Royce,-Josical OAC: Royce (Josiah) Memorial Collection Page 1 of 1 ONLINE ARCHIVE OF CALIFORNIA DAC Home About AND Search I Site Finding Aids > Browse > UC Los Angeles > Special Collections, Young Research Library > Royce (Josiah) M Collection Royce (Josiah) Memorial Collection View options: Descriptive Summary Standard Entire finding aid (67K bytes) Title: Josiah Royce Memorial Collection, 1875-1936 Collection number: Contents: 253 Descriptive Summary Administrative Origination: Information Collection was originally assembled by UCLA Dept. of Philosophy. Access Points Transferred from Royce Hall, 1954. Historical Note Extent: Biography 20 boxes (10 linear ft.) Scope and Content Container List Repository: LETTERS AND PAPERS University of California, Los Angeles. Library. Department of PAPERS AND WRITINGS Special Collections. WRITINGS OF JOSIAH ROYCE Los Angeles, California 90095-1575 WRITINGS ABOUT ROYCE, AND REVIEWS OF HIS Shelf location: BOOKS REVIEWS OF ROYCE'S Held at SRLF; use MC4795476 for paging purposes. BOOKS REVIEWS OF ROYCE'S BOOKS; ESSAYS IN HIS HONOR OTHER BOOKS To access these materials, please contact the contributing institution: UC Los Angeles, Special Collections, Young Research Library Comments? Questions? CDL The Online Archive of California (OAC) is an initiative of the California Digital Library © 2002 by The Regents of The University of California http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9b69p2bc 11/11/2002 Full Text: Page 1 of 24 OACHO ONLINE ARCHIVE OF CALIFORNIA DAC Home I About CARD Search I Site Finding Aids > Browse > UC Los Angeles > Special Collections, Young Research Library > View options: Standard Entire finding aid (67K bytes) Finding Aid for the Josiah Royce Memorial Collection, 1875-1936 Manuscript Collection number: 253 This online finding aid is not edited. A copy of the edited paper finding aid is available at the UCLA Departme Special Collections for in-house consultation and may be obtained for a fee. See Contact Information below.I Library, Department of Special Collections Manuscripts Division Los Angeles, CA Contact Information Manuscripts Division UCLA Library, Department of Special Collections Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575 Telephone: 310/825-4988 (10:00 a.m.-4:45 p.m., - Pacific Time) Email: spec-coll@library.ucla.edu URL: http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/ Processed by: Grace BertalotDate Completed: November 1965Encoded by: Caroline CubA©Text converted and initial container list EAD tagging by: Apex Data ServicesLast update: June 1999 Â 1999 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Josiah Royce Memorial Collection, 1875-1936 Collection number: 253 Origination: Collection was originally assembled by UCLA Dept. of Philosophy. Transferred from Royce Hall, 1954. Extent: 20 boxes (10 linear ft.) .../findaid-idx?type=boolean:c=tranoacX:view=text:subview=fulltext:drgn=item:id=ark%3A%2F13030%2Ftf9b611/11/2002 Full Text: Page 2 of 24 Repository: University of California, Los Angeles. Library. Department of Special Collections. Los Angeles, California 90095-1575 Shelf location: Held at SRLF; use MC4795476 for paging purposes. Administrative Information Source of Acquisition/Provenance Collection was originally assembled by UCLA Dept. of Philosophy. Transferred from Royce Hall, 1954. Restrictions on Access COLLECTION STORED OFF-SITE: Advance notice required for access. Restrictions on Use Copyright has not been assigned to the Department of Special Collections, UCLA. All requests for permission t or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Manuscripts Librarian. Permission for publica given on behalf of the Department of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained. Preferred Citation [identification of item], Josiah Royce Memorial Collection, 1875-1936 (Collection 253). Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. Additional Physical Form Available This online finding aid is not edited. A copy of the edited paper finding aid is available at the UCLA Departmen Special Collections for in-house consultation and may be obtained for a fee. Please contact: Public Services Division UCLA Library, Department of Special Collections Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575 Telephone: 310/825-4988 (10:00 a.m. - 4:45 p.m., Pacific Time) Email: spec-coll@library.ucla.edu Access Points Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916--Archives. Philosophers--United States--Archival resources. Manuscripts for publication. Other Names Royce, Sarah, 1819-1891. .../findaid-idx?type=boolean:c=tranoacX:view=text:subview=fulltext:drgn=item:id=ark%3A%2F13030%2Ftf9b611/11/2002 Full Text: Page 3 of 24 Historical Note In 1927 the Regents of the University of California approved a recommendation that the main classroom build new Westwood campus of the University be named Royce Hall in honor of the great American scholar and phi. Josiah Royce. The Department of Philosophy on this campus undertook the task of assembling a Josiah Royce Collection to be placed in a designated alcove of the building, known as the Josiah Royce Alcove. Through the generosity of Royce's family and friends, books and articles by and about Royce, originals and cop some of his correspondence, his master's and doctor's thesis, as well as pictures, clippings and other Royce me: were acquired for this collection. His own large and stately walnut bookcase was used to house the collection. The Royce Memorial remained in Royce Hall under the care of the Philosophy Department until December, 19 time, because of the program for remodeling Royce Hall, it was transferred to the University Library's Departn Special Collections. Biography Royce was born on Nov. 20, 1855 in Grass Valley, CA; AB, UC Berkeley, 1875; studied at Leipzig and GAgttinge Universities (1875-76), and then entered Johns Hopkins Univ., where he received his Ph.D in 1878; instructor literature and logic (1878-82), UC Berkeley; instructor in philosophy (1882-85), asst. professor (1885-92) prc the history of philosophy (1892-1914), and in 1914 was named Alford professor of natural religion, moral philo and civil polity, Harvard Univ.; published works include: Primer of Logical Analysis for the Use of Composition (1881), The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (1885), The Spirit of Modern Philosophy (1892), The Conception O (1895), The World and the Individual (1899, 1901), and The Problem of Christianity (2 vols., 1913); he died on 1916 in Cambridge, MA. Organization and Arrangement Arranged in the following series: Letters (box 1) Papers and writings (box 2) Writings of Josiah Royce (boxes 3-6, 8-17) Other books (boxed 6-7) Reviews of Royce's books (boxes 16-19) Essays in honor of Royce (box 20). Scope and Content Collection consists of writings by and about Josiah Royce, copies of his correspondence, books, clippings, phot typescript copy of a journal written by his mother, Sarah Eleanor Royce entitled, Across the Plains (1849), and Royce memorabilia collected by the UCLA Dept. of Philosophy in memory of Royce. Container List The following online container list has not yet been edited. LETTERS AND PAPERS box: 1] [ folder: .../findaid-idx?type=boolean:c=tranoacX:view=text:subview=fulltext;drgn=item:id=ark%3A%2F13030%2Ftf9b611/11/2002 OAC: Royce (Josiah) Memorial Collection Page 1 of 3 OACHESTIC ONLINE ARCHIVE OF CALIFORNIA DAC Home About SUB Search I Site Finding Aids > Browse > UC Los Angeles > Special Collections, Young Research Library > Royce (Josiah) M Collection Royce (Josiah) Memorial Collection View options: Standard WRITINGS ABOUT ROYCE, AND REVIEWS OF HIS B Entire finding aid (67K bytes) [ box: 16 ] Chapman, John Jay Contents: Portrait of Josiah Royce, the philosopher. In the Descriptive Summary Outlook, V. 122, no. 9 (July 2, 1916), p. 4. Administrative Information Access Points Hocking, William Ernest Historical Note Professor Josiah Royce. In the Harvard Alumni Biography V. 19, no. 1 (Sept. 28, 1916), p. 4. Scope and Content Container List LETTERS AND PAPERS Carr, Edwin S. PAPERS AND WRITINGS Royce's philosophy of religion. In Bibliotheca S 71, no. 282 (April 1914), p. 283. WRITINGS OF JOSIAH ROYCE WRITINGS ABOUT ROYCE, AND REVIEWS OF HIS BOOKS Aronson, Moses Judah REVIEWS OF ROYCE'S La philosophie morale de Josiah Royce; essai su BOOKS l'idACalisme social aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique. REVIEWS OF ROYCE'S BOOKS; ESSAYS IN HIS Librairie FÃOlix Alcan, 1927. HONOR OTHER BOOKS A bibliography of the unpublished writings of Jo Royce. In the Philosophical Review, V. 26, no. 5 1917), p. 578. Kawaguchi, Ukichi The doctrine of evolution and the conception of the American Journal of Theology, V. 19, no. 4 ( 1915), p.556. Driscoll, John T. Professor Royce and the problem of Christianity North American Review, V. 198, no. 5 (Nov. 1913 640. http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9b69p2bc/C01/407019070 11/11/2002 OAC: Royce (Josiah) Memorial Collection Page 2 of 3 Cabot, Richard C America's duty today, from the point of view of i doctor. In the Outlook, v.115, no.14 (April 4, 191 606. Buckham, John Wright The contribution of Professor Royce to Christia thought. In the Harvard Theological Review, v. (April 1915), p. 219. (2 copies) Cabot, Richard C Review of The world and the individual. In the 1 Graduates' Magazine, v.8, no.31 (March 1900), Review of William James and other essays on tl philosophy of life. In the International Journal v.22, no.3, (April 1912), p. 354. [ box: 17 ] Rothman, Walter Josiah Royces Versuch einer Synthese von Prag und ObjektivitAxt. Jena, UniversitAxts-Buchdru Neuenhahn, 1926. Sorley, W R Josiah Royce, 1855-1916. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the British Academy, V.7. Josiah Royce. In the Outlook, v.114, no.4 (Sept. p. 165. A philosopher of imagination. In the Nation, V.1 no.2674 (Sept. 28, 1916), p. 296. The philosophy of religion. A review of The wori individual, In the Outlook, v.66, no.8 (Oct. 20, : 466. Memorials of Professor Royce. In the Harvard t Bulletin, v.19, no.14 (Jan. 4, 1917), p. 261. http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9b69p2bc/C01/407019070 11/11/2002 OAC: Royce (Josiah) Memorial Collection Page 3 of 3 Some modern philosophy. A review of The conc immortality. In the Outlook, v.66, no.4 (Sept. 2 p. 227. Roycian reminiscences; letters to the Bulletin. I Harvard Alumni Bulletin, v.19, no.6 (Oct. 26, 10 81. Loewenberg, J The teachings of Royce: an estimation. In the Ca Alumni Fortnightly, v.9, no.14 ( Sept. 30, 1916, Loewenberg, J Josiah Royce: interpreter of American problems Reprinted from the University of California Clu v.19, no.1. The philosophy of religion. Review of The world individual. In the Outlook, v.71, no.8 (June 21, : 511. Ogliati, Francesco Un pensatore americano: Josiah Royce. Milan, Mead, George H Josiah Royce: a personal impression. In the International Journal of Ethics, v.27, no.2 (Jan p. 168. Palmer, George Herbert Josiah Royce. In the Harvard Graduates' Maga: no.98 (Dec. 1916), p. 165. Slattery, Charles Lewis Josiah Royce. In the Outlook, v.121, no.3 (Jan. 1 p. 114. To access these materials, please contact the contributing institution: UC Los Angeles, Special Collections, Young Research Library Comments? Questions? CDL The Online Archive of California (OAC) is an initiative of the California Digital Library © 2002 by The Regents of The University of California http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9b69p2bc/C01/407019070 11/11/2002 FirstSearch: Libraries that Own Item Page 1 of 3 2800 FirstSearch SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIV Libraries that Own Item This screen shows libraries that own the item you selected. Staff View Options Comments Exit Home Databases Searching Results Hide tips List of Records Detailed Record Marked Records Go to page Current database: WorldCat Total Libraries: 1 WorldCat E-mail Print Return Help Title: Josiah Royce memorial collection Author: Royce, Sarah Libraries with Item: "Josiah Royce memorial col " ( Record for Item I Get This Item ) Location Library Code CA UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES CLU Record for Item: "Josiah Royce memorial col "( " Libraries with Item ) GET THIS ITEM Availability: Check the catalogs in your library. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1 FIND RELATED More Like This: Search for versions with same title and author Advanced options Find Items About: Royce, Sarah, (max: 7) Title: Josiah Royce memorial collection, 1875-1936. Author(s): Royce, Sarah,; 1819-1891. Year: 1875-1936 Description: 20 boxes (10 linear ft.) Language: English Abstract: Collection consists of writings by and about Josiah Royce, copies of his correspondence, books, clippings, photographs, a typescript copy of a journal written by his mother, Sarah Eleanor Royce entitled, Across the plains (1849), and other Royce memorabilia collected by the UCLA Dept. of Philosophy in memory of Royce. SUBJECT(S) Descriptor: Philosophers -- United States -- Archival resources. http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETCH?fetchtype=holdings:next=html/holdings.html:b... 7/13/2004 FirstSearch: Libraries that Own Item Page 2 of 3 Named Person: Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916 -- Archives. Genre/Form: Manuscripts for publication. Note(s): Bio/History: Royce was born on Nov. 20, 1855 in Grass Valley, CA; AB, UC Berkeley, 1875; studied at Leipzig and Göttingen Universities (1875-76), and then entered Johns Hopkins Univ., where he received his Ph.D in 1878; instructor in English literature and logic (1878-82), UC Berkeley; instructor in philosophy (1882- 85), asst. professor (1885-92), professor of the history of philosophy (1892-1914), and in 1914 was named Alford professor of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity, Harvard Univ.; published works include: Primer of logical analysis for the use of composition students (1881), The religious aspect of philosophy (1885), The spirit of modern philosophy (1892), The conception of God (1895), The world and the individual (1899, 1901), and The problem of Christianity (2 vols., 1913); he died on Sept. 14, 1916 in Cambridge, MA. General Info: COLLECTION STORED OFF-SITE:/ Advance notice required for access./ Copyright has not been assigned to the Department of Special Collections, UCLA. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Manuscripts Librarian. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Dept. of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained./ Organization: Arranged in the following series: 1. Letters (box 1); 2. Papers and writings (box 2); 3. Writings of Josiah Royce (boxes 3-6, 8-17); 4. Other books (boxed 6-7); 5. Reviews of Royce's books (boxes 16- 19); 6. Essays in honor of Royce (box 20). / Preferred citation: Cite as: Josiah Royce Memorial Collection (Collection 253). Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles./ Unpublished finding aid available; inquire at Dept. of Special Collections reference desk./ Collection was originally assembled by UCLA Dept. of Philosophy. Transferred from Royce Hall, 1954. Entry: 19980905 Update: 20040411 Document Type: Archival Material Accession No: OCLC: 39813093 Database: WorldCat Current database: WorldCat Total Libraries: 1 WorldCat E-mail Print Return Help English Español Français Options Comments Exit http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETCH?fetchtype=holdings:next=html/holdings.html:b... 7/13/2004 AMC[dorr georgebucknam[1,1017,2,3,3,3,4,6,5,100,6,1]] (2-1) Page 1 of 1 Records 2 through 2 of 2 returned. Author: Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Title: Papers of Josiah Royce, 1882-1916 (inclusive). Description: 25 linear ft. of mss. Notes: Newspapers are on negative microfilm. Royce received an honorary degree from Harvard in 1911 and taught philosophy at Harvard. Includes manuscripts of writings and lectures, notes, and personal and professional correspondence, 1887-1915. Also course notebooks and letters of Royce's students. Related publications and reference material also available in repository. Dorr letters from G.P. Dorr bequest, 1945. Student materials were gift of Grover Smith, 1963. Access may be restricted. Details at the repository. Unpublished shelflist available in repository. Josiah Royce Papers, Harvard University Archives. Subjects: Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Costello, Harry Todd, 1885- Dorr, George Bucknam, 1853- Harvard University. Dept. of Philosophy -- Faculty. Harvard University. Dept. of Philosophy -- Students. Lectures. ftamc Location: Harvard University Archives, Pusey Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. Control No. : MHVV86-A467 Tagged display I Previous Record | Brief Record Display | New Search This display was generated by the CNIDR Web-Z39.50 gateway, version 1.08, with Library of Congress Modifications. http://lcweb.loc.gov/cgi-bin/zgate?pre.../rlinamc3.html,zinc.rlg.org,200%26AUTH%3drlinam 2/24/2003 Comprehensive Index of the Josiah Royce papers in the Harvard University Archives by Frank M. Oppenheim, S.J., Dawn Aberg and John J. Kaag Copyright © 2010 by Frank M. Oppenheim, S.J. All Rights Reserved i INTRODUCTION This Index has been made possible by the concurrence and support of the Josiah Royce Society and of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, along with the support of Cincinnati's Xavier University, the Xavier University Philosophy Department, and the Chicago Province of the Society of Jesus. Beyond the generosity of these institutions, many individuals convinced of the need to 'dig' into the Harvard Archives Royce Papers (HARP) have lent their aid and encouragement to our work. Direct engagement in the project began in July 2008 and closed with a semi-final draft in September 2009. The final draft was created after members of the Royce Society's Critical Edition Committee reviewed and offered suggestions for revision in 2010. The long-range aim of the project has been to prepare a document to support application to the National Endowment for the Humanities for financial support of a Critical Edition of Royce's writings. The goal of the comprehensive 2008-2009 review of the entire Harvard Archives Royce collection has been to describe and date (if possible) the documents, and to evaluate whether a particular Roycean writing merits inclusion in the Critical Edition. That extensive review is reflected in this Index. The Index not only embellishes on the Harvard Archives' "Finding Aid" to the Royce Papers. It provides more detailed information than was possible for the Harvard archivists to include in their document. This Index also offers a historical and philosophical context within which to consider the Royce Papers. Along with the "Appendix to the Harvard Archives' Finding Aid" (included here as Appendix C), it is our hope that the present work will act as a road map for scholars in their work with Royce. All these tools are available on-line. Scholars are encouraged to make use of these resources, with the proviso that proper citation be given both to the copyrighted Index and to the Harvard University Archives as sources. This Index is divided into three main sections. Part I includes Royce's book-length works. Part II organizes his shorter texts, both published and unpublished, in chronological order. (To the degree dates are not certain, they have been estimated and noted as such.) These shorter works include individual articles, essays, and lectures. Part 1 III reviews the work contained in the Harvard Archives Royce Papers Boxes 99 and up. While Boxes 1-98 consist of bound folio volumes, with Royce manuscripts mounted on pages (see Appendix C for a complete description), the boxes described by Part III contain loose sheets, notebooks, correspondence and memorabilia, with documents roughly grouped as follows: 1 The number of boxes in the collection is currently 155, but box numbers are held in reserve, and the top number may vary. ii TTC Comprehensive IUPUI (INDIANA UNIVERSITY-PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS) The Writings of Josiah Royce THE OPPENHEIM COMPREHENSIVE INDEX Welcome to the Josiah Royce Comprehensive Index (CI). The Comprehensive Index of the papers of Royce found at Harvard University was created by Frank Oppenheim with the assistance of Dawn Aberg and John Kaag. The Harvard University Archives contains most of the papers of American philosopher Josiah Royce (1855-1916). One hundred fifty-five "boxes" house the original manuscripts of his published and unpublished books, articles, lectures, letters, logic work, and other materials. In 2008-09, Royce scholar Frank Oppenheim with Dawn Aberg and John Kaag worked to compile a critical review of the entire collection. This CI shows the breadth and depth of Royce's thought and allows for new insights into Royce's writings. The CI describes, dates (where possible), and in some cases evaluates the Harvard Archives Royce Papers (HARP). Harvard University's archivists created a "Finding Aid" to the Collection, which is primarily a listing of what is found in the archives. Appendix C of the CI describes the collection in greater detail, from a scholar's rather than an archivist's point of view. The CI is a dynamic work which will develop as Royce scholars work with it. Finally, while the CI has been copyrighted, it is a work in progress. We invite readers who stumble on errata or omissions to email comments so that the CI may be improved with your help. Send suggestions and corrections to: roycece@iupui.edu. Introduction to the Comprehensive Index Comprehensive Index 9/13/2018 Search within Collection I HOLLIS for Archival Discovery HOLLIS for Archival Discovery FOUND IN: Harvard University Archives RESULTS: 1 - 2 of 2 Relevance SORT Dorr Family_(Mary Grayward, George, and C.H. Dorr), " 1891 FOUND IN: Harvard University Archives / Collection: Papers of Josiah Royce / Series: 4. Correspondence, 1875-1920 / Sub- Series: A. Professional correspondence / Subsubseries: Alphabetical correspondence, 1875-1920 Item - unspecified: Box 121, unspecified: Folder 36Identifier: HUG 1755 Scope and Contents: Correspondence with colleagues and Teaching-related correspondence dates from Royce's tenure as a faculty member in the philosophy department at Harvard University. The Alphabetical correspondence is largely incoming letters that highlight many of Royce's contacts for his research on California history. Includes letters from Hubert Howe Bancroft, who asked Josiah Royce to write a History of California; Mary Calkins, Royce's student and first woman president of the. 9/13/2018 Search within Collection I HOLLIS for Archival Discovery Correspondence, Josiah Royce to C.H. and G. B. Dorr,, 1887-1910 FOUND IN: Harvard University Archives / Collection: Papers of Josiah Royce / Series: 4. Correspondence, 1875-1920 / Sub- Series: B. Personal correspondence, 1884-1916 Item - unspecified: Box 124, unspecified: Folder 41Identifier: HUG 1755 Scope and Contents: Consists of Royce's publishing and personal correspondence. This correspondence was created during Royce's tenure at Harvard. FILTERED BY Search term: Dorr X Send Feedback I Help Powered by ArchivesSpace v2.3.1 HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 1 P Your Account Start Over Help Comments Full Catalog Journals Reserves E-Resources HOLLIS CATALOG Previous Searches I Results List Display Options Harvard University Search I Expanded Search I Command Search Harvard Libraries Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Save/Mail Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view I Short view MARC Record 88 out of 126 Previous Record Next Record Author : Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Title : The spirit of modern philosophy : an essay in the form of lectures / by Josiah Royce. Published : Boston : Houghton, Mifflin, 1901, c1892. All Locations : Availability Location : Andover-Harv. Theol i Harvard Depository B791 .R8 1901 Holdings Availability Note: Dedicated to Description : XV, 519 p. ; 22 cm. Notes : Includes index. Mary gray Ward DORR. Subject : Philosophy, Modern -- History. HOLLIS Number : 000834938 Previous Record Next Record SEARCH: FULL CATALOG Browse an Alphabetical List: Browse for: Author (last name first) Browse Clear Keywords from: Search for: Keywords anywhere Search Clear Copyright is 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College HVVV8UB99RC6T9SSB7VD13Q1HVCGFI7XRBVJ4IM7FPDIGNDEBA-05400?func=full-set-set&set_num11/11/200 HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 2 LET Your Account I Start Over Help Comments Full Catalog I Journals Reserves E-Resources HOLLIS CATALOG Previous Searches I Results List Display Options Harvard University Search I Expanded Search I Command Search Harvard Libraries Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Save/Mail Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view | Short view MARC Record 121 out of 126 Previous Record Next Record Author : Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Title : Papers of Josiah Royce, 1855-1944 (inclusive) All Locations : Availability Location : Harvard Archives 0 HUG 1755 [General folder (1 folder)] Holdings Availability Location : Harvard Archives i Vault HUG 1755.3.11 p [Family photographs (daguerreotypes)] Holdings Availability Description : 33 linear ft. of mss. History notes : Josiah Royce (1855-1916) was the foremost American idealist philosopher. He was Professor of History of Philosophy at Harvard from 1892 to 1914. Born in California, Royce graduated from the University of California in 1873. After studying in Germany and at Johns Hopkins, he returned to California to teach from 1878-1882. From 1882 until his death he taught at Harvard. Royce received an honorary degree from Harvard in 1911. Notes : Access may be restricted. Details available at repository. Indexes : Lists for some call numbers are available in the repository. Subject : Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Keyword Subject : Harvard University -- Philosophy. Harvard University -- Faculty member. Form/Genre : Lectures. Daguerreotypes. Photoprints. Diaries. HOLLIS Number : 000604366 4 Previous Record Next Record SEARCH: FULL CATALOG ../HVVV8UB99RC6T9SSB7VD13QIHVCGFI7XRBVJ41M7FPDIGNDEBA-02155?func=full-set-set&set_num11/11/200 HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 1 P Your Account I Start Over Help Comments Full Catalog | Journals Reserves E-Resources HOLLIS CATALOG Previous Searches I Results List Display Options Harvard University Search I Expanded Search I Command Search Harvard Libraries Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Save/Mail Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view I Short view MARC Record 18 out of 126 Previous Record Next Record Author : Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Title : Bibliography of the Published works of Josiah Royce. by Rev. Frank Oppenheim. Published : 1967. All Locations : Availability Location : Robbins Philosophy i G 28.30 P Holdings Availability Description : Fasc. 1-2. Notes : Extrait de la Revue Internationale de Philosophie. Numéro 79-80. HOLLIS Number : 006960368 Previous Record Next Record SEARCH: FULL CATALOG Browse an Alphabetical List: Browse for: Author (last name first) Browse Clear Keywords from: Search for: Keywords anywhere Search Clear ...... Copyright () 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College HVVV8UB99RC6T9SSB7VD13QIHVCGFI7XRBVJ4IM7FPDIGNDEBA-01401?func=full-set-set&set_num11/11/200 MS.029 Page 1 of 4 JOHNS HOPKINS THE SHERIDAN U N I V E R S I T LIBRARIES THE Johns Hopkins Acquires 6,000-Item H.L. Mencken Collection STAFF DIRECTORY PERSONSWITH DISABILITIES I CONTACT US SITE MAP HOURS HOME V LIBRARY SERVICES ONLINE RESOURCES V CATALOGS 7 RESEARCH HELP COLLECTIONS ASK A LIBRARIAN Home > Collections > Special Collections > Manuscripts > Manuscripts Registers > MS.029 HOW DO Printer-friendly Version FORMS Special Collections Milton S. Eisenhower Library MY ACCOUNT The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles St. ABOUT US Baltimore, MD 21218 410-516-8348 INFO FOR Royce (Josiah) 1855-1916 GIVING Collection (1878-1916) Ms. 29 SEARCH LIBRARY BLOG Size: 34 items SPOTLIGHT Processed: July 1982 Medical Ethics - By: Ben Primer Caring for the World Provenance: The collection was given to the University by Commemorating Katherine Royce (1923), Mary B. Coale Redwood (1937), World Medical Julius Loewenberg (1956), and Frank Oppenheim (1969). Ethics Day on September 18, this display highlights the importance of Permission: Permission to publish material from this collection caring physicians must be requested in writing from the Manuscripts around the world Librarian, Special Collections, Milton S. Eisenhower and the work of Library, The Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins Berman Bioethics Institute. More Citation: Josiah Royce Collection Ms. 29 Special Collections Archives Milton S. Eisenhower Library The Johns Hopkins University Royce (Josiah) 1855-1916 Collection (1878-1916) Ms. 29 Provenance The manuscript copy of Royce's dissertation was the gift of his widow, Katherine, in 1923. Mary B. Coale Redwood donated the Royce letters to her family in 1937 - 1938. Manuscript and typescript materials by Royce were given by Julius Loewenberg through George Boas in 1956, and by Frank Oppenheim in 1969. Biographical Sketch Josiah Royce was born on November 20, 1855 in Grass Valley, California, the http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/manuscripts/msregisters/ms029.html9/5/2007 MS.029 Page 2 of 4 youngest child and only son of an itinerant father and schoolteacher mother who joined th flood of Forty-Niners to bustling mining towns. In 1866 the Royces moved to San Francisco where Josiah developed an interest in math that ultimately led to a B.A. at California (Berkeley) in 1875. Following a year of study at Gottingen and Leipzig, he joined the first goup of twenty Fellows at Johns Hopkins, receiving his PhD. in 1878. Upon his graduation Royce reluctantly returned to teach English at California, where he married Katherine (Kitty) Head in 1880. In 1882 William James arranged for Royce to teach his courses at Harvard during his sabbatical, and Royce never left Harvard thereafter, becoming Professor of Philosophy in 1892. In 1885 he published The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, a statement of his post-Kantian idealism which emphasized some kind of metaphysical Absolute and reality as an act or experience of the mind. Other works followed including the popular Spirit of Modern Philosophy (1892), The Conception of God (1897) and his most systematic statement delivered in the Gifford Lectures at the University of Aberdeen, The World and the Individual (1900 - 1901). After Royce's interest shifted to more technical treatments of logic and more popular applications of Philosophy to concrete moral problems. Late in life Royce returned to the subject of his early work in lectures at Manchester College, Oxford, published as The Problem of Christianity (1913). In this work the Absolute assumes the form of the "Beloved Community" to which the individual man was bound by patriotic fervor, loyalty and self- sacrifice. Royce died in Boston on September 14, 1916. There is no standard biography for Royce. Useful works include Vincent Buranelli, Josiah Royce (New York, 1964); Bruce Kuklick, Josiah Royce: An Intellectual Biography (Indianapolis, 1972); John Clendenning, ed. The Letters of Josiah Royce (Chicago, 1970); Frank M. Oppenheim, Royce's Voyage Down Under (Lexington, 1980) Both Clendenning and Oppenheim are working on major biographies. Scope and Content Note The Royce Collection spans the years from 1878 to 1916 and includes correspondence with members of the George B. Coale family (chiefly Mr. Coale, 1878 - 1887), his unpublished Hopkins dissertation, several manuscript compositions, photographs and lecture notes by a student in one of Royce's philosophy classes at Harvard. The correspondence with the Coale family, with whom Royce became intimate while at Hopkins, concerns family matters (congratulations and condolences) reactions to California, dicussions of current literature, philosophical musings and information related to the publication of The Religious Aspect of Philosophy which was dedicated to George B. Coale ( Coale's inscribed copy is in Special Collections) The Royce dissertation suggests his developing interest in philosophy, even though Hopkins had no formal training in the subject. His poem, "The Six Little Realists" suggest Royce's humor, and the lecture notes provide a clear http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/manuscripts/msregisters/ms029.html 9/5/2007 MS.029 Page 3 of 4 picture of his style in the classroom. Related Collections - Other Royce letters