. It became a national park in 1919. So famous is this landmark to modern Americans that it seems surprising that it took more than thirty years for it to become a national park. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the rim in 1903 and exclaimed: "The Grand Canyon fills me with awe. It is beyond comparison--beyond description; absolutely unparalleled throughout the wide world Let this great wonder of nature remain as it now is. Do nothing to mar its grandeur, sublimity and loveliness. You cannot improve on it. But what you can do is to keep it for your children, your children's children, and all who come after you, as the one great sight which every American should see." Despite Roosevelt's enthusiasm and his strong interest in preserving land for public Detail of [Theodore use, the Grand Canyon was not immediately designated as a national park. The Roosevelt, head-and- first bill to create Grand Canyon National Park had been introduced in 1882 and shoulders portrait, facing again in 1883 and 1886 by Senator Benjamin Harrison. As President, Harrison front], [1904], By Popular Demand: Portraits of the established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created Presidents and First the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation in 1906 and Grand Canyon Ladies, 1789-Present National Monument in 1908. Senate bills to establish a national park were Collection. Library of introduced and defeated in 1910 and 1911; the Grand Canyon National Park Act Congress, Prints and was finally signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1919. The National Park Photographs Division. Reproduction Number: Service, which had been established in 1916, assumed administration of the park. LC-USZ62-13026 Before the middle of the nineteenth century, very little was known about the geography of the Grand Canyon. Because of its remote location, the area in and around the canyon was not explored or mapped in detail by Europeans, although it was probably visited in 1540 by the Spanish expedition of Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, who searched with Vasques de Coronado for the seven legendary cities of Cibola. In 1776, two Spanish priests, Francisco Dominguez and Silvestre de Escalante, crossed the Colorado River while exploring the area, but little knowledge of the region was passed down in written form to later generations. The primary source of information about the magnificent canyon was an oral tradition sustained by the reports of fur trappers and traders and so-called "mountain men," most of whom were escorted through the rugged terrain by Native American guides. Only one early visitor, Warren Augustus Ferris, is known to have produced a map showing the Grand Canyon. Drawn in 1836, it was not published until 1940, too late to be of use to the geographers and explorers who first traveled to the Colorado River and the canyon during the late nineteenth century. Ferris did, however, write and publish several articles in the 1840s, one of which described the canyon. His account added to the available information about the existence and approximate location of the Grand Canyon and served to increase interest in further exploration of the area. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/nphtml/gchome.htm 12/27/2004 Fred Harvey Collection Exhibit - About the Collection Page 1 of 1 Collection Traveling the Rails in Grand Style Photographs and Supplemental Materials of the Fred Harvey Hotels, 1896-1945 About the Collection There are approximately 2,000 photographs depicting exterior and interior views of hotels, eating houses, railroad stations and news stands operated by Fred Harvey. States represented are Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Other photographs document the Indian exhibits at the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition, 1915. and the Panama-California Exposition, 1915-1916. All photographs can be viewed through this online exhibit. The collection holds many other materials as well, although these are not available online. A scrapbook depicts Mexican scenes and individuals, as well as Southwestern Indians. Hermit's Rest, Phantom Ranch, and Hermit Creek Camp, all at the Grand Canyon, can be explored through two guest book registers. A ledger book records certain Grand Canyon operations from 1906 to 1933. Details of news stands are revealed through blueprint plans. There is also correspondence, consisting primarily of letters of commendation for services rendered to patrons. Many are written on menu cards or hotel stationery. To view these materials, arrange a visit to the Special Collections Reading Room. Check their website for hours and availability. Finding. Aid Permission Links Welcome About the collection Web Version http://digital.library.arizona.edu/harvey/collection.html 12/27/2004