are found in the following collections: Daniel Gilman (30 letters to Gilman and 1 each to Thomas Ball (registrar), to J.M. Cross and to Edward H. Griffin); Arthur O. Lovejoy (4); Ira Remsen (3); Johns Hopkins Collection (2 to David Dewey); Basil Gildersleeve (1). The bulk of these letters are printed and all cited in John Clendenning, ed., The Letters of Josiah Royce. Biographical material on Royce is available in the vertical file of the Ferdinand Hamburger Archives, Johns Hopkins University. Reminiscenes of Royce by Mary Coale Redwood and Katherine Royce are in the Accession File for the Royce Papers. The principal collection of Royce Papers is at Harvard University. Other institutions having Royce material include the Library of Congress and the University of California (Berkeley). Series Description I - CORRESPONDENCE, 1878 - 1887, 1906 - 22 items, .5 inches Principally letters from Royce to george B. Coale arranged chronologically. Also includes letters to Mrs. George B. (Caroline Dorsey) Coale and their daughter Mary Coale Redwood, and one letter fom Katherine Royce to Mrs. Coale enclosing a photo of her son Christopher II - MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS, 1878 - 1913 - 6 items, 2.5 inches Includes manuscript copy of Royce's Johns Hopkins University dissertation drafts for articles, poetry, critical comments -- arranged by title III - MISCELLANY - 5 items, .5 inches Lecture notes by Harvard student in Royce's class, Philosophy 9, "The Logical Approach to Metaphysics: The World and the Individual" (Spring 1916) and photographs of Royce Container List Box No. Folder No. Contents SERIES I - CORRESPONDENCE 1 1 Correspondence, 1878 - 1887, 1906 SERIES II - MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS 1 2 Comments for Revision of Dissertation of Julius Loewenberg (1911) 1 3 Negation 1 4 Notes on Student's Opinions with Comments (c. 1913) Of the Interdependence of the Principles of Knowledge (1878) see Box 2 1 5 The Recent Psychotherapeutic Movement in America (1909) http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/manuscripts/msregisters/ms029.ht 9/5/2007 MS.029 Page 4 of 4 1 6 Six Little Realists SERIES III MISCELANY 1 7 Photographs 1 "Philosophy 9" - lecture notes by Ralph W. Brown, 1916 (bound volume) 2 Of the Interdependence of the Principles of Knowledge (1878) - bound copy of dissertation in manuscript The Josiah Royce Collection was arranged and described by Dr. Ben Primer in July 1982 STAFF DIRECTORY I PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES I CONTACT US SITE MAP HOURS Sheridan Libraries 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 (410)-516-8335 Copyright 2004 I Disclaimer I Privacy Policy http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/manuscripts/msregisters/ms029.html 9/5/2007 Institute for American Thought Il Scholarly Editions Page 1 of 2 IUPUI INDIANA UNIVERSITY-PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS IU SCHOOL 2/10/12. OF LIBERAL ARTS Search IUPUI Go give now Institute for American Thought The Center for Ray Bradbury Studies School at Liberal expiration the nation's of Ris Beadbury one of the best American Nutural figurs exertieth central His work and influctice respects of modern American and popular culture, including mainstream literature the highly popular were fiction, fantasy, borror, and detective fiction and nearly all formx of dide indive television. stage drama, for magazines. periodical and graphic fiction. He n regarded as a cultural mentor in such widely home news events faculty/staff scholarly editions Peirce Edition Project Santayana Edition Frederick Douglass Papers Josiah Royce Papers research centers Max H. Fisch Library Ray Bradbury Center Special Collections Max Kade German-American Center academic programs Professional Editing American Studies American Philosophy resources Virtual Tours Giving site map Josiah Royce Papers First-Ever Critical Edition of Josiah Royce Begins at IUPUI This summer another great American thinker is joining the ranks at the Institute for American Thought (IAT). A critical edition of the works and papers of Josiah Royce (1855-1916) becomes the fifth critical edition at the Institute and the first-ever for this American philosopher. Royce is in good company at the IAT, a research unit of the Indiana University School of Liberal Arts, with academic programs in Documentary Editing and American Studies. Of the five Classic American Philosophers, the critical editions of three are now located at IUPUI: Charles Peirce, George Santayana, and Josiah Royce. Editions of the works of the final two, William James and John Dewey are completed. "The Josiah Royce critical edition is digital from start to finish," said project director and IAT director David Pfeifer. "It is unique both at the IAT and among the other editions on the Classic American Philosophers that have been completed or in progress." Josiah Royce was born in a mining camp in California, attended and taught at the University of California, Berkeley, studied in Germany, received a Ph.D. from the first research doctoral university in the United States-The Institute for American Thought Scholarly Editions Page 2 of 2 Johns Hopkins University, and spent the bulk of his career at Harvard University as a colleague to William James and an instructor and colleague of George Santayana. Royce's early work is associated with Idealism, but he was influenced greatly by the Pragmatism of William James and Charles Peirce. The later works of Royce, with a focus on interpretation and community, are now recognized as significant contributions to Pragmatism and the history of philosophy. A wider knowledge of Royce's later works led to a re-birth in interest in his thought which led to the desire for a critical edition. "A critical edition seeks to remain close to the author's intention while disclosing the principles for deciding what version of the text to publish and any editorial changes made to it," explained Pfeifer. Such editions provide an explanation and documentation of the compositional history of the text and its publication history. An important element is to undo any changes that were made silently by previous publishers without the consent of the author. When the text is in manuscript form, a list of the author's substantial alterations is created. Annotations-sometimes very long-are provided which describe and define uncommon concepts and theories, identify individuals, and supply references for quotations without citations. Editing will take place at diverse locations, but all materials are posted to an IAT website. The General Editor is Randall Auxier of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Text editing will be done by the John Dewey Center at Southern Illinois University. Editors for the first volume are at Texas A & M University and the University of Massachusetts. The IAT is the repository for the paper copies of texts and manuscripts and is the computer center for receiving, posting, and hosting all the materials of the edition. The digital volumes that result will be online, hosted by Indiana University. The Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and the Office of the Dean of the Indiana University School of Liberal Arts generously provided some initial funding to launch the edition. National Endowment for the Humanities funding and other grant opportunities will be sought for the continued support of the critical edition of Royce's work. Copyright © 2012 The Trustees of Indiana University | Copyright Complaints | Privacy Notice 902 West New York Street Education and Social Work 0010 Indianapolis, IN 46202 Ph: 317.278.3374 Fax: 317.274.2170 Email: iat@iupui.edu http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/iat/index.php/editions/royce 2/6/2012 INTRODUCTION Letter Linick Royce. Ed. J. Clendening u. Chicago, 1970. 28 INTRODUCTION 29 acquaintance of Alfred Deakin, one of Australia's greatest states- reality enabled Royce to deepen his idealism and relate it to cos- men. Possibly because of their vast personal and cultural differences, mology The "world of description" is the physical world, the Royce and Deakin became lifelong friends. As traveling companions world of science-public and permanent; the "world of apprecia- for two or three weeks they delighted in exchanging views on phi- tion" is the ideal world, the world of feelings-private and spon- losophy and politics, each finding inspiration by sharing in the taneous. But it is the appreciative self who lives in the "true Self" other's experience. Leaving Australia, Royce sailed to New Zealand, and who makes science and the entire world of description possible. then traveled by steamer to San Francisco, finding new strength at The "double aspect" theory, therefore, gives a wider range of each stage of his journey. Arriving in Cambridge in early Septem- experience to the "Absolute Thought" than Royce had previously ber, after an absence of more than five months, he wrote to Presi- suggested and makes his idealism something more than "an idle dent Gilman, announcing his return to health: "I feel like a bent comment upon the general connectedness of things. "140 It was prob- bow, all ready to twang. ably this speculation that Royce had implied in his letter to James The breakdown taught Royce the dangers of overwork. As a while en route to Australia; it had made, as he said, "the dry bones consequence the tempo of his life, if not the vigor of his activities, of my 'Universal Thought' live.' settled down considerably for several years after 1888. With the Royce, in the meantime, had begun editorial work for two peri- birth of a third son, Stephen, in May 1889, the Royces made a edicals, work that led him into the most famous controversies of his permanent move to a new and roomy house at 103 Irving Street in eareer. Robert Underwood Johnson of Century Magazine decided the freshly subdivided estate of Charles Eliot Norton. Here in the to launch a series of articles on California history and asked Royce shade of huge elms, two doors from William James, around the to assist as an editor and occasional contributor. This venture, corner from Charles Lanman, a short walk from the Yard, Royce which occupied Royce during 1890 and 1891, rekindled the fires of spent the remaining twenty-seven years of his life. The tensions of his conflict with John Charles Frémont and led to a skirmish with his earlier life at Harvard gradually relaxed as the external signs of the daughter of General William T. Sherman. A more notorious his emerging stature became evident. In the spring of 1891, with incident, however, resulted from the establishment, in 1890, of the the formation of Stanford University, the new president, David International Journal of Ethics for which Royce was one of the Starr Jordan, urged Royce to accept the chair of philosophy. Con- founding editors. In the first issue of the Journal he printed a vinced of his importance to Harvard and informally promised an lengthy review of Francis Ellingwood Abbot's The Way Out of early promotion, Royce decided to remain in Cambridge. In fulfill- ignorticism. The result has been appropriately called "the Abbot ment of the promise, Royce became Professor of the History of affair, Philosophy in the fall of 1892. After a fairly distinguished career as an independent clergyman During these years, seemingly uncertain of his scholarly future, and polemicist for the Free Religious Association, Abbot turned to Royce undertook the lighter tasks of his profession. At different philosophy. In 1881 he received the second Ph.D. in philosophy times, he proposed writing a book on Theodore Parker, a biography tranted at Harvard; at the same time, he founded and became pre- of Goethe, a study of Hegel, and an edition of the Phänomenologie. ceptor of the Home School for Boys in Cambridge. During the None of these plans was actually carried out. Yet when, in the fall following year a piece from his dissertation was published in Mind, of 1889, Mrs. Charles Dorr encouraged Royce to present a series of which Royce, though probably he had not yet met its author, found public lectures on some prominent modern thinkers, he flew to the Hand spectacle." When Abbot revised and expanded the article task with enthusiasm. The result was The Spirit of Modern Philoso- into book, Scientific Theism (1885), Royce wrote a satirical phy (1892) which contains Royce's most important advance of the in Selence, treating Abbot as a harmless incompetent, one early 1890s, his distinction between "the world of appreciation" and "the world of description." This "double aspect" theory of P 181 the "double aspect" theory is developed throughout lec- Physical Law and Freedom," pp. 381-434. 39 Royce to Gilman, September 6, 1888, Boyee to James, May 11, 1888. 32 INTRODUCTION Less notoriously but certainly more fruitfully, Royce devoted his major efforts during the 1890S to the development of philosophy and the American university system. When he had joined the Har- vard faculty in 1882, the philosophy program consisted of four instructors and ten courses; George Santayana was a freshman, and Benjamin Rand was the only graduate student. Before the end of the 188os major changes had begun, and by the turn of the century the number of courses and instructors had doubled. But the most dramatic change took place in the graduate program. Before 1890 Harvard had granted only four Ph.D.'s in philosophy, but during the following decade twenty were awarded. The new generation of philosophers included Charles M. Bakewell, Mary Whiton Cal- kins, William Pepperell Montague, John Elof Boodin, A. O. Love- joy, and Ralph Barton Perry. The "golden age" of American philosophy had begun, and nowhere was it better represented than at Harvard with its brilliant quintet-Palmer, James, Royce, Mün- sterberg, and Santayana. From 1894 to 1898, in the midst of this extraordinary development, Royce served ably as departmental chairman. The same years mark an important period in Royce's philosophi- cal growth. In September 1894, he received from George Holmes Howison an invitation to lecture at the University of California during the summer of 1895. The proposed lecture was not to be a perfunctory appearance, but a major event for both speaker and audience. Howison's plan, as first proposed and subsequently devel- oped was for the University's Philosophical Union to study The Religious Aspect of Philosophy throughout the academic year, 1894-95, and for Royce to appear in August to discuss some feature of philosophical theism, together with three others-Howison, Sid- ney E. Mezes, and Joseph LeConte-who would use Royce's paper as their point of departure. The prospect of returning in such a capacity to his Alma Mater keenly appealed to Royce, and he wasted little time in planning how he might approach the task. The Religious Aspect of Philosophy was nearly ten years old, and though Royce's reputation as a philosopher was faring rather well on the merits of that book, he was not at all satisfied with its form. He saw that the ethical theory dominating the first half of the book might be pushed aside so that the metaphysical argument for ideal- ism might be given proper emphasis; thus, without altering the "kernel" of the earlier work, a new paper with a wholly new Personalities: Josiah & Katharine Head Royce Page 1 of 1 Personalities: Josiah & Katharine Head Royce For a history of the Head-Royce School and the Anna Head building, see The Head-Royce School: A Centennial History 1887-1987 available from The Head-Royce School, 4315 Lincoln Avenue, Oakland, CA 94602. Josiah and Katharine Head Royce. Katharine, Anna's younger sister, was born in 1858. Married Josiah Royce. an eminent scholar, philosopher, and at one time, a leading faculty member at the University of California. This union provided a perfect name for the boys' school when Anna Head became coeducational. The Josiah Royce School was established & in 1971. In 1974. the name was changed to The Head Royce Schools, and then in 1979, the school became known by is current name, The Head-Royce School. Insah and Karharine licad Royce Last modified: 21 November 1995 Robert L. McCarthy, bobmc(@csm.berkeley.edu http://srcweb.berkeley.edu/josh.html 11/11/2002 12/28/02 Haward archies Have consulted Letter in Clendenway to GBD or mary Darr LJR from Royce r on falley dates GBD MGWD 8/12/87 6/21/89 5/2/91 10/31/89 2/26/95 12/19/89 10 / 23 / 98 Summer 1890 "I have been 5/1/04 5/21/04 3/17/92 2/21/91 James to WM. 10/17/92 ret. to His. Dorr 8/11/94 11/5/96 11/14/96 1/9/98 8/7/188 Josiah Royce to George B. Dorr Taskin Cambridge x August 12, 1887. Dear Dorr, I have delayed writing because I wanted to take time to consult a little with my wife about the friend- ly offer that you and your father and mother SO kindly made. We have given full consideration to the whole matter, and I assure you that we have found the notion a most attractive one. But there are a number of diffi- culties in the way, and my wife feels it necessary to say with much regret that it seems to her impossible to go. She loves the mountains and water even more than I do, and thanks you many times for the goodness of your plan. Perhaps in some other season such a thing might be just possible. But the future is its own guardian. In any case don't imagine for a moment that we under-rate your generous and considerate enthusiasm for our welfare, or the advantages of your offer. As for your other offer -- the bicycle my wife wants me to try it. She fancies that if I could learn (August 12, 1887) 2. to use it, she would have more respect for me. My reputation for dexterity is not high. Perhaps I might do something, however, and I think I had better try, if you still want me to. If I succeed, we might arrange for a purchase some day. If I don't succeed, you must behave as a sewing machine man always promises to do, and take it back. Meanwhile, do you want to express it to me at my expense? If so, I shall regard you with more admiration than ever. And now I want to thank you very warmly indeed, and if possible your father and your mother yet more warmly still, for a few charming days that I shall certainly never forget. They came most opportunely, and at a moment when I especially needed to get my mind off some harrassing temporary vexations. The result has done me much good. Your mother seems to me now a minister of comfort, pure and simple, and I only regret that in her house I was but a receiver of pleasure, and must have been, especially to her, but a poor amusement. In future I hope to see much more of you all, at times when I am more alive myself. (August 12, 1887) 3. I hope you will remember me to Mr. and Mrs. Wolcott. I ought to say to them that in my better moments some- thing in my heart will rise up and say that, after all, a mummy is not a mineral. * This may show that I am not wholly hardened. Hodgson must ere this have left you. If not, please say to him that I have just found the best possible description of my beloved form of "memory-hallucination" in the current "Archiv fur Psychiatrie". I am as tri- umphant as you please over it. I hope soon to hear of your continued prosperity. Mrs. Royce desires to be remembered most warmly to you all. Yours very truly, Josiah Royce. * This refers to a discussion raised by him at Oldfarm as to whether a mummy might not be termed a mineral, he taking the side, for argument's sake, that it could. 103 IRVING STREET CAMBRIDGE Jan 6, 1893 Dear George:- I enclose a programme for 92-93. you will doubtless receive the postal card invitation which is sent to all philo- sophical instructors and graduates alike, / for the I am rather pleased with characteristic reaction to his as Chairman of the Visiting Committee I shall biglad to see something heap wride begin to prevail. pen, now that high barometer and for your mother in her bur otemo my tore and heartest sympathy If there is anything that I can do, as for instance to cheer an hour for her pretty 200m by doing whatever she worded proper to have me do, please let me know. years Very Fruly Issual Royer Josiah Royce to George B. Dorr Cambridge October 23, 1898. Dear Dorr, Whenever you can find any time to look into our philosophy work, you are sure, so far as I am concerned, not only to be welcome, but to do good by your sugges- tions. I know nobody, other than yourself, whose sympathy and whose criticism I should equally value as I should yours. On the other hand, I know how busy you are, and what a call upon your time such work involves; and I do not wonder that you ask help. As to the "young graduates" of whom you speak, those who are at all seriously philosophical are in pro- fessional positions mostly elsewhere, as clergymen, or as teachers of philosophy. Of accessible people who have not been tried in my time as visitors, I think first of Dr. Richard C. Cabot, who is nearby, then of Edwin D. Mead of Boston, Rev. Francis Tiffany of Cambridge (not a very profound, but a practical sort of man, with an interest in philosophy), Frank Sanborn of Concord, -- all men who would be, at least, interested in the subject. I cannot answer for the way in which Josiah Royce to Mrs. Charles H. Dorr Irving Street, Cambridge October 31, 1889 My dear Mrs. Dorr, I have seen Mrs. Whitman, and for the moment, as I understand the matter, the plan for the lectures appears in the following provisional form: the twelve lectures are to be given one per week, probably on Tuesday after- noons, beginning early in December, always providing, of course, that my kind clients desire to have them given at all. The subject proposed would be: "Some Noteworthy Persons and Doctrines in the History of Modern Thought". I should sketch the persons and characters of half a dozen thinkers, more or fewer, as say Spinoza, Leibnitz, Berkeley, Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Schopenhauer. I should give some idea, not of the technical details of their systems, but of their personal attitude towards the world, towards the ideals of life, and towards God. Then I should try to characterize some of the problems of modern life and philosophy, as determined, in a measure, by these very thinkers. In conclusion, I should try to suggest something of my own attitude. How would that do? ( October 31, 1889) 2. I hope you won't find me a failure. I am a very much beset man at present as to the uncomfortable tasks and cares of life, and am likely to be much overworked before winter is over. This task, however, would be to me both a delight and a rest, at any rate if you approved the outcome. Yours very truly, Josiah Royce. Josiah Royce to Mrs. Charles H. Dorr 103 Irving St., Cambridge December 19, 1889 My dear Mrs. Dorr, I await, with some eagerness, such criticisms (the more negative the better, so long as they express the opinion of any note-worthy person) upon my first lecture as shall enable me to get nearer to my audience in future. At present we -- my audience and I -- are rather far apart in spirit; at least I feel so, and that in part by my own fault. I don't write in any spirit of dis- couragement, for it was a very kindly and delightful audience, and I am sure that I shall yet hit much nearer home, but just now my feeling is, from what I can gather, that the affair on Tuesday was indeed a reasonably inno- cent beginning, but that I didn't quite convey as much as I wanted to. I was too afraid of being dull, apolo- gized too much for philosophy, made too long a. prelim- inary, quoted too many poets, confused some hearers with excess of illustration, and others by lack of salient points, and in short did not do so well as I shall try to do hereafter. This I learn not from inner conscious- ness but from friendly criticism. I am now preparing ( (December 19, 1889) 2. number two. I shall try to be more simple, direct, organic in structure of lecture, &c. To this end I shall welcome criticism from you and George, and that with the frankest good'will and gratitude. The whole affair is an experiment, which pleases me much, but which I shall have to modify much as I carry it out. Won't you aid me with a suggestion or two? Yours truly, Josiah Royce. I am in the best of spirits and health. I write as I do because I really want suggestions for practical use. Josiah Royce to Mrs. Charles H. Dorr North Conway August 11, 1890 My dear Mrs. Dorr, I am in a very different landscape now, with shadows flying over the mountains, a. great white cloud hiding the summit of Mt. Washington, and a wavering sunlight that alternately brightens and leaves the forests all about us. We have spoken much here of you, and of the delightful companionships of Bar Harbor; and I find Mrs. Merriman one with me in the desire to let you know what warm affection we feel for you, for the forethought that plans and the tireless devotion that SO fully watches over the good times that you offer your friends at Old- oldform farm. As I have, for my own part, so much needed the rest and the companionships that I have enjoyed under your roof, SO I have profited by them far more than I could express to you while I was there, or than I can even now write down on paper. Everything with you, emidst all the variety, tends to spiritual strength and health, and all the coming year through the memory of the hills and the waves and the conversations and the kindness will go with me and cheer me. I thank you once more for it all. & (August 11, 1890) 2. I shan't forget your paper. It will be a poor offering, but I will try to make it in an earnest spirit. I learn so much from you and at your house that I should indeed do ill if I did not try to put on paper some of the thoughts that have come to me as I have listened and talked amongst your friends. Remember me kindly to Mr. Dorr and to George, with love, and also to all of our company who are still with you. The invitation for September is very fascinating, but I must devote myself to my books in Cambridge after this week, and one can't carry a library about with him. Yours affectionately, Josiah Royce. Josiah Royce to Mrs. Charles H. Dorr 103 Irving St. , Cambridge March 17, 1892. My dear Mrs. Dorr, My little life has been much hurried of late. Please forgive me for not writing at the same time when I sent you my book. Two copies went, one in the cover that everybody sees, one in a poor little bind- ing (though the best one I could plan) which I have meant only for you. The dedication says the rest. I put it as well as I could, and studied a good deal over the form, which I hope that you will not find in any serious way inapt. The substance of it, at all events, comes from the heart. I have heard about your journey from time to time a little. The other day Barrett Wendell told me of his letter from you. I hope that Mr. Dorr and George are well, and as deeply interested in it all as I easily believe them to be. I send them my warm love. I hope to hear the tale of some of the journey when you return. (March 17, 1892) 2. My friends here, under Mrs. Whitman's very lind auspices, were good enough to listen this winter to a course of nine lectures on Ethics from my mouth, the conditions of the course being similar to those of your original plan. I suppose that another book may result. This book starts off well. A second edition is to go to press at once, and I am just sending to the printer a few errata for it. Please excuse my haste. Life flies SO fast, and carries me to the next thing. Mrs. Royce, who is very well, joins me in loving greetings. Yours very truly, Josiah Royce. THE SPIRIT OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY An Essap IN THE FORM OF LECTURES BY JOSIAH ROYCE, PH. D. PROFESSOR OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY IOVI BIEN or RIEN INFORD LIBRARY BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY (be nibertibe press Cambridge COPYRIGHT, 1892, BY JOSIAH ROYCE COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY KATHARINE HEAD ROYCE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIRTIETH IMPRESSION, FEBRUARY, 1924 340600 UNORMATE The Press CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. TO MY FRIEND Mary Gray Wath Derr I GRATEFULLY DEDICATE THIS BOOK AS A TOKEN OF AFFECTION AND VENERATION IN RECOGNITION OF THE WISE COUNSEL THAT SUGGESTED ITS PREPARATION AND OF THE THOUGHTFUL ADVICE THAT ACCOMPANIED AND AIDED ITS GROWTH Josiah Royce to Mrs. Charles H. Dorr August 7, 1898 Dear Mrs. Dorr, Your so kind letter came to hand yesterday morning. I have been wondering ever since whether I could not somehow arrange my tasks so as to get away at once, as you so kindly urge. I prize the urgency, and love to be so kindly remembered -- prize it so highly that I am ready to make any possible effort to break the chains that bind me just now to my desk. Yet I hope that you will see how I am placed, when I say that powers over which I have no control simply forbid me, just now, to turn away from the task set me. The Gifford Lectures are rapidly approaching. They are, or ought to be, in a purely technical or academic sense the effort of my life. If I cannot do them rightly, I shall do much more than fail; I shall be a false servant of Harvard, whose honor in a way any lecturer to foreign audiences has in such a case to guard in his own way and range. If I do not do them rightly, I shall be false, also, to the friends who have obtained for me this high trust, and to the cause of serious thinking on Religion and to the public concerned. To say this is not to exaggerate (August 7, 1898) 2. my poor personal importance; it is only to say that this trust concerning a very sacred task has been put upon me; and now I must live up to it. Well, of course, such a task viewed in general is indeed consistent enough with the duty and delight of friendly meetings, and the whole spirit that surrounds you, and your so dear Oldfarm, would be, if I could but visit you, an aid and inspiration as to all that concerns my interest in the problems of my lectures and all that leads to the inner preparation for such work. Believe me, the memory of you and of your home and spirit and sympathy are with me, and do help me, in preparation for the task. But nevertheless, such tasks have two sides. One side has to do with the spirit for the work. That I have partly won through you, and I could only intensify it if I came to you now again. But the other side has to do with the purely mechanical scholarly preparation of the technical part of the lectures. That needs just brute time, the mere succession of hours, with continuity of staying pretty much alone at one's desk, or in the College Library, or in lonely walks, poring over logical details, looking up suggestions, collecting notes and thoughts. And for that part of the job the summer, I find, (August 7, 1898) 3. with its other inevitable tasks, is all far, far too short already. But the work is now in full swing, and I feel that I am at a very critical place in massing my materials. If I leave now, for any place or purpose but to amass more materials, the whole external organization of my work will, I feel, tend to suffer. Well, these are decidedly material aspects of the affair. But if one lectures about a better world, one has to write one's lectures in this world, subject to all the material difficulties of time and ignorance, and slowness in reading, in reflecting, and in writing. None the less, duty binds one to do his material best with the stuff he has in him. So here I must sit and work, now that at last the job has got under way. Earlier in the vacation I was away a bit, but on professional tasks that I could not rightly avoid. From now on, I must stay pretty much alone, except for my family, until I have something to show. When I can see you again, I most of all want to hear the new things of which you speak, that you have to read to me. Now I hope that in September, some time, (August 7, 1898) 4. the material way may look a little clearer before me in this task of mine. And then, if I still may, and you are not weary of my long delay, I will come down over some Sunday, solely to see you and George and to hear something of your news. Even that I cannot promise. It all depends upon whether or no I can get my task in hand, on its material side, enough to earn a few hours of the privilege of being with you. Just now I must not go from here, although I deeply long to do so. I write fully, frankly, lovingly. Please remember me warmly to Mr. and Miss Mason, to Mrs. Whitman and above all to George. Yours very truly, Josiah Royce. Josiah Royce to Mrs. Charles H. Dorr Cambridge Wednesday Evening August 30, 1899. My dear Mrs. Dorr, My family are just now returning from Winchester, and this evening gives me my first chance to write you, since I returned. It is always good to visit you. And this last time seemed peculiarly full of encouragement and inspiration. I was sorry of course to find how often you still feel beset by weariness; but when you are able to give your friends your presence, you can hardly tell, yourself, how full of cheer and of strength that presence is, and how much better in soul one is for having been awhile in your company. For me, all that you said to me and did for me came, during this visit, with especially potent helpfulness. I needed such support, just at the moment; and I felt it profoundly, so that I return to work a much stronger, and, I hope, a more serviceable man. I owe to you, and to George also, a great deal, in addition, for the delightful care that was taken to make my visit entertaining, and for the good friends whom I met, and so much enjoyed, through your kind intermediation. I thank you many times. May (August 30, 1899) 2. you grow daily stronger and nearer to the perfect peace. My family are well, and Mrs. Royce joins me in kindest remembrances to you both. Yours very truly, Josiah Royce. 7/14/04 Harvard University Archives (HUA) HUA [Pusey Library] July 14,2004 Notes HUG 1755.12 File: ind. Letters to M.G.W.Dorr and G.B.D. UA I 15.1380 Subscuption Papers Emeisn Hall - letter to G-B Dor 1901-05. - letter of 4/28/01 - "President Eliot is deletated c our Emecom plan 1 ready to bring tup at Conseverent." UniJame of 5/1/03 "Dea Geoge is Solicitations " lly other Brictinis don't bleed well." I of 3 letters of WJ. - Undaca letter is scheduling Speakers 15th benefits the Popce Janest Palmer, - Oliver W. Hiller 4/6/02 decide hat to "fork " out for the philosoph dependents nor well he ash other to contribute to what his not dong newerf - it would look "a little queer." Several letter in eay Febuu 1902 declar attend "an meity in besoff of Every Hall" schedule for H afternoon of Fab 14,1902 See We Thayer letter of 2/14/02 2, Request f William R. Thayer, 81, Ed for of Harvard Students Magazine (4/25/02) to GBD for a "report" in Even Have transpect Challen Eliot sect check I May '03 to 6BD "for Emerson Hall." From GA. Peobody + wrfe give $100, (5/8/03) Paulive Show Perkins St., Jamaica Plain a on "lla Day" $ 1,000. Entlusiesta letter st suppat Photocopied letter plus 18 others in file. HUG 300 Dorr, George B. (1874) fle has record ( my copy tas) of 4 your a understand and 1883-89, 1889-90, 1890-91 year of graduate work. Also indicate S.M. (Hon.) u of llaine, (924. 3/ Josidh Royce HUG 1755 12 Letter to lles CH. Porr & G.B.Dorr 1887-1910. copied 8/12/87 5/2/91 JR letter is deliberation a form of dedication for bonk. Very concerned @ her to word dedicals is Mary word Dorr US Mrs. Charls Dorr 1/6/83 Sent GBD "programme for 92-93" Act to all $ instructors L graduates alike for of conference "next Mondy copied Capital 8/12/87 Invite h Dorr's to Old Form, Roye urfa cail come ever n though send "loves Moutaids - water even None than I do.". Dorr had from Porcentry riding a biggle this cerf want him to feg it. For "in I could lear town it she would And More respect for the by reputation to dextent is nothigle Dorr offers oun hike ?leveled though one will be slipped to Royce Than Dorr 4 pants for La few channing days" sense they got les neved off "some temporan Vexations." 7/1" Proper describe Mrs. Dorr a Co "minister of comfort, pure and simple." 2/26/95. Re GBD's offer at course [for two of than? in "brain embryology 5/1/04 Invite to GBD to "philosopheral Carefure "at Royce home (5/2/04). on Religious Onciousness. copied 10/23/98 5/21/04 Gittot Spinozan book from 6BD achievement a "remunder of old times when first we met. Many are the gifts and good hours that I have owed to you t yours." He regrets my unable to help practi call in this Matter of Emerson Hall." caped 7/31/04 fell to Boy = Wheeler, President re GBD as bearer sto letter ub GBD emote to California M Sieve visit emonts to Berbeley 12/17/05 Lette to GBD insity he t other in photograph psych country to dine on 12/29 (he at Howard Unon. 7/14/104 5 4/28/04. . Re possible get topic le GBD this And May 5,1904 TO Many Dorr 1/9/98 on symbolism and the reality of late carly "that slays Faith and Love / depress - mourns in the darkness That the tale of this Irama is and tab is ta whole of it; copied 9/20/96 Lellere recent visit. 11/5/96 " re "our dear Le Cantes," He 's as grologist to he daughter 4 a "thoughtful dreamer of any vesions." They are "anone the ven four people in the world whom & counter really worty to meet you 11/8/96 he Dorr's invitation to he Coutes, Now apparent stay c Rockes. HOLLIS Le Cante lectured are them evaluation 11/14/96 Cayee beaut from helents in letter form bar Haber regard your propose an to adores you gave her as "ber book." 3pp 6 12/19/97 Accepts invile to Linner 12/23 c ur Mason and Us. Mason. 2/28/98 Hope to see her 3/12 for My chame to accept your kindness are so few and mg returns so poor." My love copied 8/7/98 to GBD to George n 10/23/98 " GBD 7/11/99 " llrs Dorn accept invite to come last week of buglest Regret not coning lastyear escoriting U.S, Olivia D. Cushing 8/30/99 to less Dore when shein ustill best by wearness" copy but to other your presence is "fill of cheer and 5/1/04 to CBD Invite to paper of strangtant have to he read DUP. has 5/21/04 to 630 , re Spinoza Notes. from 7/31/04 to Pres'. Wheeler from 12/17/05 for 12/29/05 dinner. 4/28/10 Meet 5/5/10 ? 9/12/92 To Llso Dove. Accepts invite to stay long weeked 6/21/89 Re stay 10/31/89 Plan for leatures, 8 8/11/94 Tills D. H DUNE Nite Next time HUC 6921 : Genel Infol a Howard Comment +Class request. Day in 1923 Is George on last for HON. MASTERS? Cheh Squart HUD 274.505 Clan of 1874 great # 147 t #148. Security this FROM: sheet UAV 161.201.10 admission GSAS UAV 161.200 admission bach 1886-1898 2070 James & Royce re Bar Harbor 7/27/72 Wm. In B.H. for more than two weeks. Pp. 425-8 Corr. Wm. James In Vol. 4 he writes to sister Alice of his first rgely-impressions entering Bar Harbor by sea. Impressed by the island and mainland hills, but where "society here is abundant and excellent, "I suppose few watering places[s] present such an intellectual front to the sweather." too many social acquaintances. 'wagon excursions to different cliffs and hilltops, and rowing and sailing are the amusements here and when a day here is fine, it is resplendent. The finest skies I have seen in America." More detail here than elsewhere in the james correspondence. Describes "The fresh wind, the interminable spotless twilight, the dark heaving ocean, the solemn might of the cliffs on our left hand, the incipient northern light which later became one of the finest I have ever seen, all made a first class night of it." However, in a letter to Alice (9/17/94) says he may not go to MDI because too much talk there will do him "no good at all." - twelve day visit with Dorrs WJ & AJ. 7/29/90 - WJ to AJ, Royce will return to Dorrs in 10 days 8/16/96 - Cambridge, has been ill with GI issues. Wants to go to Bar Harbor for he needs wilderness, but changes mind and went to the Adirondacks with Harry for a restorative vacation. 8/11/97 writes to Ellen Gertrude from Oldfarm, described as a "really grand place." Off to Intervale by the 15th. Writes to Alice that he spent a.m. working on Immortality lecture wqith Hodgson but and when he departs on the 13th he thanks MGWD for as jolly a three days "as he has ever passed," bragging to Alice about the vitality he found at the Dorrs. Heads for Mt. washinton enroute to Chocorua, then onto Keene Valley, walking to improve his constitution je says to brother Henry. 8/30/97. 8/30/97 - spent 4 days alone at the Dorrs. TO Alkice James-6/27/1904 wants GBD to be one of his pallbearers aftrer attending Sarah Whitman's funeral. Where GBD was one of ushers. 12/5/08 - WJ came to BH to investigate movement of a table without contact, reported by GBD. WJ repeatedly sought relief from anxiety through travel. .Hiking mountains hefre and abroad See 1917 letter from Tom Ward re preservation, a letter not from WJ but a lifelong friend. Who was also on the Hafrvard Phil Dept. Visiting Committee. 9/12/2018 Royce, Josiah I Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Josiah Royce (1855-1916): Overview Josiah Royce was one of the most influential philosophers of the period of classical American philosophy, the late nineteenth century through the early twentieth century. Although often identified as an exponent of Absolute Idealism, which is a philosophical view explored by Royce particularly in his Gifford Lectures, Royce was a thinker of widely diverse interests and talents. He made major contributions to psychology including a textbook in the field and was, in fact, elected President of the American Psychological Association. He wrote a history of California, considered today a forerunner of contemporary historiography in its attention to the role of women and minority groups. He explored social ethics, developing many ideas on the social grounding of the self, some of which were later expanded upon by George Herbert Mead. Furthermore, Royce wrote on pressing social and political problems of the day including race relations. W.E.B. Dubois of his 9/12/2018 Royce, Josiah I Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy considered the founder of the Harvard school of logic, Boolean algebra, and the foundation of mathematics. Among his students at Harvard were Clarence Irving Lewis who went on to pioneer modal logic, Edward V. Huntington, the first to axiomatize Boolean algebra, and Henry M. Sheffer, known for the eponymous Sheffer stroke. Royce has recently been cited as a proto-cybernetic thinker; another of his students was Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics. Royce also wrote on issues in the philosophy of science. In addition to these many philosophical achievements, Royce made major contributions to the Philosophy of Religion, writing on the problem of evil, and Christian community and presenting a phenomenological study of the religious experience of ordinary people. Royce also wrote throughout his career on ethical theory and on the conditions for creating both genuine and supportive communities as well as creative, unique, ethical individuality. At the end of his life he turned to the development of a world community through a process of mediation and interpretation. Table of Contents 1. Life 2. Thought and Works a. Royce's Philosophy of Community b. Royce's Ethics: The Philosophy of Loyalty C. Religion d. The Problem of Evil e. Logic 3. References and Further Reading a. Primary Sources b. Published Editions C. Secondary Sources 9/12/2018 Royce, Josian I Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Life Josiah Royce was a Californian by birth, born on 20 November, 1855, in Grass Valley, the son of Josiah (1812-1888) and Sarah Eleanor (Bayliss) Royce (1819-1891), whose families were recent emigrants from England, and who sought their fortune in moving west in 1849. His pioneer mother Sarah was a central figure in forging a new social and political community in Grass Valley. She was the center of much musical activity with her melodeon, the first brought to California. She also helped found a church and served as a teacher of the young, including young Josiah. Under his mother's tutelage, Josiah developed his love of literature, reading Milton and other literary works; made his acquaintance with the Bible and religious experience; was given an introduction to music and its beauty; and experienced the joys of a warm, loving community, his family, and particularly his mother and sisters. Young Josiah began his literary career with a delightful story of the travels of Pussy Blackie, a "Huckleberry Finn cat," who runs away from home; gets bitten by a dog; is captured by an eagle; travels on a railroad car; lives in the house of a rich family; finds a cat companion with whom Pussy exchanges stories; discusses social issues such as the contrast between the rich and the poor, as well as the treatment of the less fortunate and moral questions such as honesty, shame, killing, and war. In 1866, the Royce family moved to San Francisco where Royce first attended the Lincoln School. Royce also attended San Francisco Boys' High School where he had as a classmate the (later famous) physicist, Albert Michelson. Continuing his pioneer trek, Royce entered, at age fourteen, an infant University of California, later becoming one of its first graduates, thus participating in the beginnings of higher education in the state. After receiving his degree in Classics in 1875, Royce traveled to Germany to study philosophy for one year. He mastered the language while attending lectures in Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Göttingen. On his return, he entered the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and in 1878, was awarded one of its first four doctorates. IUPUI (INDIANA UNIVERSITY-PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS) The Writings of Josiah Royce: A Critical Edition Welcome to the Josiah Royce Critical Edition website. On this site you will find information on the edition-its bylaws and its board members. You will find the volumes that are published-one to date; unpublished transcribed manuscripts; the Frank Oppenheim Comprehensive Index of Royce's papers at the Harvard University Archives; an extensive bibliography complied by André De Tienne; and some online versions of books written by Royce. When you wish to leave a page, use the back function or click on another screen listed on the left. Most of the links on these pages are pdf files. If your brower is set to open pdfs as pdfs automatically, the file will appear immediately; otherwise you will be asked whether you wish to open the pdf file with whatever reader you have on your computer. Should you neec a pdf reader, you may obtain an Adobe Reader here. We will update this page as new material is added IUPUI (INDIANA UNIVERSITY-PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS) The Writings of Josiah Royce: A Critical Edition THE OPPENHEIM COMPREHENSIVE INDEX Welcome to the Josiah Royce Comprehensive Index (CI). The Comprehensive Index of the papers of Royce found at Harvard University was created by Frank Oppenheim with the assistance of Dawn Aberg and John Kaag. The Harvard University Archives contains most of the papers of American philosopher Josiah Royce (1855-1916). One hundred fifty-five "boxes" house the original manuscripts of his published and unpublished books, articles, lectures, letters, logic work, and other materials. In 2008-09, Royce scholar Frank Oppenheim with Dawn Aberg and John Kaag worked to compile a critical review of the entire collection. This CI shows the breadth and depth of Royce's thought and allows for new insights into Royce's writings. The CI describes, dates (where possible), and in some cases evaluates the Harvard Archives Royce Papers (HARP). check Harvard University's archivists created a "Finding Aid" to the Collection, which is primarily a listing of what is found in the archives. Appendix C of the CI describes the collection in greater detail, from a scholar's rather than an archivist's point of view. The CI is a dynamic work which will develop as Royce scholars work with it. Finally, while the CI has been copyrighted, it is a work in progress. We invite readers who stumble on errata or omissions to email comments so that the CI may be improved with your help. Send suggestions and corrections to: roycece@iupui.edu. Introduction to the Comprehensive Index JULY 26, 1918] SCIENCE V. 48#1230 87-88 Surgeon-General Rupert Blue, United States In case I erect or provide during my life- Public Health Service; Lieutenant-Colonel F. time for the erection of such a memorial edi- F. Simpson and Dr. Franklin Martin. fice as is described in the first part of this This committee is authorized to meet at article XXVIII., my trustees shall not be re- regular intervals and to cooperate with the quired to erect an additional memorial build- committee on states activities, the state and ing, though they shall have complete power to county committees, and other agencies and so- apply my said residuary estate for the benefit cieties engaged in advisory or executive func- of the said university to the erection of other tions dealing with classifications and enroll- edifices of a memorial character or to the other ment for military, industrial and home/needs. purposes specified in subdivision I. All build- ings erected as aforesaid shall be made fire- THE STERLING BEQUEST TO YALE UNI- proof and shall be constructed in the most VERSITY substantial manner. THE residuary estate of John W. Sterling, which it is said will amount to $15,000,000, has Mr. Sterling was graduated from Yale in been left by the terms of his will to Yale Uni- 1864. His bequest is the largest ever made to versity. Mr. Sterling, who was of the law an American university, and the amount has firm of Shearman & Sterling, died on July 5 only been exceeded by the gifts of Mr. Rocke- while staying in Canada at the fishing lodge feller to the University of Chicago and of Mr. of Lord Mount Stephen. Of the remaining and Mrs. Stanford to Stanford University. $5,000,000, $1,000,000 goes to the Miriam A. Osborn Memorial Home at Rye, N. Y., and MEMORIAL TO JOSIAH ROYCE $4,000,000 to relatives, friends, employees and SOME of the personal friends and colleagues charities. The clause which gives the residue of Josiah Royce, who believe that his work and of the estate to Yale University is this: his character made a deep impression upon a All the rest, residue and remainder of my wide circle of men and women, and that he be- estate not hereinbefore effectually disposed of, came in fact the center of a large spiritual I direct my said trustees to dispose of in the community, many of whose members were un- manner following: known to him, as he was unknown personally To apply the same, as soon after my decease to them, feel that the reverence and affection as may be practicable, to the use and for the which went out to him as a thinker and as a benefit of Yale University, in the erection in man should be embodied in some appropriate New Haven, Conn., upon land selected at its memorial of him a't Harvard University, where expense by it with 'the approval of my said he expressed himself in characteristic speech trustees, of at least one enduring, useful and and writing for thirty years. architecturally beautiful edifice, which will It is proposed, with this end in view, to cre- constitute a fitting memorial of my gratitude ate a fund of $20,000, to be known as the to and affection for my alma mater. The said Josiah Royce Memorial Fund, the income of trustees shall have entire liberty and discre- which shall go to Mrs. Royce during her life- tion to apply any portion of the said property time, and thereafter to the department of or its proceeds to the erection of a single building, and they shall apply the balance of philosophy of Harvard College, to be used in said property, if any, to the erection and equip- such ways as the department shall decide from ment of other fine and enduring buildings for year to year. the use of students in the academical or gradu- There are evident reasons why this appeal ate departments, and, to some extent, to the should not be delayed until the return of nor- foundation of scholarships, fellowships or lec- mal conditions, natural as such postponement tureships, the endowment of new professor- might on some accounts appear to be. And ships, and the establishment of special funds further, the due honoring of our moral heroes, for prizes. though a privilege under all circumstances is 88 SCIENCE [N. S. VOL. XLV-III. No. 1230 especially a privilege and a duty in heroic Chicago, who is now in the Sanitary Corps of times. the National Army attached to the Food Di- Those who desire to subscribe may send vision of the Surgeon General's Office, is at their checks to Charles Francis Adams, Esq., present on duty in England, making a study treasurer of Harvard College, 50 State Street, of food conditions in the rest camps of the Boston. CHARLES W. ELIOT, United States Army. CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, M. K. AKERS, professor of applied electric- president, American Acad- ity, at the State College of Washington, has emy Arts and Sciences, been granted leave of absence for the duration JOHN GRIER HIBBEN, of the war. He is now conducting research president, Princeton Uni- work in the development department of the versity, Western Electric Company of New York. F. ALFRED HOERNLE, Harry L. Cole, instructor in chemistry at the chairman, Department of State College of Washington, has been recom- Philosophy and Psychol- mended for leave of absence during the period ogy, Harvard University, of the war, and is now training in the avia- LAWRENCE J. HENDERSON, tion camp at Berkeley, California. secretary, The Royce Club, JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D. THE Royal Society of Arts has awarded the E. E. SOUTHARD, M.D. Albert Medal for 1918 to Sir Richard Tetley WILLIAM ERNEST HOCKING Glazebrook, C.B., Sc.D., F.R.S., "for his serv- ices in the application of science to the indus- tries of peace and war, by his work as director SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS of the National Physical Laboratory since PROFESSOR A. A. MICHELSON, head of the 1899, and as chairman of the Advisory Com- department of physics, University of Chicago, mittee for Aeronautics." The society's Albert has been commissioned as lieutenant-com- medal, founded in 1863 to commemorate the mander in the navy. presidency of Prince Albert, has been awarded DR. RICHARD C. MACLAURIN president of annually "for distinguished merit in pro- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has ac- moting arts, manufactures and commerce." cepted the appointment of director of college OXFORD UNIVERSITY has conferred the de- training, in charge of the Students' Army gree of master of arts honoris causa on John Training Corps under the War Department's Louis Emil Dreyer, Copenhagen, late director Committee on Education and Special Train- of the Armagh Observatory. ing aiming to mobilize the higher institutions THE Birmingham medal of the British In- of learning. stitution of Gas Engineers, has been presented PROFESSOR JULIUS STIEGLITZ, chairman of to Mr. John West, of Southport. Mr. West, the department of chemistry at the University who is eighty years of age, has been awarded of Chicago, has been appointed as special ex- the medal in connection with his work for the pert in the United States Public Health Serv- gas industry and Ministry of Munitions. ice of the Treasury Department. This will not involve his work at the university. The gov- THE David Livingstone Centenary medal of ernment assigns him two assistants, who will the American Geographical Society has been be in the employ of the Public Health Service awarded to Colonel Candido Mariano da Silva and will carry out their work in Kent Chem- Rondon in recognition of his valuable work of ical Laboratory under Professor Stieglitz's di- exploration in South America. rection. MR. HERBERT SAMUEL, M.P., has been elected MAJOR ANTON J. CARLSON, chairman of the president of the Royal Statistical Society of department of physiology at the University of Great Britain. fib UNH LIBRARY Poszior 3 4600 100303 3518 Royce ON THE HUMAN SELF By JAMES HARRY COTTON Josich Royce HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts 1954 Verizon Yahoo! Mail -eppster2@verizon.net Page 1 of 2 Verizon Yahoo! Mail Verizon Central Yahoo! Search: Web Search Welcome, eppster2@verizon Mail Home All-New Mail Tutorials YAHOO! Help 23 verizon [Sign Out, Member Center MAIL Classic Mail Addresses Calendar Notepad Mail For Mobile - Options Check Mail Compose Search Mail Search the Web Folders [Add Edit] Previous I Next I Back to Messages Inbox (6) Delete Reply Forward Spam Move. Draft This message is not flagged. [ Flag Message - Mark as Unread Printable View Sent Date: Mon, 17 Sep 2007 21:31:07 -0400 (EDT) Bulk [Empty] From: JohnClendenning@aol.com Add to Address Book Add Mobile Alert Trash [Empty] Subject: Re: Josiah Royce My Folders [Hide] To: eppster2@verizon.net Eliz messages Member Information Dear Ron, Ron Archives (18) This is an interesting issue. Before using the anecdote in J. H. Cotton, I tried to find data that would nail it down. Unfortunately, Cotton is my only source. But Search Shortcuts because the story rings true for me, I used it. (I liked the image of this strange Californian in his threadbare suit hosted by the perfectly dressed Bostonian for My Photos dinner.) In general, Cotton is reliable, but in a few details, he is flat wrong. For My Attachments instance, Cotton says that Royce's commencement address at UC was on Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound. Actually that was the subject of his baccalaureate thesis. His commencement address was on a passage from Sophocles' Antigone. I also doubt that Royce worked "on a campus labor crew to earn money to buy his first drafting instruments," and that "the loan [for his European studies] was scrupulously repaid out of his first earnings." Both of these details seem to have come to Cotton through Stephen Royce, whose "many recollections of his father," are the source." Cotton states: "Whenever in this work stories of Josiah Royce appear without other citation they are drawn from his son's reminiscences" (xi). I assume that this includes the alleged evening with Royce, James, Palmer, and others. Best wishes in your research. Please keep in touch. John See what's new at AOL.com and Make AOL Your Homepage. Delete Reply Forward Spam Move. Previous Next Back to Messages Save Message Text I Full Headers http://us.f842.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?MsgId=1245_3306002_103574_1704_176...9/18/2007 4 ROYCE ON THE HUMAN SELF INTRODUCTION 5 one hundred dollars. Later that summer he set out for Boston to meet win me as a follower, but to give me my chance. It was upon his some of the intellectual leaders of the country before he sailed for responsibility that I was later led to get my first opportunities here at Germany. He had a warm letter of introduction from President Harvard.² Daniel Coit Gilman of the University of California. He soon found Royce early developed a love of lecturing. In April, 1878, less than Mr. George Dorr, a business man of wealth and a friend for many a week after he had submitted his doctoral dissertation, Royce began years to comc. Mr. Dorr asked the youthful student how he could in Johns Hopkins a series of eight public lectures on "Poetry of the help. Royce would like admission cards to the Harvard and Boston German Romantic School," giving two lectures a week, writing Public libraries. That was arranged. Was there anything else? them more or less ad hoc. In his days at Johns Hopkins he used to Yes, the young Royce wanted to meet some of the leaders of thought write preliminary sketches of lectures he hoped to give in his first in Boston. teaching post. But when he received his degree there was no position A few days later Royce received an engraved invitation to have open in pliliosophy and he had to go back to Berkeley to teach dinner with Mr. Dorr, "to meet Mr. Josiah Royce of California." English literature and composition. But the philosophic interest On the appointed evening Royce came early to the Dorr home, would not be dampened. In a few weeks Royce announced a series wearing his only suit, already threadbare. Mr. Dorr came down of public lectures in introduction to philosophy. A note attached stairs in full evening dress. Said Dorr, "Royce, I think you are to these manuscripts in Royce's hand says that originally twelve right: it's too hot for formal clothes this evening. If you will excuse lectures were planned, but that they had to be cut to ten on account me, I'll run upstairs and change." Dorr and Royce were the only of examinations. The last two were given extempore, centering men at the party in informal clothes. Ten others were present, in- about the conclusions of his dissertation. Royce adds, "The course cluding George Herbert Palmer and William James, to meet the was dialectically a tolerable success, pedagogically a monstrous young Californian not yet twenty years old. This was the first meet- failure." 3 ing of Royce and James. Yet the next term he announced another series on the history of Years later at dinner in the Royce home James recalled that first modern philosophy from Descartes to Kant. He was shortly to meeting. Mrs. Royce asked if they were impressed by the social write a manual in logic for his students in composition. One of his backwardness of the lad from California. "On the contrary," James complaints was that freshmen were vague in their writing. He began replied, "we talked afterwards of the charm and delight of his at once writing philosophical essays, some of which were published. conversation." During his four years there he kept up a lengthy correspondence In Germany Royce studied first at Leipzig; later he was strongly with William James, working out in the letters some of his early influenced by Lotze's lectures at Göttingen. The next year he re- theories, telling James how lonely he was as the only philosopher turned to the just-opened Johns Hopkins University on a fellowship. on the West Coast, hoping for an early appointment in an eastern In the summer of 1877 Royce went to Cambridge for a long talk college. "There is no philosophy in California-from Siskiyou to with William James. His friends had been warning him that there Ft. Yuma, and from the Golden Gate to the summit of the Sierras. was no future in philosophy. It was from James that Royce received Hence the atmosphere for the study of metaphysics is bad, and the needed encouragement to continue. I wish I were out of it." 4 James found me at once-made out what my essential interests were In 1882 James was to leave for Europe for a year and on his at our first interview, accepted me with all my imperfections, as one suggestion Royce was invited to take his place for one year, at a of those many souls who ought to be able to find themselves in their salary of one thousand dollars. George Herbert Palmer was SO own way, gave a patient and willing ear to just my variety of philo- impressed with his quality that he arranged to take an overdue sophical experience, and used his influence from that time on, not to sabbatical leave to give Royce a second year. After that second year HDS - Pragmatism and Idealism in Dialogue Page 1 of 1 HARVARD DIVINITY SCHOOL Quick Navigation Conference Home Program William games & gosiah Royce a Century to Registration Pragmatism and Idealism in Dia Speakers Accommodations May 25-27, 2007 Directions Lowell Lecture Hall, Harvard University Contact Us A conference to assess the interactions, contributions, and continuing resonance of two major American philosophers and Harvard professors. Speakers to include John Clendenning, Harvey Cormier, Hans Joas, Jacquelyn Kegley, James Kloppenberg, David Lamberth, John Lachs, John J. McDermott, Frank Oppenheim, Hilary Putnam, Robert Richardson, Sandra Rosenthal, Linda Simon, Ignas Skrupskelis, Cornel Photograph by Harvard University Archives, call # HU West, and others. James, William (10) Free and open to the public; advance registration required. Hosted by Harvard Divinity School, in conjunction with the Josiah Royce Society, the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, and the William James Society. Supported by the Lowell Institute of Boston, the Hocking-Cabot Fund for Systematic Philosophy, the William James Lecture Fund, and the Humanities Center at Harvard. Humanities Center NJS at Harvard HG directories search hds I site map I my.hds I privacy policy home ABOUT HDS I MEET THE FACULTY RESEARCH PROGRAMS LIBRARY I PUBLICATIONS GIVING OPPORTUNITIES | NEWS AND EVENTS Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. last modified: October 16, 2006 comments about this page should be addressed to: JamesRoyce2007@hds.harvard.edu http://www.hds.harvard.edu/JamesRoyce2007/index.html 12/13/2006 Michael Forest Practically "Saved": An Inquiry into the Foundations of Royce's Development - Journal of Page 1 of 9 The Copyright © 2000 by the Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 14.1 (2000) 24-35 Minist sparch United TITLE fournal Contents [Access article in PDF) Practically "Saved": An Inquiry into the Foundations of Royce's Development 1 Michael Forest Traditionally interpreted as an absolute idealist and therefore as an anomaly in his own milieu, Josiah Royce has been often mischaracterized over the course of this century. Attention has been overly focused on Royce's commitment to the epistemological Absolute of his middle writings. 2 Royce's dialectically adversarial relationship with his best friend William James has had a tendency to exaggerate the differences between the two of them and to obscure the many deep philosophical commitments they both shared. The purpose of this paper is to show that Royce's theology is mainly a consequence of his commitment to the Kantian project in philosophy and that he thus had more in common with the Harvard pragmatists than is commonly ascribed to him. 3 While neo-Kantianism is usually interpreted as idealism (and for good reasons), there is a more practical side to the Kantian project. This strain runs from Immanuel Kant through nearly the entire pragmatic tradition and includes Royce as easily as it does James and Charles Sanders Peirce. Thus, as a by-product, this paper will be a resource for a more inclusive and tightly knit view of the classical American philosophers. Primarily, however, this paper eventuates in a focus on the concept of salvation to illustrate that the primacy of Royce's thinking as a whole was based more deeply on his commitment to practical reason than on a commitment to any absolutes. The progression of Royce's thought, as well as its theological culmination in his two-volume The Problem of Christianity, it will be argued, can be best explained by uncovering Royce's commitment to the priority of practical reason over speculative reason. This position [End Page 24] helps to explain Royce's evolution toward a voluntaristic theology that explicated the conditions for the possibility of a religious way of life. The paper will begin with a discussion of the intellectual background into which Royce developed. It proceeds to Royce's early work, with considerations of the practical bearing expressed in that work and the problems generated by it. Next, the paper presents analyses of several of Royce's middle works to show how practical reason undergirds his project and endures throughout his intellectual life. Finally, the paper ends with the final fruits of Royce's practical bearing and its shift in emphasis through the new stage of salvation in his major theological work. Of course, there is much more to Royce's practical philosophy than need be considered for this thesis. Because I am examining the role of practical reason as a foundation for Royce's speculative work, the reader may excuse my omissions of some of Royce's very practical themes, such as loyalty, transformation, and the interpretive Spirit. Like Royce, the American pragmatists accepted influences from a variety of different places and traditions. Certainly, John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, the British empiricists, and the German idealists all played their parts in the story of the development of pragmatism. But a special place must be accorded to Immanuel Kant. Several particular doctrines originating with Kant had an indelible impact, primarily, two specific aspects of the same teaching. First, the passivity of the mind was abolished in favor of a mind that actively constructs the world. While this notion differs in theoretical function for Kant and the Americans, it always expresses the belief that the content of phenomenal experience under-determines any adequate theoretical interpretation of it. Hence, extraphenomenal concepts and categories are necessary to elucidate the structure and content of experience. Second, and related to this, Kant stressed the importance of the role of practical reason in understanding the real. Indeed, the function of Kant's famous Critique of Pure Reason is a demonstration that reason is primarily practical. Both in the realm of the moral world and in scientific inquiry, the guidepost toward truth is practical reason. 4 Thus, taking his cue from Kant, Royce http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_speculative_philosophy/v014/14.1forest.html 1/2/2003 The Letters Clean Introduction John 1970. absorbed When Josiah in news Royce died on September 14, 1916, Ed. obituaries and Few took note of his passing; after and a presi- dential election. of trench warfare, U-boat atrocities, America was returning from dropped the out of print. To many of the as one by one his books memoirs, Royce was gradually forgotten the usual in the twenties war and to still younger men who young men lute" philosophy-"Loyalty," seemed the "Beloved Community," Royce's and thirties, the characteristic terms came of of age in America quaint and unintelligible. He was of the "Abso- World and the who could write a book SO comprehensive one the last as men The Individual. phy"-rich, William James once said that Royce was "the Rubens of builder, abundant, bold, colorful, imperfect. He philoso- idealism. America's He only international representative of was a system- mission: he felt was moreover a philosopher with a post-Kantian correct imbalance obliged, as a man of the late nineteenth deep sense of to seek a an theoretical left by the Revolutionary and Romantic century, to the social order.1 and practical bond between individual eras, the later This idea is present throughout his men and its ones it comes with gathering force. As a child works, he but in his death war fought he to preserve the United States. A few and the urgency revealed in the new communities of California had seen in was not a conflict saw it written in blood at Verdun. The war, months he before of mankind and the between individual nations, interests but of between nations, the community insisted, order Royce's and its life was thus framed by conflict between even his last His philosophy, his literary and historical sought to learn its meaning. members. He studied the conflict and the social I efforts in logic show how deeply he was concerned writings, "The Outlook in Ethics," International Journal of Ethies (1891) 106 11. 10 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 11 and tormented by the conflict. Finding his ties to the community ing to legend, she publicly whipped a newspaperman who had and practicing loyalty to its highest ideals were for him personal written an unflattering editorial, and she shot her husband after he obsessions as well as theoretical problems. He did not find theory killed her bear. Lola is also given credit for having discovered Lotta and experience to be fundamentally different, for he believed phi- Crabtree, who grew up in Grass Valley and who later became one losophy to be essentially a criticism of life. "You philosophize," he of the most popular actresses of the American stage. said at the opening of The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, "when Katharine Royce, the philosopher's wife, once said that "Grass you reflect critically upon what you are actually doing in your Valley was a place that was nothing in a situation that was no- world. What you are doing is of course, in the first place, living. where." Her view was not entirely fair. Most of Nevada County's And life involves passions, faiths, doubts, and courage. The critical twenty thousand residents lived in Grass Valley, and by the time inquiry into what all these things mean and imply is philosophy." the Royces arrived in the spring of 1854, there were three churches By studying Royce's life we may gain a clearer understanding of with growing memberships. Quite clearly, the "camp" had become the personal sources of his philosophy. a "community." By the time of Royce's birth, the earth beneath Grass Valley, California, where Royce was born on November Grass Valley had yielded $3.5 million in gold, and the wealth was 20, 1855, was at that time, by most generous estimate, a bit more to last as long as mining for gold remained profitable. This fact than six years old. Situated in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada made Grass Valley different from the mining camps of the Mother near the trail connecting Sacramento with the Truckee Pass, the Lode. There the gold was taken from placer deposits close to the grassy land on the banks of Wolf Creek was first visited by Forty- surface; when the mines were panned out, the miners moved on. Niners as they came looking for their strays. By September 1850, a But the gold of Grass Valley was in quartz deposits deep in the man named Morey opened a store in Grass Valley, although, with earth, and getting it out required finance, technology, organization. confidence characteristic of the pioneer, he momentarily called the The first ten years of Royce's life were spent in the midst of such place Centreville. In October, a man named McKnight found a agitation and development. His elders often told him that this was ledge, two feet thick, that yielded $500 in gold per ton. Miners il "new community." To a small boy, that expression seemed very began to pour in, a hotel was built, and in November, an election odd. "I wondered," he said much later, "and came to feel that part was held and a few laws were adopted. It is said that ballots were of my life's business was to find out what all this wonder meant."+ collected in a cigar box, and that on the following day four persons The father of this boy, Josiah Royce, Sr., had been born in were arrested-two men for fighting, one for riding too fast, and Rutlandshire, England, in 1812, and had been brought by his a woman for parading in the street wearing male attire. By the end parents to America at the age of four. He had grown up in the of 1851, Grass Valley had a post office, a church, and a school; by town of Dundas, Canada, on Lake Ontario, very near the border of the end of 1855, it was incorporated and was developing a water New York, The Royces were pious Baptists who liked to remember system. that an ancestor had stood guard at the execution of Charles I. Undoubtedly, Grass Valley, like other mining camps, had its Such Protestant zeal led the elder Royce into Bible study, and share of outlaws and exotics. Newspapers were filled with stories according to his obituary, he could quote "passage after passage on of knifings, shootings, bad cards, and the rest. The notorious Lola the sime subject, beginning often with the earliest prophesied, and Montez arrived in the early 1850S. Famous for her "Spider Dance," adding one quotation after another bearing upon the same points Lola had followed the gold hunters to California after some the- until he ended with the Book of Revelation." Evidently, he was, atrical success in America and Europe. She had been a mistress to Louis I of Bavaria who had made her a countess. In Grass Valley il HUA, Katharine Royee to Ralph Barton Perry, January 13, 1933. Perry Papers. she lived for several years with her husband and a pet bear. Accord- "Words of Professor Royce at the Walton Hotel at Philadelphia, Deceme U Nevada County Mining Review [n special issue of the Grass Valley Daily her 1015," Philosophical Review (1016) 507. Morning Union (1Hos) 1. pp. 1=10 Tribute to Josiah Royce," Los Gatos News, August 14, 1888, INTRODUCTION 22 INTRODUCTION 23 promotion to the chair of English literature. Gilman apparently and psychology, an advanced course in British empiricism, and sympathized with Royce's ambitions, but for reasons not wholly another advanced course in psychology; during his second year he clear, he resisted the urgings of both Sill and James that Royce be repeated the introductory course and added Palmer's advanced appointed at Johns Hopkins. Sill was particularly candid: "About courses in ethics and metaphysics; in his third year he taught a Royce," he wrote to Gilman on April 26, 1880, "is there not some half-course in philosophical theism during the first term, a half- opening for him with you, or failing that, do you not know of some course in oral discussion during the second term, and supervised one of the reputable colleges where he could be Prof. of Logic, or advanced composition for juniors and seniors. A degree of perma- Rhetoric, or Eng. Literature-or all of them together? As I have said nence was guaranteed, however, when Royce received in April to you before, I don't believe this is a good place for him. At the 1885 an appointment for five years as assistant professor, effective same time, James was working for Royce quite as urgently and September I. somewhat more fruitfully. In the spring of 1880, he recommended The Religious Aspect of Philosophy certainly helped to resolve Royce for a position at the University of Minnesota, and in 1881 the problem of Royce's temporary status. He had been growing in nearly landed him an assistant professorship at Harvard. Though the direction of this treatise since his first year's study of philosophy neither of these efforts succeeded, James did find a way to bring in Germany, but before 1880 his philosophic studies had been Royce to Harvard for the following year. James had arranged to largely assimilative and only sporadically constructive. He had been take a sabbatical leave, and was required, under the existing rules, to fascinated with Clifford's "mind-stuff" theory, had struggled with find a qualified temporary replacement for half of his pay, $1,250. I lodgson's Philosophy of Reflection, and otherwise had drawn Though it had to be understood that the appointment was for one ideas from a vast and various expanse of sources. Though he always year only, James felt that Royce would gain, if he took the job, tended to conceive of philosophy in Kantian terms, he was no an inside track on any future developments at Harvard. Royce longer willing, after the autumn of 1880 to follow Clifford on the acted suddenly and boldly. James's letter had been sent on April 23; quest for "things-in-themselves," but instead had come to see that on May I, Royce wired his acceptance. After an anxious wait of the more significant problem left by Kant lay in determining the more than three weeks, Royce received his letter of appointment, structure, not the limits, of knowledge. This line of analysis led and on June 2, he presented his resignation to President Reid. Deter- naturally to "The Possibility of Error." Royce first signaled this mined to sever all ties to California, Royce ignored James's advice direction in "On Purpose in Thought," a paper sent to the Johns that he leave his wife and child with her parents and spend his "first I lopkins Metaphysical Club and read there in late autumn 1880. At experimental year" in Cambridge alone.2 27 Instead, on September 4, about the same time he gave a lecture in Berkeley on "The Ethical the three Royces boarded a train for Cambridge, and on September Aspect of Modern Thought," which, as the title suggests, may have IO, Charles Lanman, who had himself recently joined the Harvard been an early version of The Religious Aspect of Philosophy. The faculty, recorded in his diary: "Went to Boston to meet Royce, & book itself was, as Royce explained his methods, "founded on old his wife & babe in arms. They arrived from San Francisco well." lectures and essays of mine rewritten and joined with whatever new Royce moved to Harvard with slight hope of making Cambridge things come into my head."28 He began its actual composition his permanent home. As a temporary replacement for James during shortly after joining the I larvard faculty, and in March 1883 pre- the first year and for Palmer during the second, he was able to sented il series of four lectures entitled "The Religious Aspect of remain at Harvard for a third year only by accepting part-time Philosophy." Lanman described the first of these lectures as a work in the English Department. The spontancity of these arrange- "splendid success" and loyally attended the entire series." By all ments caused Royce to make considerable adjustments in his teach- reports Royee was il huge success, In addition to his winning the ing. During the first year he taught an elementary course in logic respect of the Harvard community, he received the encouragement MO Sill to Gilman, April 16, HHo, in Royce to Coale, January 14, 1884. 28 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 29 acquaintance of Alfred Deakin, one of Australia's greatest states- reality enabled Royce to deepen his idealism and relate it to cos- men. Possibly because of their vast personal and cultural differences, mology. The "world of description" is the physical world, the Royce and Deakin became lifelong friends. As traveling companions world of science-public and permanent; the "world of apprecia- for two or three weeks they delighted in exchanging views on phi- tion" is the ideal world, the world of feelings-private and spon- losophy and politics, each finding inspiration by sharing in the lancous. But it is the appreciative self who lives in the "true Self" other's experience. Leaving Australia, Royce sailed to New Zealand, and who makes science and the entire world of description possible. then traveled by steamer to San Francisco, finding new strength at The "double aspect" theory, therefore, gives a wider range of each stage of his journey. Arriving in Cambridge in early Septem- experience to the "Absolute Thought" than Royce had previously ber, after an absence of more than five months, he wrote to Presi- suggested and makes his idealism something more than "an idle dent Gilman, announcing his return to health: "I feel like a bent comment upon the general connectedness of things. "40 It was prob- bow, all ready to twang."30 ably this speculation that Royce had implied in his letter to James The breakdown taught Royce the dangers of overwork. As a while en route to Australia; it had made, as he said, "the dry bones consequence the tempo of his life, if not the vigor of his activities, of my 'Universal Thought' live."41 settled down considerably for several years after 1888. With the Royce, in the meantime, had begun editorial work for two peri- birth of a third son, Stephen, in May 1889, the Royces made a odicals, work that led him into the most famous controversies of his permanent move to a new and roomy house at 103 Irving Street in career. Robert Underwood Johnson of Century Magazine decided the freshly subdivided estate of Charles Eliot Norton. Here in the to launch a series of articles on California history and asked Royce shade of huge elms, two doors from William James, around the to assist as an editor and occasional contributor. This venture, corner from Charles Lanman, a short walk from the Yard, Royce which occupied Royce during 1890 and 1891, rekindled the fires of spent the remaining twenty-seven years of his life. The tensions of his conflict with John Charles Frémont and led to a skirmish with his earlier life at Harvard gradually relaxed as the external signs of the daughter of General William T. Sherman. A more notorious his emerging stature became evident. In the spring of 1891, with incident, however, resulted from the establishment, in 1890, of the the formation of Stanford University, the new president, David International Journal of Ethics for which Royce was one of the Starr Jordan, urged Royce to accept the chair of philosophy. Con- founding editors, In the first issue of the Journal he printed a vinced of his importance to Harvard and informally promised an lengthy review of Francis Ellingwood Abbot's The Way Out of early promotion, Royce decided to remain in Cambridge. In fulfill- Aquosticism. The result has been appropriately called "the Abbot ment of the promise, Royce became Professor of the History of affair." Philosophy in the fall of 1892. After il fairly distinguished career as an independent clergyman During these years, seemingly uncertain of his scholarly future, and polemicist for the Free Religious Association, Abbot turned to Royce undertook the lighter tasks of his profession. At different philosophy. In 1881 he received the second Ph.D. in philosophy times, he proposed writing a book on Theodore Parker, a biography granted at Harvard; at the same time, he founded and became pre- of Goethe, a study of Hegel, and an edition of the Phänomenologie. ceptor of the lome School for Boys in Cambridge. During the None of these plans was actually carried out. Yet when, in the fall following year a piece from his dissertation was published in Mind, of 1889, Mrs. Charles Dorr encouraged Royce to present a series of which Royce, though probably he had not yet met its author, found public lectures on some prominent modern thinkers, he flew to the a "and spectacle." When Abbot revised and expanded the article task with enthusiasm. The result was The Spirit of Modern Philoso- into il book, Scientific Theism (1885), Royce wrote a satirical phy (1892) which contains Royce's most important advance of the review, in Science, treating Abbot as a harmless incompetent, one early 1890s, his distinction between "the world of appreciation" and "the world of description." This "double aspect" theory of in NMP, 11 1411 the "double aspect" theory is developed throughout lee- tire 11, "Physical Law and Freedom," pp. 381-434. 80 Royce to Gilman, September 6, 1888, " Royce to James, May 11, HHH, 7/4/07 INTRODUCTION D 1875. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 3 I 2 the leading U.S. expositor of a different philosophic style, absolute principal question confronting him is the connection between the world of the absolute and our world of everyday experience. During the nine- idealism. This picture is wrong not merely in detail but in principle. I have ties he explores various resolutions of this problem, concentrating on indicated that the Cambridge pragmatists-Royce among them-were psychological ones. By the end of the century-in The World and the part of a major philosophical movement. Their pragmatism is a form of Individual and what follows it-he turns to symbolic logic to effect a neo-Kantianism which draws from a set of connected doctrines: a con- reconciliation between the two worlds, and mathematical studies domi- structionalist epistemology stressing the changing character of our con- nate his thinking until 1910. His last writings, notably The Problem of ceptual schemes; a commitment to a variety of voluntarism; a Kantian Christianity, attempt to translate his technical conclusions into more concern with the nature of possible experience; an adherence to the comprehensible language, while preserving the insights of his more pop- idealist principle that existence does not transcend consciousness; a dis- ular twentieth-century work. In short, I have learned my way around the trust of traditional British empiricism; a recognition of the importance main trails of Royce's system, and I have tried to map them accurately. of logic for philosophy; an uncomfortableness with the dichotomy be- But I am sure that there are side trails I have missed and fear that even tween the conceptual and the empirical; a refusal to distinguish between important ones are unexplored because of my own lack of understanding. questions of knowledge and of value; an emphasis on the relation of By contemporary standards a lack of clarity pervades Royce's philosophy to practical questions; and a desire to reconcile science and work, but I have not read into his language more exactness than it will bear. I have simply attempted to make intelligible what I think he was religion.1 The Harvard philosophers conducted a dialogue with major figures saying. Undoubtedly vagueness is one of his major failings, but if we in the western tradition. They have little relation to the analyses the are to understand his philosophy it is pointless to demand of him stan- historian has made of them; nor were they influenced by Franklin, dards which he had no intention of meeting. To interpret him with them Jefferson, Emerson, and the Adamses; nor by Beard and Veblen. in mind would be an ahistoric enterprise. Aside from discussing the In offering an alternative to these two varieties of intellectual his- major tensions in his writing, I have also muted my internal criticism of I have tried to sort out the issues which led Royce to the views he Royce's thought. Although I have been much concerned with philosophic tory, defended and to show how his position changed over the years as he re- argument, I am not sure that appraisals of the correctness of a position fined it and faced new difficulties. He begins his philosophical career as are part of the task of the intellectual historian, and I am dubious, at any a neo-Kantian puzzled by the same sorts of problems which perplexed rate, about our ability to specify what is philosophically right or wrong. William James. The idealistic arguments of Royce's first major work, Although I have tried to show Royce's relation to the intellectual life The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, are advanced only after several around him and his connection to the tradition of philosophy at Harvard as a "pure pragmatist." Through 1900 he elaborates this idealism which extends from at least 1870 to the present, I have not tried to make years along both metaphysical and ethical lines. But after the 1885 book the him "relevant." I am not convinced that any of our present philosophic For The Growth of American Thought (3rd ed., New York, 1964) New example: Paul Conkin, Puritans and Pragmatists (New York, 1968) ; Ralph Merle tastes provide or should provide a canon for judging past thinkers; and I am convinced that if a man is worth studying, he is worth studying for Curti, Gabriel, The Course of American Democratic Thought (2nd ed., (rev. ed., what he had to say. I am sure that in some sense Royce thought as he did Henry 1940) Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought World War because he was "an American" and, indeed, "a Californian." I am also York, New York, 1955) ; Perry Miller, ed., American Thought: Civil War to sure that his personal life influenced his writing. But I have found little One (New York, 1954). 6 INTRODUCTION 3 philosophers and non-philosophers. and I have been asked many times what perversity attracted me to a man identified with religious thinking, 1 missing and overblown in rhetoric. Nonetheless, at his best Rovee is a powerful. EARLY PRAGMATISM consistent, and intriguing thinker. I have been struck by the ingenious and complex maneuvers he is able to make in elaborating his position. 1877-1884 In reading through his published and unpublished work I have come to feel that he was an extraordinary human being with an incredible drive and a wide range of talents. Royce has stimulated and fascinated me for six years; I hope I have conveyed this stimulation and fascination to the Josiah Royce was born in Grass Valley, California, in November, 1855, reader. six years after his parents migrated there as "forty-niners." When his family moved to San Francisco in 1866, he enrolled in his first formal school, and attended local institutions until his graduation from the Uni- versity of California at Berkeley in 1875. Royce so impressed local busi- nessmen that they agreed to send him to Germany for a year of study. On his way to Leipzig and Göttingen he stopped in Boston and briefly met William James. The nineteen-year-old again made a favorable im- pression, and when he returned from Germany to study for a Ph.D. in the new graduate program at The Johns Hopkins University, he began a real acquaintance with the Harvard psychologist. Royce received his doctorate in philosophy from Hopkins in 1878, but although the ac- quaintance with James developed into friendship, there were no teaching positions of any sort at Harvard; in fact, there were no positions in philosophy anywhere, and the young man traveled back to Berkeley where he became an Instructor in Literature and Composition. Even before he returned to the west coast, Royce wrote that he would grow spiritually consumptive in its metaphysical climate. After six months there he told James there was "no philosophy in California." "From Siskiyou to Ft. Yuma and from the Golden Gate to the Summit of the Sierras," Royce lamented, "there could not be found brains enough [to] accomplish the formation of a single respectable idea that was not a manifest plagiarism. Hence the atmosphere for the study of metaphysics 7 1. EARLY PRAGMATISM 1877-1884 8 9 4 is bad. And I wish I were out of it." His chance came in the spring of Idealism," he announced that he felt his debt to Kant "most of all." 1882: Harvard offered him a job replacing James, who was to be on leave Prior to 1885 Royce's Kantianism is more striking. He came to philoso- in 1882-1883. Royce was so discontented with Berkeley that he gave phy as a neo-Kantian troubled by the status of the Ding an sich; as he little regard to his future prospects in Cambridge and made the difficult struggled with the problems which Kant's view generated, he elaborated continental trip with a wife and infant son for a one-year appointment a position which was idealistic but simultaneously voluntaristic and even which paid $1250. He arrived in Boston in the fall of 1882 to lecture in pragmatic. The result of the first Kritik, Royce wrote in 1881, is that James's courses in psychology. "we all now live, philosophically speaking, in a Kantian atmosphere"; Teaching psychology was not yet metaphysics, but it was closer to the problems of the critical philosophy are fundamental, and the philoso- metaphysics than literature and composition. Actually, Royce's interests phy of the future must be the critical one. Although Royce was to become were not so unrelated as they appear. As an undergraduate he studied both one of the leading exponents of post-Kantian Idealism, his road to this philosophy and literature, and during his graduate training spent a great position was not through the post-Kantians. We should study them be- deal of time on the German romantics. During the seventies his study of cause "with all their extravagances" they never lost sight of Kant. Even them paralleled his study of nineteenth-century German philosophy. In Schopenhauer, whose voluntarism, rather than any Hegelian doctrine, the four years he spent at Berkeley his own work increasingly stressed was later cited as an influence on Royce, in no way challenges Kant. In the technical developments in German intellectual history, and teaching his formative years Royce considered Schopenhauer an unsatisfactory psychology at Harvard did not require much of a shift: it was still the expositor of Kant and an inadequate speculator in his own right; science of mind, and his superiors also gave Royce other congenial Schopenhauer's significance was that he led younger students "to look for assignments.2 themselves" into Kant.5 At Hopkins and Berkeley Royce offered courses of lectures that It is in the more exact thinking of the German neo-Kantian move- expounded his own thought. His dissertation was also an attempt at ment that the battle "to grasp and to perfect the critical idea in all its original philosophy, and with its acceptance he started to contribute to meaning and consequence begins afresh. " But if Royce believed the philosophical journals. In his classes at Cambridge he does not seem to neo-Kantians were the true heirs to Kant, and if his own early work was have elaborated his own ideas, but soon after he arrived he delivered in this tradition, Royce was no mere expositor of his master. He was con- some evening talks entitled "The Religious Aspect of Philosophy." In cerned with a "needed reform" in the critical philosophy, a reform con- them he continued to work out the position which he espoused more fully nected with the status of the things in themselves. Royce stated the need in the book of the same name published in 1885. The doctrines formu- to go "back to Kant, "6 and in his doctoral dissertation of 1878, "On the lated there were consequently the result of seven years of reflection; and Principles of the Interdependence of Knowledge," he attempted a reinter- if we are able to understand his first book, we must explore Royce's at- pretation of the Kantian doctrine of the Ding an sich. The absolute ideal- tempts to account for the nature of knowledge, the pervasive theme in ism of The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, seven years later, is the his early writings. culmination of this reinterpretation. The central problem in his dissertation is to rebut a self-imposed Kant's influence on Royce was enormous; the young man wrote of skepticism. He begins by analyzing judgments. A judgment is expressed him as "the good father,"3 "3 and in The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, in a proposition of subject-predicate form which brings two ideas to- which Royce described as belonging to the "wide realm of post-Kantian gether in a way designed to indicate their relationship. But, Royce asserts, 240 EPILOGUE 5 next entries are devoted to the revisions of the last of the 1914 Berkeley Lectures, all originally intended to deal with interpretation.4 With the BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE AND outbreak of war in August he threw himself into new explications of the applications of his doctrines.¹ FOOTNOTE ANNEX In the other Berkeley Lectures delivered prior to the Sarajevo assassination he hinted at changes in his thinking more dramatic than even interpretation had yielded. He conducted an exploration of the concept of the probable, a predicate which lies between truth and The best bibliography of Royce's published works is the "Annotated Bib- falsity. 6 Probability was also at the basis of his ideas on international liography of the Published Works of Josiah Royce" by Ignas Skrup- insurance, but what philosophical formulations he had in mind-if any skelis in The Writings of Josiah Royce, edited by John J. McDermott -are unknown to us. (Chicago, 1969), pp. 1167-1226. This bibliography lists bibliographies His continuous preoccupation with World War I made him the of secondary works and of the contents of the Royce manuscripts. In leading anti-German ideologue. After The Problem of Christianity he addition to the Royce, James, and Peirce papers at Harvard, I have used developed no new ideas, and by 1916 verged on senility. His death in the papers of F. H. Bradley, Alfred Bray Kempe, and Theodore de September of that year ended the most important and productive era of Laguna. The Bradley papers are in Merton College, Oxford; the Kempe philosophical speculation at Harvard. As President Lowell had written papers in the possession of his son, Reverend A. H. M. Kempe, Bedford him toward the end of his career, "The University is built not of bricks Hotel, Southgate, Chichester, Sussex; the de Laguna papers in the pos- but of men; and you have been one of the cornerstones. A dozen such session of his wife and daughter, Grace and Frederika de Laguna, 221 men would alone make a great University." N. Roberts Road, Byrn Mawr, Pennsylvania, 19010. While the Bradley and de Laguna papers were not useful for my study, Mrs. Grace de Laguna was most helpful in giving me a long and pleasant interview. Reverend Kempe provided invaluable assistance. Most substantive "footnotes" are starred and appear in the text. Those that follow ought to be self-explanatory. Throughout these notes, the following abbreviations are used: CG The Conception of God, New York, 1897 CI The Conception of Immortality, Boston, 1900 FE Fugitive Essays, ed. J. Lowenberg, 1920, reprinted in New York, 1968 HGC The Hope of the Great Community, New York, 1916 LJR The Letters of Josiah Royce, ed. J. Clendenning, Chicago, 1970 LMI Lectures on Modern Idealism, ed. J. Lowenberg, foreword by John E. Smith, New Haven, 1967 241 242 FOOTNOTE ANNEX 1. EARLY PRAGMATISM 243 6 OP Outlines of Psychology, New York, 1903 4. RAP, p. xiii. PC The Problem of Christianity, intro. John E. Smith, Chicago, 5. "Before and Since Kant," Berkeley Quarterly, 2 (1881), pp. 1968 134, 145, 147. For Schopenhauer's influence see PC, p. 39. PIK "On the Principles of the Interdependence of Knowledge," 6. "Before and Since Kant," pp. 145-149; "Kant's Relation to Modern Philosophic Progress," Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 15 Ph.D. Dissertation, John Hopkins, 1878, Harvard Univer- (1881), p. 372. sity Archives 7. PIK, p. 39. Royce presented the dissertation to the faculty at PL The Philosophy of Loyalty, New York, 1908 Johns Hopkins in April 1878. I have taken the citations from a xerox of RAP The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, Boston, 1885 a typewritten copy made in 1927 and deposited in the Harvard Univer- RLE Royce's Logical Essays, ed. Daniel Robinson, Dubuque, sity Archives. I have taken the liberty of correcting some typographical 1951 errors in my quotations. 8. PIK, pp. 43-44. RP Royce Papers, Harvard University Archives 9. PIK, pp. 65-66. SGE Studies of Good and Evil, New York, 1898 10. PIK, pp. 50-56. SMP The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, Boston, 1892 11. PIK, pp. 58-61. SRI The Sources of Religious Insight, New York, 1912 12. PIK, pp. 87-88. WAI War and Insurance, New York, 1914 13. PIK, pp. 63-65. WI1, WI2 14. PIK, p. 4. The World and the Individual, 2 vols., New York, 1899, 15. PIK, pp. 65-66. 1901 16. PIK, pp. 78-81. WJ William James and Other Essays on the Philosophy of Life, 17. PIK, p. 82 (italics in original) New York, 1911 18. PIK, pp. 4, 94 (italics in original). Royce makes this point more dramatically four years later in "How Beliefs are Made": "The only absolute truth of which we mortals seem to have any clear notion would be found in a perfect agreement of all rational beings with one INTRODUCTION another; and this agreement would simply express the fact that we were all in perfect moral harmony." Reprinted in FE, p. 346. The title and 1. Murray G. Murphey defends this contention at length in his date and place of original publication of published articles later col- important article "Kant's Children: The Cambridge Pragmatists," Trans- lected are not normally cited in my footnotes; reference is simply made actions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 4 (1968). to the collection in question; it may be consulted for a complete citation. 19. PIK, pp. 110, 129-130, 135, 138, 145. 20. RP, p. 64. Found in Box 79. 21. Cited in Ralph Barton Perry, The Thought and Character of 1. EARLY PRAGMATISM, 1877-1884 William James, vol. 1 (Boston, 1935), p. 789. Royce had also pondered Peirce's classic Popular Science Monthly articles (see p. 788). 1. LJR, pp. 59, 66. 22. "The Eternal and the Practical," Philosophical Review, 13 2. LJR, pp. 121-123. For a more complete account of Royce's (1904), pp. 116-117. See also PL, pp. 325-326; and W J, p. 43. early life see LJR, pp. 45-116; Thomas F. Powell, Josiah Royce (New 23. For the fullest statement of his doubts see "Kant's Relation," York, 1967), pp. 1-23; and John Clendenning's forthcoming biography. p. 374; for others, "On Purpose in Thought," 1880 (unpublished but 3. LJR, pp. 59, 86. later printed in FE), pp. 226, 248. George Herbert Mead: Josiah Royce - A personal impression Page 1 of 2 Site Map George's George Herbert Mead's Page Josiah Royce A Personal Impression a Mead Project site at Brock University's Citation: George Herbert Mead. "Josiah Royce - A Personal Impression", Sociology Department International Journal of Ethics 27, (1917): 168-170. Josiah Royce - A personal impression [1] MY own response to Professor Royce in 1887-88 may, I think, be regarded as fairly typical of his appeal to many of the young men and women who found themselves caught in the speculative problem of the time. That problem had been fashioned in theology. Even those who were outside the churches had in the back of their minds the fundamental assumptions of the philosophy of the church: that the world was ordered by some personal purpose whose result was assured, while the successful results of the lives of individual men and women depended largely upon their willingness to fit into this rational moral purpose - that this purpose was bound in some way to realize the fullest development of their individual thought, culture, and character. The problems that intrigued us were still largely speculative. The social questions had not as yet become insistent, nor were we caught as yet in scientific implications of these later years. We wished to be free to follow our individual thinking and feeling into an intelligent and sympathetic world without having to bow before incomprehensible dogma or to anticipate the shipwreck of our individual ends and values. We wanted full intellectual freedom and yet the conservation of the values for which had stood Church, State, Science, and Art. We came out of a narrow Scottish intuitional philosophy, that crystalized problems into dogmas, and paralysed thought; out of a puritan conception of life that standardized conduct by self-denials both passional and economic, and yet found in the business and social success which the community approved a sort of guarantee of rightness with God and His universe. Emerson had represented for us a mood (169) rather than a method, and only irritated our thirst for a doctrine which would let us think without barriers and still do God's service in a world of moral order. We had the docile attitude of those who had received their culture and science from abroad, and out of whose democratic achievements had arisen no thought or act that could measure up to those of Europe. Politically we might think ourselves the leaders of the world. Those who thought and read and travelled made no pretensions of our having expressed the meaning of life either in lasting aesthetic or philosophic forms. To youths of such minds and attitudes Professor Royce opened up the realm of romantic idealism. What had been barriers of thought became but hazards in the game. Contradictions, instead of marking the no thoroughfares of reflection, became the guide posts toward higher levels of reality. To have achieved the dialectic was to have won a liberty that not only needed no eternal vigilance to insure its security, but even found in any threatened restraint only wider fields within which to range And yet this intoxicating doctrine proved the reality of God by the very notion of error. Out of it blossomed a foréver waxing individuality, higher spiritual orders of church and state, and a true infinity that was the heritage of anyone who could think à la Hegel. And then this came not only in the form of philosophy; it was embalmed also in culture and puritan America took over in the form of culture what it would never have tolerated in life and conduct, much as one delights in the insects which have been incased in yellow amber. There should be a special edition of the Spirit of Modern Philosophy bound in tooled morocco with illuminated borders and initialed paragraphs and illustrated with preRaphaelite art to symbolize what it meant to young men when Royce first taught in Cambridge. http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/mead/pubs/Mead_1917f.htm 12/3/2002 George Herbert Mead: Josiah Royce - A personal impression Page 2 of 2 The predominant impression he left upon me was of clear ideas and luminous vistas, of subtle athleticism of thought, and an inexhaustible universe of explication and illustration. Philosophy was no longer the handmaid of theology (170) nor the textbook for a formal logic and a puritan ethics. The bodily reality of the world was of the texture of thought and if anywhere this idealistic doctrine has been achieved it was in the audience of Josiah Royce. He was no jealous occupant of the platform. He delighted in the thinking and expression of others. The generosity of his appreciation left a warmth behind that inevitably grew into an affection that went with the admiration which the operation of his powerful brain always inspired, while the keenness of his questions detected inaccuracies and pricked the bubbles of spurious conceptions. I could follow his courses, unfortunately, only through one term and part of another, for a physical breakdown took him away during the winter. But I received an impression from him of freedom of mind, and of dominance of thought in the universe, of a clear unclouded landscape of spiritual reality where we sat like gods together but not careless of mankind and it was a vision that followed me for many years. George H. Mead University of Chicago Endnotes 1. Read at a meeting in commemoration of Josiah Royce held at the University of Chicago November 22, 1916. Copyright (c) 1996-2002 The Mead Project. All rights reserved. The text of the document presented here is in the public domain. The hypertext version is copyrighted and represents an official communication of The Mead Project. While scholars are permitted to reproduce these materials for the own private needs, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, for the purpose of profit or personal benefit, without written permission from the Department of Sociology at Brock University. Permission is granted for inclusion of the electronic text of these pages, and their related images in any index that provides free access to its listed documents. Lloyd Gordon Ward and Robert Throop The Mead Project, Department of Sociology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S3A1 (905) 688-5550 X 3455 Please direct written communications to Dr. Lloyd Gordon Ward 4501 44 Charles Street West Toronto Ontario Canada M4Y IR8 Phone: (416) 964-6799 George's Page is a winner of the Britannica.com Internet Guide Award January 2000 Last revision: 21/01/02 07:58:14AM http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/mead/pubs/Mead_1917f.html 12/3/2002 Amazon.com: Books: Josiah Royce: From Grass Valley to Harvard (Oklahoma Western Biographies, Vol. 4) Page 1 of 3 amazon.com VIEW CART WISH LIST YOUR ACCOUNT HELP RONALD'S APPANEL TOYS & SEE MORE ronald's Gold WELCOME STORE ELECTRONICS GAMES MUSIC BABY TRAVEL STORES Box BROWST RESTAURERS SUBJECTS MAGAZINES BIDDLE BARGER ACCOUNTS R 00/03 BOOKS TOTALS > Introducing Apparel & Accessories at Amazon.com SPACE Josiah Royce: From Grass Valley to MONE CHOICES Harvard (Oklahoma Western Books Biographies, Vol 4) Used & new from $3.95 GO! by Robert V. 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Biography by Bruce Kuklick Explore more in Amazon's new Apparel Store iil On Royce by Griffin Trotter Product Details RATE THIS ITEM Hardcover: 218 pages I dislike it I love it! Publisher: Univ of Oklahoma Pr (Trd); ASIN: 0806123753; (March 1992) 1 2 3 4 5 Amazon.com Sales Rank: 1,274,643 I own it Submit Edit your ratings What's Your Advice? Is there an item you'd recommend instead of or in addition to this one? Let the world Favorite Magazines! know! Enter the item's ASIN (what's an ASIN?) in the box below, select advice type, then click Submit. I recommend: in addition to this product Submit instead of this product Editorial Reviews Explore our new From Library Journal Magazine Subscriptions Royce. a famous early 20th-century Harvard philosopher. grew up in Grass Valley, store. California, a small mining community near San Francisco. Hine presents a carefully http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0806123753/qid=.. 1104-9034348-5687156?v=glance&s=bo 11/11/2002 250 Emerson Memorial Hall. [December, 1905.] The Autumn Quarte is striking. Here, generation after generation will be inspired by the life and works of the great scholar and philosopher, in a way in which no THE UNIVERSIT other university can instruct and inspire, through the very atmosphere of the Memorial. It is to be the home of the Philosophical Department. THE AUTUMN QUART As one enters the building, in the hall will be seen the seated statue of Registration The following table gives an iter Emerson, in bronze, by Frank Duveneck. This hall is of impressive and statistics. total enrolment in the University o simple Doric proportions and detail. The hall leads directly to a lecture- 1904, and Oct. 14, 1905 room, seating 350 persons. On the first floor are also several class-rooms and rooms for seminars. A generous staircase leads to the second floor, Oct. 17, 1903. Oct which will be largely devoted to the sections of Sociology. Here will be the sociological library and museum, and also the philosophical library. College. Seniors 318 This floor has also a lecture-room seating 150 persons, beside various Juniors 419 class-rooms and studies. Through special gifts the libraries and other Sophomores 637 Freshmen 560 rooms on this floor are to be splendidly furnished and equipped. Special 136 The third floor is devoted entirely to Psychology. Here the greatest College Total 2070 care has been given to the planning of the most complete arrangement for psychological research, in the equipment of laboratories and experi- Lawrence Scientific School. ment-rooms, in studies and class-rooms. Fourth year 89 It is thus seen that under one roof Harvard has now assembled depart- Third year 102 ments closely bound together, and has provided generous and splendid Second year 139 First year 113 accommodations for a great work whose results are immeasurable. Prof. Special 112 Münsterberg in a speech at the Emerson Centenary at Concord, in May, L. S. S. Total 555 1903, said: We want a spacious, noble, monumental hall. But we know also that the value of this memorial gift lies not in its walls and Graduate School. roof, but in the kind of work which will develop within those walls. It Resident 374 Non-Resident 12 will be a true Emerson Memorial only if the words and work in that hall become help and guidance, wisdom and inspiration for new and new Graduate School Total 386 generations of Harvard Men." Total Arts and Sciences 3011 2 A.letter from Prof. Royce was read at the same meeting, in which Royce he said "That the founding of this new building may mean the begin- Divinity. ning of a new life for philosophical study in our country, and the dawn- Graduates 14 Third year 7 ing of a new day for the interests of higher thought in our national Second year 4 affairs, is the earnest wish of your absent colleague." First year 7 Special 17 Jamms Prof. James, in an address at this centenary celebration, also said : " 'Gainst death and all oblivious enmity shall you pace forth, beloved Total Divinity 49 master. As long as our English language lasts, men's hearts will be Law. cheered and their souls strengthened and liberated by the noble and Graduates 3 musical pages with which you have enriched it." With the words in Third year 178 ] Second year 197 mind of three of the professors who will labor together in this Emerson First year 290 Memorial Hall, the reality and worth of the building is realized for Har- Special 56 vard and for humanity. Law Total 724 HARVARD UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS OF PHILOSOPHY ANDIPSYCHOLOGY American Hall Common Manachusett January 23, 1924 Dear Mr. Donal We have an opportunity to secure a portrait of Professor Royae which is an excellent likeness. It meets with the on- thusiastic approval of Professor Palmer The subscription 18 complete with the ex ception of about $300 As 8. friend of Royoe you will perhaps be able to join us M completing the subscription listo Sincerely yours pain N Woods Honorable G.Bo Dorr Joseah Royce artical Edition Website Indians University Page 1 of 41 9/12/18 Josiah Royce: Partial Bibliography 1 Josiah Royce: Partial Bibliography Compiled by André De Tienne 2013-2016 The principal focus of the present bibliography is the secondary literature on Royce. For the most part, listed articles and books have some aspect of Royce's life, thought, and writings on any subject as their main topic, not as a tangential one. The compilation provided here remains permanently a work in progress. One of its shortcomings is that it does not list reviews of books on Royce, with rare incidental exceptions. Users of this collection of references are encouraged to bring any error to the compiler's attention, as well as to share relevant references that are missing, or to provide the exact references to their own recent Royce-related publications. I. Bibliographies 1 II. Principal Works by Josiah Royce 2 Posthumous Editions and Anthologies 3 The Writings of Josiah Royce: A Critical Edition 5 A. Edition Volumes 5 B. Transcribed Manuscripts 5 Papers in Archives 5 Translations 6 III. General American Philosophy Books with a Royce Component (primary or secondary) 6 IV. Secondary Literature 9 V. Doctoral Dissertations 35 VI. M.A. Theses 39 VII. PDFs or Downloadable Articles or Essays 39 VIII. Online Videos 40 I. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Rand, Benjamin. "A Bibliography of the Writings of Josiah Royce." Philosophical Review 25.3 (1916): 515-22. Loewenberg, Jacob S. "A Bibliography of the Unpublished Writings of Josiah Royce." Philosophical Review 26 (1917): 578-82. Smith, John Edwin. "Bibliography" (presented as addenda to Rand's bibliography). In his Royce's Social Infi- nite: The Community of Interpretation (New York: Liberal Arts, 1950), pp. 171-73. Cotton, James Harry. "Selected Bibliography." In Royce on the Human Self (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1954). Humbach, Karl-Theo. "Bibliographie des Schriften von und über Royce." In Das Verhältnis von Einzelperson und Gemeinschaft nach Josiah Royce. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1962, pp. 181-201. Devaux, André A. "Bibliographie des traductions d'ouvrages de Royce et des études sur l'œuvre de Royce." Revue internationale de philosophie, vol. 21, nos. 79-80 (1967): 159-82. Oppenheim, Frank M. "A Critical Annotated Bibliography of the Published Works of Josiah Royce." Mod- ern Schoolman 41 (1964): 339-65. Revised as "Bibliography of the Published Works of Josiah Royce" in Revue internationale de philosophie vol. 21, nos. 79-80 (1967): 138-58. Skrupskelis, Ignas K. "Annotated Bibliography of the Published Works of Josiah Royce." In The Basic Writ- ings of Fosiah Royce, ed. John J. McDermott, vol. 2: 1165-226. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969; New York: Fordham University Press, 2005. Buzzi, Elisa. Individuo e comunità nella filosofia di Fosiah Royce. Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 1992, pp. 269-95. Clendenning, John. "Selected Bibliography of the Writings of Josiah Royce" In The Life and Thought of Josiah M Royce, 415-19. "Secondary Sources," 420-26. Revised and expanded edition. Nashville & London: Vanderbilt University Press, 1999. Oppenheim, Frank M., S.J., Dawn Aberg, John J. Kaag. "Comprehensive Index of the Josiah Royce Pa- pers in the Harvard University Archives." Two PDFs: "Complete Introduction to the Comprehensive 240pp. The Harvard Crimson DEATH OF PROF. JOSIAH ROYCE Page 1 of 1 The Harvard Crimson September 22, 1916 DEATH OF PROF. JOSIAH ROYCE Foremost American Idealist Succumbed to Heart Failure Sept. 14. NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED After an illness of two weeks, Professor Josiah Royce, Alford Professor of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity, died from arterio sclerosis, at his home in Cambridge on September 14. The funeral was held in Appleton Chapel last Saturday, Professor James Hardy Ropes of the Divinity School officiating. Professor Royce was born in Grass Valley, California, on November 20, 1855, and was graduated from the University of California in 1875. After receiving a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University he became, in 1878, instructor in English literature and logic in the University of California. He was instructor in philosophy at California in 1882 and assistant professor from 1885 to 1892. In that year he came to the University as professor of the history of philosophy. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon Professor Royce by the University of Aberdeen in 1900, and by Yale in 1911. He received the degree of Litt, D. from Harvard in 1911 and D.Sc. from Oxford in 1913. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Arts and Letters, American Philosophical Society, American Psychology Association, and American Philosophical Association. He was a member of the Colonial Club of this city and of the Authors' Club of Boston and the Authors' Club of New York. He was the author of a considerable number of books, beginning with the Religious Aspect of Philosophy, published in 1885. His work on the Problem of Christianity, in two volumes, was published in 1913. Between these two dates he wrote a number of books dealing with historical, philosophical, religious and psychological subjects. Professor Royce is survived by his wife, who was Miss Katharine Head, and by two sons, Edward Royce, who is an instructor in music at Ithaca, N. Y., and Stephen Royce, of Ironwood, Mich. He also leaves two sisters, Miss Ruth Royce and Mrs. Edward Barney, both of Berkeley, Cal. Professor William P. Montague of Columbia University paid the following tribue to Professor Royce: "Although Royce has a number of disciples who follow his scheme of thought in its essentials, he has a far larger constituency of those who disagreed with him and yet feel that they owe what is best in their thought to his stimulus. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1916/9/22/death-of-prof-josiah-royce-pafter/?print=1 12/30/2011 x Was THE HARVARD GRADUATES' MAGAZINE. VOL. XXV.- DECEMBER, 1916.- No. XCVIII. JOSIAH ROYCE. PROF. GEORGE HERBERT PALMER, '64. A PICTURESQUE figure has left us, a prodigious scholar, a stimulating teacher, a heroic character, a playful and widely loved friend. He was one of the glories of three universities - California, Johns Hopkins, Harvard - and was almost as well known in England, France, and Germany as here. His thought is already absorbed into the mind of the race. To depict the great philosopher in due proportions will be the work of another time, place, and writer. The present paper has a narrower and more personal aim. We teachers work in a way unlike the members of other professions. We constitute a family, which meets each week, and feels its mutual dependence; our successes and failures are interlocked, ourselves enriched by the supplemental traits of one another. When one of us dies, his col- leagues mourn, not for the public loss alone, but for their own much more, each sharing with each such bits of remembrance as illustrate the beauty and excellence of the absent friend. In the family journal of Harvard I would record in this fragmentary and intimate way the affection which thirty-four years have bred in me for Josiah Royce. He was early remarkable. We all know the poverty and isolation of his boyish years and have heard that he moved through those hardships with the same unflinching cheerfulness with which in later years he met public attack, domestic affliction, and failing health. Such hardships would have quenched a less resolute spirit. Parents of slender means bore him in an 1855 obscure valley of California in 1855, a time when that State was more cut birth off from the rest of the world than any other has ever been. Things of the mind were little regarded by the early gold-seekers. The State University JOSIAH ROYCE, LITT.D., 1911. did not begin instruction at Berkeley till 1873, but it had Royce already Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity. among its students, he taking his bachelor's degree in 1875. Tuition was 1875 free, but for "a timid and ineffective boy," as he afterwards called himself, BA discomforts abounded. "My comrades," he writes, "very generally found 1855. me disagreeably striking in my appearance, by reason of the fact that I was & 9/14/16 166 Josiah Royce. [December, 1916.1 Josiah Royce. 167 red-headed, freckled, countrified, quaint, and unable to play boys' games." To such exuberant and unimaginative youths Royce's perpetual inclina- was always his mode of progress. He carried his past with him, not drop- tion to ask questions and accumulate knowledge seemed as queer as his ping his early conceptions, but evolving them continually into richer sig- nificance. Few minds were more progressive; few more steadfast. appearance; but undisturbed, he gathered needed instruction in social customs from those who laughed, moral and mental stimulus from the Royce's departure from California gives us our first view of that easy courage which was one of his central traits. The year 1882-83 William books of Mill and Spencer, and still more from two great teachers, Edward James was to spend abroad. He and I reported to President Eliot that we Rowland Sill, the lucid poet and Professor of English, and Joseph Le Conte, the philosophic geologist. His graduation thesis, on the theology of wished Royce to take his place. We had hardly- more knowledge of him than a few published papers afforded, while both we and President Eliot Aschylus's Prometheus, was SO remarkable that it was printed by the had been much impressed with the solid qualities of Professor X, who had University and prompted a group of gentlemen to offer the means for his recently been visiting Harvard. That this gentleman would succeed, if further study in Germany, a welcome aid afterwards scrupulously repaid. At several German universities he received profound influences from Kant appointed, was practically certain. Of Royce's success there might well be doubt. But we urged that Professor X would give us something of the and his Romantic followers, from Schopenhauer, from Lotze. Acquaint- regulation pattern, while whatever we got from Royce would have its own ance with Hegel came many years later. Just as his resources were coming distinction. As the appointment was only temporary, President Eliot to an end, Johns Hopkins University was founded and offered Royce one consented, and we invited Royce, offering a thousand dollars for salary of its four earliest Fellowships. He returned to this country and took his and nothing at the close of the year. James was to return. A poor man, and Doctor's degree at Baltimore in 1878, immediately afterwards accepting with a wife and baby, Royce resigned a permanent position and brought an instructorship in Rhetoric and Logic at the University of California. his family across the continent. When in later life I asked him how he Those who know only his later writings may wonder at this appoint- had dared, he said that risks of this sort were inevitable for one who would ment. One does not easily imagine Royce correcting compositions. The go on to power and were safer the earlier in life they came. In that first style we think of as his was not neat and exemplary. Its sentences were year he showed his quality SO fully that I offered to provide him a second usually long and tangled, with a good deal of repetition, and little assistive rhythm. Condensed, brilliant, epigrammatic writing was never his. He opportunity by taking the sabbatical absence which had been for some time due me. After two years the entire University was convinced that he needed considerable sea-room. His papers seem composed rather for the could not be spared. He became an Instructor for a third year and in 1885 clarification of his own mind than for that of his reader. In short, his style an Assistant Professor. was rich rather than formal, that of one on whom thoughts were ever But something happened in that third year which showed the moral crowding, and to whom beauty of phrasing made but a slight appeal. A sensitiveness and heroism of the man. Knowing Royce's slender means, peculiarly genuine style it was, therefore, convinced and convincing. No President Eliot suggested to Mr. Augustus Lowell that Royce be offered a one can submit himself to its massive flow without feeling that he is under course of Lowell Lectures, with a fee of a thousand dollars. Royce was the guidance of a master competent, candid, large-thoughted, as large summoned to a conference. I met him as he returned. He had refused. in heart in brain. Mr. Lowell, probably feeling some misgivings over the strange youth, had Now it is interesting to see that this volume and rush of style came to told him that the founder's will contained a statement of religious belief Royce through the deepening experiences of life. In the beginning his to which it was necessary that each lecturer should assent. To this Royce sentences were brief and conformable to pattern. In his third year of demurred. He could accept no creed as a condition of receiving money. teaching he printed a small Primer of Logical Analysis for the Use of Uncomplainingly he returned to poverty, and I do not think ever men- Composition Students. It is admirably written, academic in its clearness, tioned the matter to half a dozen persons. We who knew persuaded him to conciseness, and attention to the users' needs. I name it to mark the con- give to the University in public lectures the material he had intended for trast between Royce's early and later styles. But it illustrates well some- the Lowell Institute. This was the origin of his Religious Aspect of Phil- thing still more important, which I may call the tenacity of his intellectual growth. He was ever changing, ever constant. In this his first book he osophy, published in 1885, a book whose freshness, force, and devout spirit treats of the very subject on which his thoughts were largely engaged at gave him a commanding position throughout the country. the time of his death. But how differently the subject was conceived! That Then followed a period of enormous productivity. Dr. Rand enumer- ates twenty-three volumes and ninety-four articles written by Royce, and 168 Josiah Royce. [December, 1916.] Josiah Royce. 169 his oral product was hardly less astonishing. For College work he taught hardly thought of what he knew as knowledge. It was rather a unified more hours than any other member of his Department, saying he preferred outlook on life - spacious, detailed, consecrated, amusing, inexhaustible. to do so because in contact with the minds of others he could best formu- All knowledge was his province. Among his specialties were psychology, late his own. Every year he gave numerous lectures, often whole courses, logic, ethics, metaphysics, the philosophies of nature and religion; he knew at other colleges and cities. At Aberdeen he gave the Gifford Lectures, at none better - the course which philosophy had taken since its rise; Oxford those before Manchester New College, and from both universities had elaborate acquaintance with mathematics, biology, and most of the received honorary degrees. For several years he taught in our Summer natural sciences which relate to man; he wrote a novel and a history of School. He took but one sabbatical year and few vacations, in the early California; music and poetry were the arts that moved him, and he was at years seldom went to bed till after midnight, smoked incessantly, and home in the literatures of England, Germany, France, and Italy. Yet the allowed himself little exercise. To bodily conditions he always paid little living man was never lost in the great scholar. The same intellectual im- heed. Feeble as he was left by the serious illness of four years ago, it was pulse which carried him over such vast scholastic fields sent him just as during those four years that some of his strongest books were written, a eagerly into the common affairs of the day. The crimes of Germany, the striking instance of scholarly hardihood. To himself he was ever a stern land of his spiritual birth, pursued him day and night and had considerable taskmaster, and while perhaps overconsiderate in dealing with earnest influence in bringing about his death. When the quiet scholar stepped on students of middling powers, he was exacting with men of capacity, impa- the public platform to tell of them, his moral passion swayed the entire tient with pretenders, and scornful in exposing careless ignorance. Perhaps audience and much of the world outside. No speech of the war resounded his classes did not always follow the intricacy of his lectures, but they SO far. Men knew that he spoke the ultimate judgment of history. knew that something big was going on above them, and were all duly But that moral passion deserves a higher name. It was, indeed, religion, elevated. Each gained his own vista into an unsuspected world, many a feeling not merely reverential toward law, but addressed to a person having their minds and characters re-created in the process, and every manifested wherever order appears and needing our concurrence to com- year a sufficient number stood ready to elect courses known to be severe. plete that order. In his all-embracing Absolute, Royce found room for our It used to be said of Jowett, the Master of Balliol, that nobody else's individual existence here and hereafter, for our sins, repentance, atone- pupils differed from their master SO widely as did his. That is high praise. ment, and salvation. Loyalty to this sovereign person made him one of the A supreme teacher brings into utmost fulness the unlike powers of all his most unshakably religious men I have ever known.) From organized reli- scholars. Just this was the aim and glorious accomplishment of Royce. gion he held aloof, partly because it was his disposition in all things to go He brought out in those who came under him their own native quality and his own way, partly, too, I think, through reaction from certain rigidities had no desire to restrict them to what he himself had seen. Once when he of his boyhood. But he acknowledged to me that there was something was to be absent for six weeks in England he asked me to take charge of childish in such aversion, and twice in recent years he conducted prayers his advanced course. I hesitated, saying I totally disagreed with the doc- in Appleton Chapel. Personally he fairly lived with the Eternal, the affairs trine he had been maintaining. He said he knew I did and thought his of time being still counted worth while because in them too can be seen students would gain by getting my point of view. I accordingly did my "bright shoots of everlastingness." To his happy home came many sor- best to pull up the little plants he had industriously set out and to expose rows, "afflictions sorted, anguish of all sizes." And he suffered. Who that their roots to the sun. When the class presented a thesis a month or two knew that tender heart could doubt it? But at the centre of him there was after his return, he told me it was the best he had ever had. One year he peace. "Shall not the judge of all the earth do right?" he always seemed to and James offered a course on Metaphysics together. say. Through every experience he walked unperturbed, no fear, no clouded Yet this large tolerance had in it nothing of that negative indifferentism intellect, no check of philosophic humor. At one time he was bitterly which, having no convictions of its own, counts one belief as good as an- attacked by a man whose ignorant book he had truthfully reviewed. other. He was ever a believer, precise, insistent, and inquiring, his temper Abusive articles were sent broadcast through the country and the Harvard constructive and not merely critical. Strikingly original in thought and Corporation was petitioned to remove him. Just at this time his mother speech, he never ceased to build, each bit of truth captured being firmly died. When I said to him that it was hard to meet two such blows at once, bound up with what had gone before, till one was equally astonished at the he answered, "No. Each is bad, but there is a gain in having them to- range and exactitude of his knowledge. Indeed, whoever talked with him gether. They lean up against each other, and when I become sore over one, 170 The Department of the Classics. [December, 1916.] The Department of the Classics. 171 the other gives change." So did he travel on earth's common way in cheer- The nineteenth century saw an enormous expansion in the number of ful godliness. That elvish figure with the unconventional dress and slouch- subjects, literary, historical, and scientific, which demanded interest and step, that face which blended the infant and the sage, that total per- study. It was no longer possible or desirable that Greek and Latin should sonality, as amused, amusing, and intent on righteousness as Socrates claim SO large a part of the students' time as they had done in the two himself - happy the University that had for a long time SO vitalizing a previous centuries. The Catalogue of 1850 shows that French, German, presence! Spanish, and Italian had found a place; likewise history and political sci- ence; and seven natural sciences were recognized. The history of the epoch which began in 1869 with the election of President Eliot is familiar. During THE DEPARTMENT OF THE CLASSICS. the forty years of his administration the number of subjects taught greatly multiplied. Larger equipment was provided, especially for scientific sub- CLIFFORD H. MOORE, '89, Professor of Latin. jects, and the so-called free elective system was given wide scope. Further- IN one sense the Department of the Classics is as old as Harvard College, more, with the increase of wealth which followed the Civil War, a college for, although the present departments were not organized as committees experience began to be sought by youths who were brought up in en- of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences until 1890-91, Greek and Latin, to- vironments which hardly favored literary studies. The result of these gether with Hebrew and mathematics, were almost the only studies pur- and other causes has been that an interest in literature is no longer so sued during the first 150 years of the College. "The Laws Liberties, and common among college students as formerly, and that Greek and Latin Orders of Harvard College," prepared by President Dunster and accepted have naturally felt the change more keenly than their more modern by the Overseers in 1642, state the terms of admission as follows: "When sisters. any scholar is able to read Tully, or such-like Latin author ex tempore, and But, at the same time, the Classics have shared in the great expansion make and speak true Latin in verse and prose sud (ut aiunt) marte, and of which I have been speaking. In 1825 one professor and three instruc- decline perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs in the Greek tongue, tors gave the entire instruction in Greek and Latin; the growth of graduate then may he be admitted into the College, nor shall any claim admission study and the expansion of the College have led to a steady increase in the before such qualifications." The test prescribed by the President in the number of teachers until to-day there are in the Department eight profes- same year for admission to the bachelor's degree was the ability "to read sors, including one professor of classical archaeology. and one of ancient the original of the Old and New Testaments into the Latin tongue, and to history, two assistant professors, two instructors and one assistant. resolve them logically"; for the master's degree it was ordained: "Every During the last two hundred and seventy-five years there have been many scholar, that giveth up in writing a synopsis or summary of Logic, Natural interesting and eminent men among the classical teachers. To go no farther and Moral Philosophy, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy, and is back than 1811, when professorships of Greek and Latin were first estab- ready to defend his thesis or positions, withal skilled in the originals afore- lished, we can name Ashur Ware (1811-15) and Levi Frisbee (1811-17); said shall be capable of the second degree, of Master of Arts." In the former became judge of the United States District Court in Maine, the 1650 the public examinations for the first degree were in "the Latin, Greek, latter Alford Professor in this University. Charles Beck, like Charles Fol- and Hebrew tongues, and Rhetoric, Logic, and Physics." Even at the end len, a political exile from Germany, was Professor of Latin for eighteen of the eighteenth century the classics, Hebrew or French, mathematics, years (1832-50), and by his publications, especially on Petronius, gave rhetoric, logic, physics, and ethics, with some history and natural philos- distinction to classical scholarship in America. George Martin Lane, second ophy, formed the entire course of study. The ready use of Latin in written scholar of the Class of 1846, University Professor 1851-69, Pope Professor and oral exercises was still expected, although doubtless the law of 1642, 1869-94, is happily remembered by the older graduates for his great learn- which forbade the scholars ever to use their mother tongue, except in pub- ing and his pungent wit. Especially notable were three incumbents of the lic exercises, no longer was in force. Yet such a curriculum cannot be Eliot Professorship of Greek. The earliest was Edward Everett (1815-26), called a narrow one, for it fairly corresponded to the encyclopredia of first scholar of the Class of 1811, who later became President of Harvard knowledge and in large degree met the intellectual interests of those days. (1846-49); he also had a distinguished public career as United States Sen- The value of the training given was attested by the services of the gradu- ator, Secretary of State, Minister to Great Britain, and Governor of Massa- ates of Harvard College. chusetts. C. C. Felton, eighth scholar of the Class of 1827, held the pro- Professor Josiah Royce By PROFESSOR WILLIAM ERNEST HOCKING, 'or. T have claimed the service of all his undertakings, whether in the Josiah Royce during the entire working out of a theory, or in the period of his activity as teacher management of a detail of academic busi- of philosophy, from 1882 to 1916. has ness, or in personal help and counsel, as been the rare good fortune of Harvard many can testifiy who have come to him University. Amid a group of men for advice. To those who first knew uniquely distinguished in philosophy, him by the fame of his published work, Royce has been from the first preemi- his large humanity and kindness may nently the metaphysician. The power have come as a discovery and surprise and universality of his mind made in point of fact, however, it was the base themselves felt and re- upon which the struct- spected throughout a ure of his thought was period in which meta- raised. His early physical studies were writings, a history of of small general re- California, which he pute. To him. philoso- describes as "a study phy meant an interpre- of American charac- tation of life. with its ter" and "The Feud of varied experiences and Oakfield Creek". a nov- groping purposes: and el of California life, few students have pass- are but indicative of a ed through Harvard permanent undercur- during the past third of rent of interest in the a century without re- varieties and passions ceiving directly or in- of human nature, and directly both illumina- this. in turn. of his tion and ennoblement deep personal attach- because of the inter- ments. pretation which he of- He was born in fered. Even when his Grass Valley. Cali- thought was difficult or fornia in 1855. He elusive. we knew that speaks in his history of we found in him a JOSTAH ROYCE. California of his moth- vastness of vision. a er's journey across the depth of learning. a grasp of fact, a desert of Utah : and elsewhere of his logical skill, a hospitality to difference early training in her private school and opposition. which set a new standard held at her own house. dis for the work of a thinker degree was taken at the Univer- His career has been one of singular sity of California in 1875. Here the fidelity and courage. The originality bent of his mind began to assert itself which marked him throughout, in his in his swift response to the teaching of bearing, his speech, his thinking, was Joseph LeConte, geologist and philoso- not sought it was a result of a dominant pher, to the independent reading of Her- passion for getting at realities, pursued bert Spencer and Stuart Mill. and to the with loyalty into every detail of life. A personal friendship of Edward Rowland great capacity for taking pains marked Sill. During a year of post-graduate Google Original from Digitizes by HARVARD UNIVERSITY HARVARD ALUMNI BULLETIN (1916) 5 study in Germany, he found Lotze an haps his chief work, owes its form to his impressive teacher, read Kant and appointment as Gifford Lecturer at Aber- Schopenhauer with avidity, and was fas- deen for two series of lectures. "The cinated by the writings of the Romantic Problem of Christianity" likewise was school, especially by its philosophy of given at a series of Lowell lectures in poetry. In Royce's mind, the interest in Boston and Hibbert Lectures at Man- letters has been close neighbor with an chester College. Oxford, in the winter of letters interest in logic. It was, therefore, no 1012-1913 Beginning with "The Philo- abrupt change when at Johns Hopkins, sophy of Loyalty". Royce's philosophy where he received the degree of Ph.1). shows a decided trend to ethical and so- in 1878, the logical theories of Charles cial applications. Yet it was an unex- Peirce chiefly engaged him. But this pected development when, profoundly unusual union of interests was to have stirred and troubled by the outbreak of an important bearing on his destiny. the European war. he appeared in the Becoming an instructor in English at field of political theory and recommen- the University of California during the dation, in "War and Insurance" (1914). four years 1878 to 1882, he found him- his last published work.* And to him- self contending, somewhat against the self as well there may have been some prevalent judgment, for the study of element of surprise when, a scholar, al- logic as foundation for a good style. His most a recluse by habit, accustomed to first book was a "Primer of Logical An- think of himself as ineffective in public alysis for the Use of Composition Stu- affairs, he became in his address at Tre- dents," (1881). So it came about that, mont Temple ( January 30. 1916) on when invited by William James and "The Duties of Americans in the Pres- George Herbert Palmer to lecture on ent War". at once the prophet and the philosophy at Harvard for a single year, leader of multitudes. Then, and in his Royce determined, with characteristic "Lusitania Memorial Address" which courage, to make the journey across the followed, he spoke as had Fichte before continent and to burn his bridges. A him, directly to his nation; and his na- series of lectures given during this year. tion heard him. and afterward published as "The Religi- In his relations with his colleagues, ous Aspect of Philosophy", marked at Royce realized in a remarkable degree once the region and sweep of his genius. the highest privilege of philosophy, that It was the first of a series of works which of bringing together the various sciences by the dignity and fervor of their lang- on the ground of their common prob- uage have taken a permanent place in lems. His Seminary in Logic was, in American letters, as by the worth of their this respect, a true university in itself; thought they belong to the general history and doubtless the centre of his own in- of philosophy. I shall mention only the terest was there. Wherever he went. he major ones: "The Spirit of Modern Phil- formed a bond of connection and good- osophy". 1892; "The Conception of will; as in his several years as lecturer God". 1895 "Studies of Good and Evil". at Yale University. or as incumbent of 1898: "The World and the Individual". the Bross lectureship at Lake Forest Un two volumes, 1900-1902; "Outlines of versity. And beside his immense schol- Psychology". 1903: "Herbert Spencer". arly labor and effect there will always 1904: "The Philosophy of Loyalty". stand out in our minds, who knew him, 1908: "William James and Other Es- the Royce of conversation, infinite in re- says". 1911: "The Sources of Religious Insight". 1912; "The Problem of Christ- little volume of essays called "The Hope ianity". two volumes, 1913. of the Great Community" is now being "The World and the Individual", per- brought out by Macmillan. Google Original from Digitizes by HARVARD UNIVERSITY 6 HARVARD ALUMNI BULLETIN source, in anecdote and history, of quaint production, until by the failure of his and genial humor, enlarging and lifting heart his work was ended on September the horizon of whatever subject he 14 of this year doubt if to any one touched, in whose presence invisible who, in his formative period, owed so things took on substance and our pettier little to Harvard, has Harvard owed so selves dropped away, in whom we were much To this, his local community, he aware of one of the great men of his gen- gave unstinting and loyal devotion; but eration. through it, he was serving the Great His health was impaired in 1912 by a Community. He dared to live accord- light touch of paralysis. The following ing to his own vision of the Eternal, "as years were marked by an added vigor of one whose portion is immortality." Opening of the University T HE University opened its doors years Assistant Dean. Dean Yeomans last Monday for the academic will have two assistants-Dr. Clarence year 1916-17. It is too early for C. Little, '10, Research Fellow of the definite figures on the enrolment of stu- Cancer Commission, who will this year dents in the various departments, but have charge of the seniors and sopho- the indications are that the entering class mores, and Lawrence S. Mayo, '10, as- in the College will be larger than it was sistant in history, who will have charge last year. of the juniors and freshmen. The in- The epidemic of infantile paralysis in tention is that every student shall have the eastern part of the country raised the same assistant dean throughout his a question as to the wisdom of opening course. This arrangement will leave College this week, but the health au- Dean Yeomans free for the larger mat- thorities of Massachusetts and Cam- ters of administration. bridge and the other experts who were Professor Hurlbut will have a "sab- consulted agreed that there was little batical" during the current college year, danger in beginning the college year at but will return to the University next the usual time. Every student has been fall in the English Department, with required to file, when he registered, a which he was connected before he had to statement in regard to. his whereabouts give all his time to administrative work. during the summer and possible expos- His term as Dean has been longer than ure to the disease, and individuals whose that of any other occupant of that history gives the slightest reason for post. suspicions are being examined further. The changes in the teaching staff of Dr. Roger I. Lee, Professor of Hygiene, the University have not been important. has sent a reassuring letter to the Hon. Bertrand Russell, who had been ap- Crimson, in which he states that "pre- pointed lecturer in the Department of sumably life in a college gives in itself Philosophy for the second half of the a certain amount of insurance against college year, will be unable to keep his the disease." engagement; his views on the con- The College has a new Dean this year. scription of soldiers have so offended the Professor Byron S. Hurlbut, '87, who British government that it has refused to has been Dean of Harvard College for permit him to leave England. Professor 14 years, has retired from that office, Maurice De Wulf of the University of and has been succeeded by H. A. Yeo- Louvain has been appointed lecturer on mans, '00, who has been for several philosophy. Leave of absence for the Google HARVARD UNIVERSITY HARVARD ALUMNI BULLETIN 1916 81 copies in the Norton Collection so as to These lectures on "California", which make the tale complete. formed the basis of his "History of Cali- Book of Hymns for Young Persons, 1854 fornia", published in the Commonwealth Catalogue of Plates of Turner's Liber Studi- Series, were remarkable. He began the orum, Cambridge, 1874. series in a small lecture room; the second Warner Classics, Vol. III (containing Nor- lecture was so crowded that he ad- ton's admirable essay on Dante.) Four American Universities, 1895. journed to Sever II, and there he had Poems of Mrs. Anne Bradstreet, 1897. such an audience that he was compelled (Grolier Club Publication.) to finish the course in Sanders Theatre. Heart of Oak Books. 6 vols., 1894-95. He was then practically unknown in The Brantwood Edition of Ruskin's Works. (Each volume contains an introduction by Mr. Cambridge, and only twenty-eight years Norton.) old. I doubt if any newcomer to the Atlantic Monthly. Jan, Feb., March, 1859. University ever made a favorable im- May, Sept., Oct., Nov., 1861. April, 1862. Feb., pression so distinctly and rapidly as did Nov., Dec., 1878. July, 1881. June, 1889. Jan., Dr. Royce in this series of lectures. 1897. North American Review. Jan., Oct., 1864. I had the good fortune to be a stu- Jan., Apr., Oct., 1865. Jan., Apr., Oct., 1866. dent under Dr. Royce for three years, Jan., Apr., Oct., 1867. April, July, 1868. July, and the experience is a delightful 1869. memory. His knowledge on all subjects (Also a complete set of the North American was at that time remarkable, and his Review from 1863 to 1868, the period of Nor- ton's editorship.) lectures on Philosophy were wonderful- New Princeton Review, Nov., 1888. ly fascinating to me. American Journal of Archaeology, Jan., 1885. I am very glad to see that Professor Forum, March, 1889, and Feb., 1896. Hocking emphasizes the fact that he Harper's Magazine, Oct., Nov., 1889, and Sept., 1893. was preeminently a metaphysician. This So far as I know, the above are the is clearly the fact, and it has annoyed me only things now lacking in the collection, somewhat of late to read comparisons of which already numbers without them 93 him and William James. Their minds volumes. were not in any great degree comparable WILLIAM C. LANE, at all. James was not a metaphysician. Librarian. GEORGE U. CROCKER, '84. Harvard College Library. Editor, HARVARD ALUMNI BULLETIN It was in 1883, in my second year at ROYCIAN REMINISCENCES Harvard, that I first came into contact Editor, HARVARD ALUMNI BULLETIN : with the late Professor Royce. There- I have read with much interest Pro- after, and until my graduation, I was fessor Hocking's admirable sketch of brought into as close relations with him Dr. Royce in the ALUMNI BULLETIN. as could be expected by the average My memory is that the first public pupil, and the fascination of his per- lectures which Dr. Royce gave were on sonality and of his methods of teaching "California", and not on the "Religious increased rather than decreased as time Aspects of Philosophy", and were given went on. during James's sabbatical year. He came I still recall him clearly, as he appeared to take the place of James, and I well in those old days: a young man, in the remember James telling the members of plenitude of physical and mental power, his class in Phil. 2 about this new young his massive and magnificently modelled man, whom he did not know personally, head crowned with brilliantly auburn but thought well of, and of his asking us hair, and his large, observant, grey-blue to give him a good reception and a care- eyes ever seeming to be inquiring. Like ful hearing. that of most great men, his bearing was Digitized by Google HARVARD UNIVERSITY 82 HARVARD ALUMNI BULLETIN one of utter simplicity, and perhaps the counting-room, the field, the court-room, effect of that trait was accentuated by any and every theatre of common busi- the childlike contour and expression of ness and social activity, was liable to be the lower part of his face. His figure referred to and called upon to yield ob- was short, stocky, and inclined to be ject-lessons. If it were the writing of fleshy, and I imagine that he seldom took English, the bearings of logic, as a branch exercise or recreation other than such as of philosophy, upon properly or im- might be incidental to his goings and properly constructed sentences were duly comings to and from his post of duty. imparted and made to stick. He ever His mode of instruction also had the encouraged the student's initiative, simplicity of ease and of perfect mastery, teaching him how to teach himself and and one of my earliest impressions of the others; going, perhaps, to the college man was that his brain must operate so library with us, as he did one day, and harmoniously and his ideas coordinate showing us how to use newspaper-files so readily that a sense of strain or any in practical research, and remarking that lack of clearness would have been out of he himself had spent "many happy the question. And in the same way I hours" there, and "didn't see why we explained to myself his wonderful ca- shouldn't." pacity for work, for few of the boys were Professor Royce's originality was ignorant of his ceaseless and prodigious marked from his very entrance into the intellectual output. Nor was there any- specialty of philosophy. And what, in- thing of the old-time, traditional profes- deed, is a philosopher? Speaking of sional ways with him, anything of the Emerson's works one day, Dr. Royce "so absorbed in the abstract that he remarked that Emerson was not a phil- ceased to be practical." No duty was osopher, but a "suggester", reserving the too crude for him to attend to thorough- title of philosopher to those who had ly and conscientiously, and he performed originated something like a system or the offices of instructor in such a sub- "school" of philosophy. In that sense, ject as "Oral Discussion" of every day indeed, in the sense that Plato, and Kant, or historical subjects of importance with and Hegel, were philosophers, we of the same fidelity and special fitness as America may have as yet produced no he did those of instructor in the various philosopher but we have produced a branches of philosophy. good deal of philosophy, and not the Speaking of his literal devotion to least, but rather an opposite degree, of duty, I remember that one morning he that philosophy lies at the door of Pro- was a few minutes late at lecture, owing, fessor Royce's revered and luminous in- he said, to oversleeping as an effect of a telligence. Now, alas! that door is cold, and that he apologized with much closed-for us: but one cannot believe unction, going so far, if I recall aright, as that it is closed forever or elsewhere. to assure us that he was "ashamed" to J. W. RICHARDSON, '86. have overslept By example, much more than by pre- MORNING PRAYERS cept, he inculcated that essential sane- Editor, HARVARD ALUMNI BULLETIN: ness of mind that combines the theoreti- I have read rather tardily the leading cal with the practical and comprehen- editorial in the BULLETIN of October 19 siveness with the duty of original on the statistics of Phillips Brooks thought. If he were teaching specula- House, and must express my regret at tive philosophy, all the resources of his its disparaging comments on the con- profound learning and thinking in that duct of worship in Appleton Chapel, and subject were at his pupils' command. If the comparison of morning prayers with it happened to be practical ethics, the a "slimly attended elective course." The Google HARVARD UNIVERSITY 180 UTOPIAN STUDIES biographical, psychological, sociological, whatever-which would serve to string his individual analyses together into a more coherent and attractive critical artifact. Despite these flaws, Hammond's book is nevertheless an essential purchase for anyone seriously interested in Wells or the short story form. In addition to his per- ceptive, if fragmented, textual analyses, Hammond provides a checklist of all 83 of Wells's extant stories, including publication data and brief plot summaries for each. This is an extremely valuable resource, worth the price of the book in itself. In addi- tion, at the end of the book, Hammond includes texts of two stories which have never before been reprinted, "How Gabriel Became Thompson" (1894) and "How Pingwill was Routed" (1895)-plys Wells's little-known introduction to his 1911 short story collection, The Country of the Blind and Other Stories. Last, but not least, the book offers an especially charming, and rare, cover photograph of Wells (circa 1897) from Hammond's private collection. The pose is conventional, and yet the slight wry smile under the moustache and the piercing directness of those pale eyes somehow memorably convey the wicked playfulness which was Wells's best and most secret gift as a writer. At his best, Hammond understands this. Nancy Steffan-Fluhr New Jersey Institute of Technology Robert V. Hine. Josiah Royce: From Grass Valley to Harvard. The Oklahoma Western Biographies, Vol. 4. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. $24.95. I WAS PREDISPOSED to like Hine's biography because of an abiding interest of my own in its general theme, namely, the impact of geography, particularly landscape, on ideas. Its more specific theme is how the nineteenth-century Californian frontier, its topography and society, helped shape the thought and character of an early inhab- itant, Josiah Royce. Nor was I disappointed in my expectations; Hine's book was a delight throughout. It joins Clyde A. Holbrook's Jonathan Edwards, The Valley and Nature, another essay in ecological biography of an earlier American idealist, in pro- viding another concrete instance of Otto Kraushaar's observation that American "philosophical idealism with its passionate search for wholeness and spiritual secu- rity mirrored the struggle of disparate peoples to create, on this continent, order out of wilderness, thereby to become one nation." The main question Hine addresses is how did Royce's experience of the Amer- ican West shape his philosophy and character? Hine traces Royce's distinctive ideas of voluntarism, individualism, community and loyalty to his boyhood and youth spent on the Californian frontier His voluntarism was inspired by the incessant activity, the sheer exertions of individual wills in western mining camps, farms and towns which were necessary for wresting a living from and taming a harsh and unfamiliar wilderness. Individualism was impressed on Royce by the heroic activity of strong-willed individualists who, chafing under the harness of civilization, revelled in the freedom of the frontier and pursued headlong its opportunities for self- advancement. Community, however, was conspicuous by its absence in the Califor- nia of Royce's youth, but it was what the more thoughtful members of the society, like Royce's mother, longed for, with its virtues of stability, culture, and rootedness. Royce recognized early on that community depended on loyalty to a cause outside and greater than its constituent members, binding otherwise rootless and licentious indi- viduals and disciplining the self-will of each, though without nullifying individual This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Thu, 23 Jan 2020 14:17:58 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Utopian Studies 5,#1 (1994): 180-82 Book Reviews 181 integrity. Royce experienced firsthand the evils of an unfettered individualism untempered by loyalty to a larger culture and heritage. Hine also sees Royce's monistic Absolute pragmatism, the distinctive form of Royce's mature philosophy, as the philosophical expression of his pioneer mother's quest for physical and spiritual security in an inhospitable and daunting wilderness. He finds a striking metaphor for Royce's Absolute pragmatism in the history of American art: "Royce and [John] Muir were both comfortable with pioneer pragma- tism, but, like Albert Bierstadt painting a western mountain, they wrapped it in a spiritual glow." Hine interprets Royce's later philosophy as an instance of that curi- ous combination of idealism and materialism identified by F.J. Turner as a typical trait in the Western character. However, Hine makes the important qualification that his frontier experience did not exactly cause these elements of Royce's philosophy, but rather predisposed him towards them, since they are also to be found in Euro- pean philosophy, and Royce's sojourn in Germany was no less decisive than his for- mative years in California for his philosophical development The American West functioned in Royce's mind "like an aquifer, a submerged but enduring sustenance." Among the many virtues of Hine's biography is his portrayal of Royce as more than a philosopher, as his being also an historian of considerable merit and a distin- guished man of letters. He scuttles the prevalent opinion that Royce's histories and fiction are mere digressions from his philosophical work, but rather, in their discus- sion of the themes of community, religion, and the larger meaning of historical events, are clear adumbrations of his later philosophical treatises and thus central to his intellectual mission. Hine demonstrates that Royce is an historian with a difference-a philosophi- cal historian as it were. Royce's history of California, more than just another regional history, is nothing less than a study of American character, a primer in "the proper ordering of human society," and a philosophy of history Hine takes Royce seriously enough as an historian to compare him favorably to, among others, Freder- ick Jackson Turner whose notable "frontier thesis" was specifically influenced by Royce. 'In western American historiography," concludes Hine, "Royce holds a piv- otal place, coming as he did after Parkman, coincidental with Bancroft, and before Turner." Moreover, according to Hine, Royce holds no less a crucial place in the larger field of modern historiography since he pioneered the genres of oral history (actually interviewing John Freemont for his history of California), sociological his- tory in the manner of Max Weber, ecological history (of which Hine's biography of Royce is itself an example), and even anticipated the French Annales school. Hine fully credits Royce as a writer of fiction and as a literary critic. Interest- ingly, he acknowledges Royce's love of and immersion in literature by imitating Royce's own practice of using quotations from classic authors as epigraphs for chap- ters. Hine notes that Royce's philosophical works are crammed with apt literary cita- tions (there are thirty-seven, for example, in The World and the Individual alone) which illustrate Royce's view of literature as a proper vehicle for philosophy. More- over, Hine's biography itself reads like the best fiction; one can hardly bear to put it down and, even after reading it, one looks forward to taking it up again. Hine's own literary instinct is apparent in his using Bunyan's Pilgrim as a metaphor for Royce himself, a particularly apt comparison inasmuch as The Pilgrim's Progress was among Royce's favorite reading. My only criticism-just a quibble really-of Hine's biography concerns its omission of footnotes documenting his copious citations from not only Royce but many other authors as well. This is quite inconvenient. However, the blame lies not with Hine, but with the series' unaccountable prohibition on footnotes. There is This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Thu, 23 Jan 2020 14:17:58 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 182 UTOPIAN STUDIES compensation of sorts, though, in Hine's annotated bibliography, and his assurance that a fully annotated copy of his manuscript can be obtained through interlibrary loan. In summary: Hine's biography of Royce is a variation on the Frontier theme in American historiography as applied more particularly to the history of American philosophy; it discloses how some distinctive movements, idealism and pragmatism, and a "leitmotiv"--the quest for community-in American philosophy are rooted in one American philosopher's decisive encounter with the West. As such, Hine's biography is another episode in the ongoing quest for an American national identity, in attempting to specify what is uniquely "American," a clue to which lies in the frontier experience. Hine engagingly reveals Royce not only in his full stature as a philosophical polymath and a significant public intellectual and cultural critic of his day (much admired and followed by Woodrow Wilson), but also as a prophet, like Emerson, who speaks trenchantly and urgently to our own time as a diagnostician of the modern American neurosis of alienation and, perhaps, as a physician who might help heal it with his monism-which appeals to our current holistic cravings in the midst of a shattered and chaotic culture. Hine characterizes Royce as a humane sage whose ultimate concern was nothing less than the universe. Richard A.S. Hall Kutztown University Alan Craig Houston. Algernon Sidney and the Republican Heritage in England and America. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1991. iii + 355 pp. $39.50. ALAN CRAIG HOUSTON, political science professor at the University of California, San Diego, has produced a major work on Algernon Sidney's (1623-83) republican philosophy which, as a dissertation secured the Political Science Association's Leo Strauss Award in 1990. This important book challenges historians who have argued that Lockean liberalism had much more effect on American thought than Sidney's classical republicanism. He also challenges political scientists who contend that cul- tivating civic virtue is a quixotic ideal for complex societies. To assert his claim for the appeal of classical republican values, Houston places it in its 17th-18th century ideological Anglo-American context. Houston's polemical style is to state Sidney's position and then quote from Sidney's writings in support of that point. While at times one is inclined to think that 17th century prose may lend itself to vagaries of interpretation which will keep scholars in business until the end of time, it is diffi- cult to fault Houston's methodology in making his case. In a useful biographical sketch, Houston allows that "the most striking fact about Sidney's life is not that he was martyred for the Discourses Concerning Gov- ernment, but that he wrote it at all" (15). The basis of Sidney's republicanism was his fierce opposition to the corrupt Stuart monarchs. In the end his monarchist ene- mies who held the people's "moral and political capacities" in contempt, resisted change, and believed in "natural hierarchies among men," and the undoubted superi- ority of monarchy, hanged him on Tower Hill on December 7, 1683, as an ungrate- ful betrayer of his class (67). Sir Robert Filmer, Sidney's protagonist and England's leading patriarchal abso- lutist, held that monarchs had divine right ordained by God in accord with the law of nature and England's traditional constitution. Against these views Sidney, James Tyrell and John Locke held that by God's creation Adam was monarch of the world, This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Thu, 23 Jan 2020 14:17:58 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Remembering Grass Valley native son philosopher Josiah Royce News I July 30, 2013 Christopher Rosacker Staff Writer From left, William James chats with Josiah Royce. Josiah Royce Society Website/courtesy photo When outlining an education focus as a tenet of his gubernatorial tenure Gov. Jerry Brown invoked Josiah Royce to highlight the importance of community in his inaugural 2011 address.) "One of our native sons, Josiah Royce, became for a time one of the most famous of American philosophers," Brown said that January day. "He was born in 1855 in a mining camp that later became the town of Grass Valley. I mention him because his 'Philosophy of Loyalty' is exactly what is called for. Loyalty to the community, to what is larger than our individual needs." Brown, who went on to highlight his father's appreciation of Royce, isn't the only one to draw attention to the philosopher recently. " "(H)is 'Philosophy of Loyalty' is exactly what is called for. Loyalty to the community, to what is larger than our individual needs." Gov. Jerry Brown on Grass Valley native son Josiah Royce "There has been an upsurge of interest in his work," said Robin Wallace, who has concocted a theatrical dramatization of Royce's formative years in Grass Valley to be performed at the international Josiah Royce Society's "Royce, California, and the World" conference, sponsored by Empirical Magazine and scheduled for Aug. 16-18 in Grass Valley. The conference commemorates the centennial anniversary of the publication of one of this world-famous philosopher's most important works, "The Problem of Christianity." "A lot of Royce scholars, especially young scholars such as myself, haven't had a chance to visit his birthplace," said Dwayne Tunstall, 34, president of the Josiah Royce Society and assistant professor of philosophy and African American Studies at Grand Valley State University in Allendale, Mich. "These professors are very excited to have their conference here in Grass Valley and wish to have an ongoing relationship with Grass In a Tuesday proclamation, the Grass Valley City Council honored Royce and welcomed the society for its upcoming conference. The last time the city paid tribute to the renowned philosopher was in 1956, the centennial of his birth. The only active evidence of Royce's existence in the town is a plaque near the entrance of the Grass Valley Library's Royce Branch, named in his honor. "Whatever Grass Valley does, it shouldn't let another 56 or 57 years go by without recognizing a thinker that during his time period, was one of the most prominent thinkers in the United States," Tunstall said. Royce was born Nov. 20, 1855, to Josiah and Sarah Eleanor Bayliss Royce, according to Kelly Parker's writings in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. At 11 years old, he entered school in San Francisco and went on to graduate from University of California in Oakland, according to Parker. After travels in Germany to study philosophy, Royce entered Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, where he earned a Ph.D. in 1878. In the 1880s, Royce asserted himself in philosophy and earned a permanent appointment as assistant professor at Harvard, where he taught for three decades until his death. During his tenure, he instructed such notables as Franklin D. Roosevelt, T.S. Eliot, George Santayana, W.E.B. Du Bois and Helen Keller, Tunstall said, and his ideas about community dynamics and ideals influenced the American Civil Rights movement, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. "King's understanding of the 'Beloved Community' (concept) comes from Royce's use of the term," Tunstall said. Along with William James and Santayana, Royce was one of the most influential philosophers of the American Gilded Age, the Royce Society attests. Years ahead of his time, Royce's writing and discourse was critical of imperialism and advocated pragmatism, idealism and other progressive views of numerous social issues. "Most people who are not students of California history or philosophy are not SO aware of Royce or who he was," Lourie said. Royce is considered the leading American proponent of absolute idealism - the metaphysical view that all aspects of reality are ultimately unified in the thought of a single all-encompassing consciousness, according to Parker. His thinking and writings on how to build lasting world peace included a prototype to the League of Nations and were studied all over the world, according to the Royce Society. "In his speeches, throughout his life, he always gave credit to his formative years, growing up here in Grass Valley," Wallace said. The four days of the Royce conference will include public events, such as a talk by keynote speaker, Kevin O. Starr, the state librarian emeritus, and the premiere of Wallace's two-act play, "Beyond Our Mountains." Tickets for the event range from $25 for one event to $125 for the entire series of events. "The organizers and myself hope that the community, comes as well, not just for the keynote presentation," Tunstall said. More information on the conference can be found athttp://roycesociety.org/Meetings/2013-California/RCWConference.htmlor by emailing royceconference2013@gmail.com. To contact Staff Writer Christopher Rosacker, email crosacker@theunion.com or call 530 477-4236. Sharing Josiah Royce's story Local News | June 22, 2012 Tom Kellar Special to The Union He was arguably the most historically important person ever born in Nevada County, but ask someone on the street about Josiah Royce and you can expect to hear a quick "I don't know" or be met by a blank stare. The only trace of him within the Grass Valley city limits, the town of his birth, is a plaque in front of the Grass Valley Library on Mill Street. It reads: "Josiah Royce. Born in Grass Valley. Alumnus of the University of California. Renowned Harvard teacher and eminent American philosopher." Serendipitously, the library is located on the exact spot where Royce was born. Given his stature as one of the great minds of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the plaque's brief description of Royce is accurate, but woefully short on details. A brief bio would read something like this: Born in 1855, Royce was the son of Josiah and Sarah Eleanor Royce, English immigrants who traveled west during the Gold Rush. Royce spent the first 12 years of his life in Grass Valley, before moving with his family to the San Francisco area. He graduated from the University of California in 1875, and began teaching English composition, literature and rhetoric there soon after. He would go on to receive a doctorate from John Hopkins University, study abroad in Germany, and eventually land at Harvard, where initially he served as a sabbatical replacement for famous philosopher and psychologist William James. He and James became close friends, with Royce receiving a permanent position at Harvard in 1884 until his death in 1916. According to the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, his many books include "The Religious Aspect of Philosophy" (1885), "The Spirit of Modern Philosophy" (1892), "Studies of Good and Evil" (1898), "The World and the Individual" (1900-01), and "The Philosophy of Loyalty" (1908). His emphasis on individuality and will over intellect strongly influenced 20th-century American philosophy." The legacy of Royce includes having one of the first four buildings constructed at UCLA named after him (Royce Hall) and an organization dedicated to the study of his life and work. Founded in 2003, and called The Josiah Royce Society, the group has tentative plans for hosting an academic conference in this area next summer. If local artist and playwright Robin Wallace has her way; Royce will not be a stranger to the great bulk of Nevada County residents much longer. She has studied his early life extensively and is busy writing a play about Royce that she hopes can be performed via a stage reading next August during the Royce Society academic conference. "I used to live in Los Angeles and worked at UCLA as a nurse in the medical center," Wallace said. "I was always going to Royce Hall for different events, but had no idea who it was named for." That would change after Wallace came north. "I moved to Nevada City about 21 years ago and 15 years ago a classmate of mine from nursing school in Montreal came to visit me," Wallace said. "She told me, 'I have a famous relative that was born here. His name was Josiah Royce." Wallace says she and her former roommate spent the next few days trying to find out everything they could about Royce. They hoped While watching last spring's inaugural address by Gov. Jerry Brown, during which he referenced Royce, her passion for the subject of Royce was rekindled. "That made me go into my files and get my notes, and I felt reinvigorated," Wallace said. "I began work on a scene that takes place in 1862 in Grass Valley. Real events were taking place. The National Hotel was being rebuilt after a fire. "The gas works had just opened and they had started lighting up the downtown area at night. I found I could use all of these little elements in the play." According to Wallace, the play will focus on the events surrounding a three-year period, when Royce's father left the family behind on a farm near Grass Valley to pursue commerce in Nevada. She believes the timing is right for a play about Royce. "Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in Royce," Wallace said. "He was extremely articulate and interested in everything." Wallace encourages anyone with information on Royce to contact her at robinawallace@sbcglobal.net Tom Kellar is a freelance writer who lives in Cedar Ridge. He can be reached at thomaskellar@hotmail.com. Robert V.Hino A CENTENNIAL FOR JOSIAH ROYCE J osiah Royce was anxious to across the river in Cambridge, for go, to leave his native Cali- the project. Royce, with no historical fornia. The young philosopher wrote training and little knowledge of the William James, who had instigated subject beyond his own Californian his move to Harvard, that he consid- background, undertook the book, ered "an egg in Cambridge as worth which he foresaw as the first history more than a brood of chickens" in of California written by a native son. Berkeley. The "chickens" of Califor- He called it "a side-work, an amuse- nia were now providing no intellec- ment of idle hours," but he admitted tual sustenance for him. "Califor- that such amusements can be "pretty nians generally, and on the whole serious things." To another friend with very good reason, regard one he acknowledged being tempted by another with profound suspicion the money, "by the affection that I and contempt," he wrote. "I have should feel for the task," and by the now a little son, three weeks old good which might be accomplished I shall be overjoyed at the thought in examining "the moral and general of bringing him up in an Eastern at- significance" of California history.2 2 mosphere. Within three years this In the summer of 1884 he threw jaundiced observer of his homeland himself into the job. Mercifully for would pen one of the sharpest inter- Royce, Hubert Howe Bancroft and pretations of his state ever written. his crew of writers, then in the midst His history of California, a pithy of their monumental labors on the volume of insight and foresight and West and just then publishing the a focus of frequent controversy, first of their California volumes, al- now celebrates its one hundredth lowed him free access to their docu- anniversary ments. In their rooms at 1538 Valen- A year after Royce's arrival at Har- cia Street in San Francisco Royce vard, an acquaintance in San Fran- pored over collections like those of cisco, William W. Crane, died. Crane Thomas Oliver Larkin and Mariano had signed with Houghton Mifflin Vallejo. He tried valiantly to be his of Boston to write a history of own researcher, but in the end had California, and his death caused the to admit that "without Mr. Ban- publishers to seek out Royce, now croft's documents I should have been unable to find my way out (Insert) Josiah Royce. of the labyrinth." In another situa- tion he confessed, "His [Bancroft's] Technological innovation and social library is the truly original source adaptation enabled early Californians to here, and my research is at this dominate and exploit an overwhelming one most important place but a fol- physical environment. His own childhood observations of this process provided lowing of his already beaten trail. some of the inspiration for Royce's later Royce befriended Bancroft and one research and analysis of the evolution of his writers, Henry Lebbeus Oak. of frontier society. Those relationships would deeply JUNE 1987 83 California History 66 2 (June 1987): 82-93. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The University of California campus in the 1880s. When Royce left it in 1882, the university was an academic outpost, a young institution not yet able to satisfy the intellectual yearnings of the state's ablest minds. For all his eagerness to go East, however, Royce relished his work on California, writing in an 1885 letter that he needed to "clear my hands of this cloying and delicious California preserve I have had my fingers in it too long already influence his work and stand in curi- back in the healthful climate: it and conscientious duty. Royce's own ous contrast to his failure in contact- prompted "active people to work too generation, beginning to wrestle ing another active contemporary steadily, to skip their holidays, and, with overseas markets, acquisitions writer of California history, the by reason of their very enjoyment like Alaska, and Chinese exclusion, lawyer Theodore Hittell The fault of life, to wear out their constitutions was addressed in an oft-quoted must have lain with Hittell, a far with overwork. 116 digression: more private man than Bancroft. But It was the conquest of California It is to be hoped that this lesson, showing even Bancroft might have been more that for Royce most exposed the chary of his raw material had not American character. The nation here us as it does how much of conscience and Royce's limited agenda seemed to engaged in a morally if not politically even of personal sincerity can coexist with a minimum of effective morality in him no competitive threat to his indefensible act. The Bear Flag Re- multi-volume work.4 volt was incited by the false rumors international undertakings, will some As Royce researched and wrote, of John Charles Frémont, who for day be once more remembered; so that when our nation is another time about his purposes expanded. Before he Royce became the butt of the moral to serve the devil, it will do so with more was through, he saw his history as problem. Far from justifiable, Fré- nothing less than a revelation of the mont's call to military action before frankness and will deceive itself less by national character. Ultimately it the United States Navy arrived could half-conscious cant. For the rest, our mission in the cause of liberty is to be might "serve the true patriot's inter- have brought such anarchy to Cali- fornia that England might well have accomplished through a steadfast devo- est in a clear self-knowledge and in the formation of sensible ideals of accepted overtures from the inhabit- tion to the cultivation of our own inner national greatness." Inasmuch as ants for a protectorate. In any case, life, and not by going abroad as mis- there had been wrong-doing, his the institution of guerrilla warfare sionaries, as conquerers, or as maraud- writing might be an atonement for was not in the best interests of the ers, among weaker peoples. his country's honor. United States either politically or Between the conquest and admis- He restricted his history to ten morally; in it "we can date the begin- sion, California was destined to en- years, 1846 to 1856, years he saw as ning of the degradation, the ruin, dure "a time of doubts, of problems, absolutely pivotal> He himself had and the oppression of the Californian of complaints, and of weariness." been born on the cusp end of this people by our own." In such moments the American na- period, so that the bridges into his The unprovoked violence, a con- ture could be at its best-moderate, own contemporary world lay rather sequence of Thomas Hart Benton's self-controlled, and astute in the de- close. When he described Califor- dispatches to Frémont in the Kla- sign of new communities. But in the nia's varied landscape he included math forests, became "a violation of Gold Rush, California was "to be his own Grass Valley childhood the laws of nations, under circum- morally and socially tried as no other memories of "frowning higher stances of peculiar atrocity."8 American community ever has been mountains" and buttes "springing Thomas O. Larkin, not Frémont, tried," and it would exhibit "both up like young giants." He may have was pursuing the proper national the true nobility and the true weak- been commenting on himself rather course, the peaceful support of a ness of our national character." The than the state when he noted a draw- local movement for independence nobility was seen in a polyglot popu- from Mexico, presuming eventual lation which successfully dealt with annexation to the United States. In North-South dissensions; in the ac- Robert V. Hine Professor of History at the these acts and in the official military tivities of women who injected fam- University of California, Riverside. He is conquest that followed, Royce saw ily and religious values into a raw the author of Community on the Ameri- the nation typically ambiguous in its society; and in the average Ameri- can Frontier and many other books and articles on the American West and American desire to conquer but in its unwill- can's "instinctive cleverness" at self- thought and culture. ingness to assume the role of con- government. This article was made possible by a generous querer. Instead it clothed its aggres- Royce cautioned, however, at grant from Mrs. LeRoy F. Krusi in memory sion, as Frémont himself had done, exaggerating that "marvelous politi- of her late husband. in the garb of peaceful intentions cal talent. "13 It must be seen against 84 CALIFORNIA HISTORY This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms two evidences of weakness: civic ceded sounder buildings, safer our own highest spiritual destiny in bod- irresponsibility and the local man- docks, more organized fire depart- ily form. It is never truly sordid or cor- ifestation of a diseased national feel- ments. Over-excitement, self-ab- rupt or unspiritual; it is only we that ing toward foreigners. Both of these sorption, extravagance, and nervous are so when we neglect our duty.17 tendencies allowed orderly, friendly strain were in time balanced by fam- life to degenerate into serious, vio- ily life and church-oriented circles. Seldom has a history led to such lent disorder. Though miners in The vigilance committees of 1851 lofty conclusions. California's ten a spirit of compromise and good and 1856 eventually rooted out the formative years were not just the humor bound themselves into "little social apathy and public careless- germ of a future, not just a parable republics," their camps were so de- ness which surrounded them. This for the American character; they void of broader civic responsibility trip through the valley of despond were lessons in the proper ordering that they endured difficult years of also included the Land Act of 1851 of human society. disorder and violence. (requiring all existing titles to be con- The social fabric needed consider- firmed by a commission, expressing able mending. Royce bitterly de- "our natural meanness and love of scribed the cruelty, irresponsibility, good order in one") and all of the H is history was hardly finished when in the and ineffectiveness of lynch law in new state politicians like Bigler, summer of 1886 the young college the mines and pointed out the in- Broderick, and Gwin ("too selfish to professor wrote a novel. Royce thus consistency of contemporaries who be wise"). 16 In the end, however, the joined many another young aca- whined about law and order but re- journey produced a living, dynamic demic, past and present, in trying fused to be taxed for jails. 14 As for community: his hand at fiction. Even that same foreigners, Royce wrote, "You can- summer Henry Adams and Adolph not build up a prosperous and peace- It is the State, the Social Order, that is Bandelier were so engaged, "I think ful community so long as you pass divine. We are all but dust save as this it has something to do with earning laws to oppress and torment a large social order gives us life. When we think my living," Royce wrote, and he resident class of the community." "15 it our instrument, we call it sordid, must have been thinking of his ill Foreigners were kept by law and vig- degraded, corrupt, unspiritual, and ask wife pregnant with their second ilantism in fear and misery. how we may escape from it forever. But child. But social purposes, though Disorder served in the end to teach if we turn again and serve the social less obvious than those of a Helen social responsibility. San Francisco's order, and not merely ourselves, we soon Hunt Jackson or an Ignatius Don- fearful fires of the early 1850s pre- find that what we are serving is simply nelly, were nevertheless involved, JUNE 1987 85 This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The fires which ravaged San Francisco in the early 1850s forced the growth of a sense of civic responsibility which Royce saw as a necessary component of an enduring community. and he gave his story the same kind of Good and Evil (1898). For the novel in The Octopus (1901). For Norris, of philosophical base that he had he turned down the publisher's sug- characters were victims in naturalis- given his history. He had learned gestions of a more literary title and tic traps-the surging growth of the that history "talks back," leaves chose one closer to the geography wheat; the uncontrollable energy of documents that must be coped with, and the history: The Feud of Oakfield the railroad-surrounded by values and never "stands still to be count- Creek: A Novel of California Life. ¹1 at flux in the surge of evolution. For ed." Philosophy (and by implication The land in question, between Royce characters stood in moral di- its counterpart in literature) is "sub- Mount Diablo and the Contra Costa lemmas, facing conflicting loyalties missive and plastic. (The novel gives hills, was claimed by small squat- between higher law or immediate the historian new freedom, inviting ters, including a bohemian college needs, between personal or com- him to go beyond the document professor, Alf Escott (patterned in munal attachments, but the ultimate where nothing "talks back" but his his idealism after the leader of the values were unshakable. Royce, like own imagination.1 Sacramento squatters), and a mag- Norris, had found that a California Royce had long embraced litera- nate living in a Nob Hill mansion, novel, like California history, was an ture. As a junior at the fledgling Uni- Alonzo Eldon. They were both old effective tool for a moral purpose. versity of California, he delivered a Californians and had fought the prize Charter Day oration on the Paiutes together. But they had modern novel. The future historian, clashed over Eldon's desire to build T he debut of Royce as Cali- he said, will place few "influences a Medici-like fortune rather than be fornia historian and nov- that have molded our destiny" high- concerned, like Escott, with the elist was anything but bright. Re- er in importance than current fiction. common people who made such af- viewers of both California and The His favorite novelist then was the fluence possible. Ironically Eldon as- Feud hit hard his wordiness and contemporary George Eliot, and her suaged his conscience with a closet moralizing. Even an age accustomed Mill on the Floss, because it exceeded attachment to the teachings of Henry to rhetorical excess rejected the style Adam Bede and Middlemarch in its George, yearning for a society in and the manner, and little perspec- moral lesson, showed "the instruc- which opulence like his would be tive could be expected on the ideas tive influence a novel may exercise." impossible. of a freshman historian and a first Royce's own novel is usually seen The plot is complicated and need novelist as an exercise or stepping-stone on not detain us here. The characters California took the brunt of the his philosophical path-a study in are varicolored, including Eldon's attack. An unsigned review in the the conflict between duty and desire, son, who has jilted Escott's daughter Overland Monthly, for which Royce a "perspective on identity and mor- and married a complicated woman, had written during his days in Berke- ality." It is far more. Royce here Margaret; a wandering widower; ley and for which he held real attach- continued the exploration of his and a flamboyant, corrupt newspa- ment, was vicious. The book was state's history; it became history and per editor. The action includes the described as "contract work, done fiction combined for a philosophic Brotherhood of the Noble Rangers, under press," without unity "except message The central problem of the squatters defending their rights in its uniformity of sermonizing novel comes straight out of his under a higher law in the pattern of reproof of Americans." Sprinkled California-whether land should be the Sacramento Settlers' Association through the review were words like held in the traditional large holdings or the San Francisco vigilance com- immaturity, flippancy, diffuseness, or should be broken into smaller par- mittees. In the end forty settlers unidiomatic English, and it con- cels. The section in his history deal- resist the approach of Eldon and cluded with a patronizing nod: "de- ing with the Sacramento squatter his men, and four others die. The fects like this will naturally dis- riots of 1850 was the only portion of final scene is a virtual replay of the appear with longer experience in his book which he had extracted and events in Sacramento in 1850, and writing history; and we advert to expanded for a separate article in the they are reminiscent, too, of the them for Professor Royce's good." Overland, and he would eventually Mussell Slough incident (May 11, The anonymous reviewer found the use that essay for one of his Studies 1880), which Frank Norris recreated censure of Frémont and California 86 CALIFORNIA HISTORY This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms VIEW & PLAN OF THE BURNT DISTRICT. SAN FRANCISCO, THE E DAY AFTER THE FIRE. 22.° JUNE 1851. As Seen from the Corper of Washington & Streets SAVED GUANT BROADWAY Fire beginn PACIFIC JACKSON WASHINGTON frontiersmen excessive and un- friend and the journal's editor, Mili- captiousness of his criticism, his proved. And in the end "both as lit- cent Shinn. Henry Oak in the next book would easily take rank as a erature and as history, it is, on the month's issue of the Overland firmly classic. "23 whole, a failure. "122 supported Royce's position on Fré- Royce's interest in history was Shortly before in the Nation Royce mont and affirmed the book "both now too deep to be easily deflected. had unfavorably compared Theodore as literature and as history" to be "a The rebukes he suffered from re- Hittell's new history with Bancroft's very perfect piece of work," superior viewers led to more activity, not emerging work, and now Royce mis- to anything yet done. William A. less. He corrected a minor detail in takenly assumed that the Overland Dunning in the Political Science Quar- the California by a letter to the editor reviewer was the incensed Hittell. terly was more guarded: "If only the of the Overland. He contributed a Royce revealed little resentment, excellence of the author's literary series of biographies on figures in however, at least in a letter to his style were at all proportionate to the California history to Appleton's Cyclo- JUNE 1987 87 This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms paedia, He edited lengthy documents tions were justified by the threat of (The Century readers were weary- and letters by George H. Fitch, Wil- British occupation of California. The ing of the California controversy so liam Coleman, William Tecumseh article contended that Frémont was Royce was forced to turn to the Sherman, John B. Montgomery, given the power to act in his secret Nation, where in May 1891 (while George Bancroft and James Bucha- instructions for the 1845 scientfic ex- completing a book on philosophy, nan in a series of contributions to pedition. When Lt. Archibald Gilles- contemplating six articles on Goethe, Century. At the same time he wrote pie found him on the Oregon bor- and considering an offer to move five lengthy reviews of the emerging der, the messages showed that con- from Harvard to Stanford) he of- Bancroft and Hittell volumes. In ciliation was "no longer practicable" fered his final words on the subject> these he championed Bancroft's and in any case would have been He protested that George Bancroft's sound archival evidence and Hittell's "in conflict with our own instruc- comments did not change the pic- readability while castigating Ban- tions." Frémont dismissed one part ture; that every agent of the United croft's failure to credit his co-authors of Gillespie's dispatches (Buchanan's States had orders to conciliate the and Hittell's failure to profit from orders to Larkin) and concentrated Mexicans; that cooperation was Bancroft's documentary leadership. on the other (the packet from Ben- thwarted by Frémont's false reports Royce was a fighter. His writings ton), "a trumpet," which "made me and irregular warfare; and that the in this period took on the nature of know distinctly that at last the time retired Bancroft's letter was sprin- an extended rebuttal to his critics, had come when England must not kled with errors in memory. For fur- clarifying questions, and adding get a foothold; that we must be first. ther evidence Royce quoted verbatim proofs. Frémont died in July 1890 I was to act, discreetly but posi- the dispatch of Bancroft to Commo- and Royce was quick to assess the tively. To support his position, dore Sloat, once more ordering con- general's life and work in an Atlantic Frémont submitted an 1886 memo- ciliation. The truth was that Fré- article. Royce pronounced Frémont randum from George Bancroft, Sec- mont, "lawlessly thwarted [orders] a "faithful knight and hero" with retary of the Navy in 1846, now re- for his own glory." "I should myself "winning eyes and gentle voice," tired. In it Bancroft denied that there never think of attacking the Frémont one who "possessed all the qualities had been much fear of England, but legend so often, were it not so un- of genius except ability He was "a he admitted that if he had been in substantially immortal. I shall re- creature escaped from a book, wan- Frémont's place he would have felt joice indeed, if ever the pale ghost dering about in a real world when bound to do what he could to pro- ceases to walk in broad daylight. The he was made for dreamland." Royce mote the purpose of the President, twilight regions of our historical con- again charged Frémont with refusal the possession of California. sciousness in this country will prob- to take the ordered and more desir- In the same issue following the ably never be rid of And with able course of neutrality, concilia- Frémont article, the Century printed these words he closed his public tion, and ultimate annexation with Secretary of State Buchanan's letter comment on John Charles Frémont less fighting and with fewer resent- to Larkin (the Gillespie dispatch) and the history of California. ments. "General Frémont was sim- with an editorial note by Royce. Royce's preoccupation with the ply not the conquerer of California. Royce pointed to this as the only offi- role of Frémont in the conquest had All that he did was of no effect cial dispatch received by Frémont. lasted for six years. In his letters dur- except to alienate its people. Buchanan had indicated that, though ing the period he vacillated between Although Frémont's death might the government wished no foreign giving Frémont the benefit of the have dashed the hope that the gen- control over California, still "this doubt and, at the other extreme, ap- eral would disclose anything more government has no ambitions to plying the "thumb-screws" to "the on the California conquest, a twelve- gratify and no desire to extend our deceiver. Something inexplicable page, double-columned article ap- federal system over more territory seems to motivate Royce in his un- peared in the April 1891 Century, than we already possess; unless by willingness at least to assume Fré- "edited" by Jessie Benton Frémont the free and spontaneous wish of mont's good intentions, even if he from the notes of her deceased hus- the independent people of adjoining were thoroughly mistaken. Why did band. Here Frémont's military ac- territories." Royce not understand, to use his 88 CALIFORNIA HISTORY This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms own later words, "the art of honoring erally accepted as a classic in the Bancroft's work." Like Bancroft, your opponent's loyalty"?2 Perhaps Zamorano 80 tradition. Royce, too, realized the significance it is enough to know that throughout of oral testimony to corroborate the his life he loved to explore differences detail. Hence his decision to take and heartily championed the clash of minds. Even in his childhood I udged by the standards of oral histories from John and Jessie his day or by the basic canons Frémont. He conducted the inter- he enjoyed frequent philosophical of scholarship, Royce as historian of views in a highly professional man- wranglings with his sister. And his California comes off rather well. For ner, allowing the subjects a chance later life would see gargantuan de- errors of detail his California is occa- to amend, read the proofs, and offer bates with his Harvard colleagues, sionally vulnerable, especially in the their rebuttal. As he was writing Francis Abbott and William James. introduction on pre-American Cali- his California he expressed to Henry In spite of its cool welcome, Cali- fornia, the section in which he was Oak the anguish of the careful doc- fornia was in its first century re- little concerned and for which he umentary historian: "It is fearfully printed twice) In 1948 during the claimed no scholarship. In it he hard to tell the truth in these things. Gold Rush centennial, Alfred Knopf underestimated Indian uprisings Again and again I write what I think commissioned Robert Glass Cleland against the missions, underplayed I have just learned from a document for an introduction, kept the new the Monterey stay of Commodore or book, and, looking again at my edition in print till 1961, and sold ap Catesby Jones in 1846, and had source, have to tear up my MS. in 3,000 copies (about average among the Donner Party's Reed banished disgust. its historical re-issues of that day). on foot rather than horseback. He As for style, he dreamed of brevity, The reviewers this time were far confused the number and nature of but, alas, often sank into verbosity. more positive than the first ones had the prisoners taken by the Bear The year before his death, looking been. True, George R. Stewart and Flaggers. And he wholeheartedly backward, he bemoaned his own Joseph Henry Jackson cautiously accepted J. Tyrwhitt Brooks ("a per- profuseness by extolling a friend's reiterated the concern with balance. fectly trustworthy observer") as a finished self control and brevity of But Rodman Paul praised the excel- prime source for life in the mines. style. The lament was astute self- lence of the research and the way We now know that Brooks's journal criticism. In both the history and the Royce probed ultimate significance, was a hoax, revealed fifty years af- novel Royce wrote countless sen- and Charles Barker complimented terward by its author (Henry Vize- tences of twelve to fifteen lines, the author on his condemnation of telly), but, of course, the entire his- many of which would be infinitely Frémont, respect for Larkin, tech- torical profession believed Brooks clearer were they shorter. His para- nological insights, and recognition in Royce's day.35 graphs were sometimes intermina- of place in law and religion.3 (Against these details must be ble) Wordiness occasionally veered In 1970 Gibbs M. Smith chose placed the body of the work. Over into pedantry; a few times he even Royce's California as one of the first and over Royce's reverence for doc- described the provenance of a source four books published by his new umentation shone clearly. "The in the text. He could be sarcastic: Peregrine Press in Santa Barbara. purpose has been throughout to "Providence, again, is known to be Since he considered it "the most in- write from the sources, "36 and by opposed to every form of oppres- sightful history of California ever sources he meant a range of news- sion; and grabbing eleven leagues of written," he was disappointed that papers, letters, and diaries The land is a great oppression. And so it had sold only 3,000 copies and had importance of detail even led him the worthlessness of Mexican land- gone out of print long before one of to construct a statistical table for titles is evident. He could argue the companion volumes, The Shirley the members of the Constitutional from analogy: "If we desired to steal Letters. This time Earl Pomeroy wrote Convention of 1849 showing nativ- our neighbor's fine horse, why the introduction, a splendid assess- ity, length of residence, occupation, should we first coax him into con- ment of Royce as historian. Review- and age. He called his historical bent finement and then scourge him with ers unanimously praised Pomeroy's "my respect for thoroughness," and whips in his stall, to make him break contribution, and the book was gen- this lay behind his enthusiasm for his bones?" His metaphors could JUNE 1987 89 This content downloaded from 137.49.125.11 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms General and Mrs. Frémont and their daughter in Santa Cruz. In attacking Frémont-who had become a legendary figure in his own lifetime, Royce was confronting a persistent American mythology of expansion led by heroic individuals unfettered by social or legal conventions. be overdrawn: "The devil's instru- recent currents of intellectual in- personal hegira, always understood ment it actually proved to be, quiry? To begin with, his stated pur- the fundamental importance of place and we have got our full share of pose sounds surprisingly like a dic- and rootedness in a well-ordered the devil's wages for our use of it tum from the new social history) community. [Land Act of 1851]. "144 He could "The social condition has been As a sociologist Royce recognized editorialize and personalize his argu- throughout of more interest than the racial issues. His sympathetic treat- ments in ways the modern historian individual men, and the men them- ment of Mexican society is not unlike might envy but never dream of selves of more interest than their for- that in Leonard Pitt's Decline of the doing.4 45 tunes. "44 Thus he wrote no biog- Californios (although when Royce the final stylistic impact is one raphy of Frémont but a critique of described that society as free, care- of grandness, of an exciting mind how Frémont's actions muddied fu- less, and charming, he sounded caught up in the joy of intellectual ture racial relations; he related little more like the generation of Robert pursuit. His phrasing betrays that of the life of James King of William Glass Cleland). In the description of exhilaration: "April and May are the but explored at length how King's the Mexican lineage of Tom in The spendthrift months of wealthy na- death changed the reform conscious- Feud Royce pursued his racial gener- ture." 1849 is "the boyish year of ness of San Francisco. alization into a strain of elitism California." Speculative investors Royce was an ecologist in that he which had also emerged in the his- "will be destroyed like flies in the conceived of life as interacting with tory, as when he called "the better autumn. When not overdrawn, an environment. In an address to families" of the community "supe- his similes were apt: "California the National Geographic Society in rior to the average Mexicans."52 would have been ready to drop into 1898, "A Psychological Study of the But his enlightened attitudes on our basket like a mellow apple."47 Relations of Climate and Civiliza- race were reflected later in his life His literary allusions revealed a tion," he continued an interest, first when, against a tide of national thoughtful breadth. The Bible was explored in his California, in "how nativism, he publicly supported free ever ready. From it he viewed the the physical features of the Pacific immigration. Mexican War through the Old Testa- Coast may be expected to mould our "Every man looked out for himself ment story of Ahab coveting Na- national type. In part, he said, the in those days," wrote Royce about both's vineyard. Again, the popula- mild climate leads to an intimacy the mining camps, voicing his refrain tion "was full of Jonahs, fleeing with nature and ultimately to a habit on the kind of individualism which over seas and deserts." Elsewhere of personal independence. It was had proved so destructive to soci- were scattered wild grapes and the land and its resources, not sim- ety. Given the importance of indi- manna and ravens in the wilderness. ply political decisions, that deter- viduality, how could one hope for Thucydides and Aristotle were also mined patterns of legal title and set- community? The problem was in- there. And so were Jonathan Swift tlement. Land was the base of his trinsically American, having first and Lewis Carroll (no less than the article on the Sacramento squatter been formulated by de Tocqueville Boojum from The Hunting of the riots and it lay at the heart of The half a century before. Royce like de Snark). In all, Royce was a writer of Feud. But (land) for Royce went Tocqueville worried about the level- literary merit. He was, as the Prince- beyond a question of possession; it ing "tendency to crush the indi- ton critic Vincent Buranelli has writ- should lead ultimately to a devel- vidual. This intricate tension be- ten, "an artist capable of rising into oped sense of place. Thus geography tween the individual and the group great prose. fed psychology. True, in his own life would intrigue Royce for the re- he abandoned his place, his West, mainder of his life, flowering at the S for the East, as Bernard de Voto turn of the century in The World and till, a hundred years have would do later, rather than address- the Individual. But always for him the passed, and we should ing the East from a base in the West, universal came first, as it does for ask whether Royce, beyond what he like Vernon Louis Parrington or the child beginning with an undif- meant to his own time, speaks to us Charles Shinn. But as Kevin Starr ferentiated world and then only now. How does he relate to more has observed, Royce, whatever his slowly recognizing the specifics of 90 CALIFORNIA HISTORY This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms individualized milk and mother. Ul- timately, however, the individual give up the antithetical position mestic life, marital relations, and the of absolutism. It was as if he ac- must return to the realization that cepted, even courted, ambiguity behavior of women, Royce thought he is grounded in the universal, in to ask his own mother, Sarah Bayliss as a proper ingredient in human the one reality. 56 For example, Royce Royce, to write her memoirs. She sees the mining camps composed of affairs, and so he would not worry at appearing to be both individualis- responded in a book-length account atomized individuals at the child's of her months on the trail in 1849 tic and communitarian. stage of milk and mother who must and her years in Weaverville, Sac- Knowing both a dominant mother someday grope for social cohesion. ramento, and San Francisco. The Such a concept thus foreshadowed and a talented wife, Royce was never his ultimate philosophy. ambiguous about the importance of manuscript illustrated for Royce how a religious steadfastness could women. In The Feud he created a He likewise understood, like Rob- woman of great strength, Margaret, be intensified on the plains journey, ert Bellah in our day, how tricky is how a few lonesome families could the concept of individualism, how whose complexity went far beyond forge a community, and how vital a important it is to isolate its elements. any narrowly Victorian concept of role religion played in early San Bellah recognizes two aspects, the womankind. She was fallible, strug- Francisco life. 59 Royce, who owed so gling with moral problems such as expressive and the utilitarian. Royce much to her, gratefully dedicated his her love for a married man, and she saw a moral and an immoral side to history "To my mother, a California earned her goodness, unlike the individualism, depending on whe- pioneer of 1849." men of the story for whom moral ther it led to a strengthening or a dilemmas were given and clear cut. weakening of the society. 57 He could embrace some forms of individual- It is Margaret who questions the stereotype of women as creatures of A major strain of modern ism while remaining devoted to the feeling and concludes, "men are the sociological history is ultimate community. The values and built on Max Weber's work on collec- least rational beings on earth." In joys of individualism produced a tive consciousness (the collective the history Royce clearly saw women tension, but finally there should mores of Protestantism, for exam- -the catalysts of family, church, come a release from that tension school, and local interest-as a ple, support the presuppositions of which would be found in social cohe- capitalism)-what the more recent strong counterweight to social dis- sion. Later in his life he claimed to historian calls mentalities. In such ruption and mob disorder.58 be a pragmatist while refusing to thinking biography is eschewed in In the process of examining do- favor of a more embracing social JUNE 1987 91 This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Royce submitted his notes from their interviews to the Frémonts for comment in a methodology that is now required of collectors of oral history. Royce's notes are at the top of the page. At the bottom is Jessie Benton Frémont's reiterated challenge to the idea that California could have been acquired by peaceful means. entity, and Royce was on an early tional community. Groups, like indi- Politics as politicians and parties version of that track. He saw the viduals, could act immorally. The did not much interest Royce. He struggle for order transcending the vigilance committee of 1856, for ex- confined that kind of California ac- conflicting and confused voices of ample, for all of its beneficial social tivity to a scant six pages at the end individuals. Vigilante justice was effects, was itself no more than a of his history. Instead he frequently more than meetings and hangings; "businessman's revolution," a group delved into political theory as, for it was no less than "the confession of entrepreneurs furthering its example, in extolling the political of the past sin of the whole commu- own economic interests. This hard- bent of the typical American or eval- nity"60 and as such held communal headed concept of the vigilance com- uating the forces at the constitu- meaning. In The Feud it was the col- mittee has taken a firm hold on sub- tional convention. In his interpre- lective cause, the fight of Escott's sequent historical interpretation. tive stance, however, he did not em- neighbors in the land dispute, that As a part of culture Royce saw re- brace the theoretical radicalism of finally brought changes in individual ligion as a keystone. In the 1850s his own time. He was aware of it, consciousness. San Francisco viewed through the had once in a lecture appeared as an Like the modern cultural anthro- eyes of his mother included "a very idealistic socialist, and in his history pologist, Royce was concerned with goodly array of pioneer churches, threw side glances at Henry George the sources of order and disorder. supported by active and not pov- and the Populists (though never at Perhaps his emphasis on social order erty-stricken societies." In so balanc- Karl Marx). The ideas of his fellow is not surprising, since he came to ing the stereotype of the wild and Californian, Henry George, certainly maturity in the 1880s, the period in licentious society, he foreshadowed lay behind his concerns for "the un- which the modern historian Robert the later writings of John Caughey fortunate concentration of the land Wiebe found America's self-directed and Kevin Starr, to name only two.62 in a comparatively few hands," and communities faltering before central- Religion was not just social cement; it is hardly accidental that Escott in ized government and the tendency it was society's affirmation of the The Feud was a closet follower of to separate by occupation rather universal, the door through which Progress and Poverty. than by community. In Royce's mind individuals could exercise expres- In the arena of the newer intellec- early Californians were creating the sive differences while conforming to tual history Royce might today face very forms that Royce's own society the unity of tradition. the largest number of raised eye- was losing, and he might in conse- And, worthy of the modern French brows. Royce wrote in the history quence have championed the found- Annales school of historians, Royce of ideas tradition best exemplified ers of community in California more foresaw the modern carry-over from by Perry Miller in his monumental than he did the perpetuators of self- technology to culture, notably efforts to evoke the New England reliance. The builders of the com- derlining the social effects of mining mind. It is the lumping together of monwealth for Royce were not the techniques. The shovel and the pan such aggregates that most bothers entrepreneurs and businessmen, as allowed pure individualism; they the recent intellectual historian. He important as they were to him, but precluded "secure progress in the or she is leery of treatises on the na- the men and women who were organized life of the camps." The tional mind or even on the regional bringing traditional forms to a raw, cradle was an agent of social change, mind, preferring to examine groups unkempt life. The new society Royce creating "a collection of mutually like the genteel or particular phe- championed was a renewal not a de- more or less independent, but in- nomena like the Edenic image, re- nial of the old; ontogeny recapitu- wardly united bands." Later mining generation, or "the hegemonic func- lated phylogeny. And that society techniques "acted indirectly on soci- tion of the jeremiad." Historians of close-knit community had been ety, as a check to the confusion and now typically use individuals in undermined by the frontier and was disorder finally bringing men their work as avenues to concepts now under attack again by the mod- together in companies and more like antimodernism rather than as ern marketplace, factory, and city. complex social relations. The sluice insights into something as amor- This is not to say that Royce ac- thus became "the basis for the social phous as the national character. As cepted uncritically all forms of tradi- life of a civilized community." a consequence, the new history 92 CALIFORNIA HISTORY This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms (12) acquisition hewar aloniformed California, tittell's accounted the ac tissue the before the takings I'm exe, slander the montand Hag for sty "with receiver withintte well the issed bran acquisition fcal. healthful much interiration the 22:00 the itt general and Mrs. French declared S atc a motake extended 2.0 mistake instaurant miract. animaterial Mrs. Fremant relative litter Angeles such street you tends to fragment the past, dissect- J osiah Royce loved his native resonance from those beginnings. ing classes and separating currents California for what its story As a budding philosopher Royce of ideas, which Royce did only on said about American values. Physi- saw history and literature on a grand the path to synthesis. Modernists cally he had to leave it; intellectually scale. Beyond his facts lay an over- are often more concerned with con- he embraced its message through- arching world of meaning. Even his flict, as between elites and the com- out his life. How could a homeland obsession with Frémont's role in the mon man; when they synthesize, he was so anxious to leave become conquest was in the end a matter of they walk closer to Royce's footsteps. so soon extolled and revered? authority and damaged race rela- But he attempted more than a simple course, it has been argued that tions; the gold rush society was an synthesis; rather he searched for the Royce had to transcend California in early study in the search for what essential consensus at the heart of order to become an intellectual, that he would later call the beloved com- all experience. he was in no sense a California phi- munity. Still, through his philoso- Perhaps one best grasps large na- losopher, but rather a German Ideal- phy emerged remarkable premoni- tional dimensions from a marginal ist, and that all of his significant tions of a social science history locus. California was hardly a center ideas germinated elsewhere. Such whose canons would not capture of power, but Americans in action a view can at best be defined as nar- most historians for generations. He there may have come closer to essen- row. Any life is the intersection be- saw mining camps as societies wres- tially American traits than the tween the direction it faces and the tling with technological change. He people of Washington or New York. experiences that intersect that bear- realized the importance of a sense Royce understood the importance of ing. Royce's course was determined of place, of technology as a factor in the local as an avenue to the univer- in California; the rest was elabora- social change, of collective con- sal. The idea would flower in his Phi- tion, though admittedly extensive. sciousness, of the limitations on in- losophy of Loyalty (1908): if you All great men must intellectually dividualism. "I have learned, as I want a great people to be strong, outgrow the society in which they have toiled for a while over the you must depend upon provincial were born. Royce's birthplace gave sources, to see in these days a proc- loyalties to mediate between the him an experience with a very young, ess of divinely moral significance," people and their nation. 1166 Thus immature community, an experience he wrote. 68 Divine or otherwise, the diversity could embrace unity; Cali- which he focussed and expanded in significance he saw still speaks to fornia could prefigure the nation. his history and novel. He came to those who yearn for community. feel that the rest of his life was a See notes beginning on page 153. JUNE 1987 93 This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Wed, 12 Feb 2020 14:35:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms NOTES Hine, Josiah Royce, pp. 83-93. (January 13, 1887), 39-40; XLVIII nacker to Robert V. Hine, October 7, (February 14, 1889), 140-42, 164-65. 1986. 1. Josiah Royce, Letters, ed. John 25. Royce, "Fr'mont," Atlantic, LXVI 54. Royce, California, p. 232. Clendenning (Chicago: University (October 1890), 557, 548, 550, 555. 55. Royce, Race Questions, p. 75. of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 112-13. 26. Royce, "The Conquest of Califor- 56. Royce, Letters, p. 342; Bruce Kuklick, 2. Ibid., pp. 129, 128. nia," Century, XIX (April 1891), p. Josiah Royce: An Intellectual Biography 3. Josiah Royce, California, from the Con- 923. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972), quest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance 27. Royce, "The Frmont Legend," Na- p. 110. Committee in San Francisco: A Study of tion, LII (May 21, 1891), p. 425. 57. Robert Bellah, et al, Habits of the Heart American Character (Santa Barbara: 28. Royce, Letters, pp. 157-65, 170-74. (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), Peregrine Press, 1970), pp. 106, 111. 29. Royce, Philosophy of Loyalty (New pp. 32-35. This paper will use throughout the York: Macmillan, 1908), p. 287. 58. Royce, The Feud of Oakfield Creek 1970 edition (with introduction by 30. Royce, Basic Writings, ed. John J. (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1970), Earl Pomeroy); except for the front McDermott (Chicago: University of p. 29; except for front matter, this matter, the pagination in the 1970 Chicago Press, 1969), I, 32. reprint is paged identically with the edition is identical with the original 31. Ashbel Green to Robert V. Hine, 1887 edition. Royce, California, p. 1886 edition, as is that of the 1948 March 7, 1986. 295. edition (with introduction by Robert 32. Stewart, New York Times, Septem- 59. Sarah Bayliss Royce, A Frontier Lady Glass Cleland). ber 12, 1948; Jackson, San Francisco (New Haven: Yale University Press, 4. Royce, California, pp. 92-93. Chronicle, September 20, 1948; Paul, 1932). 5. Ibid., p. 40. Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 60. Royce, California, p. 332. 6. Ibid., pp. 6-8. XXXV (1948-49), 711-12; Barker, 61. Ibid., p. 346; the most impressive 7. Ibid., p. 88. American Historical Review, LIV (April recent reflection is Peter R. Decker, 8. Ibid., p. 106. 1949), 705-06. Fortunes and Failures (Cambridge: 9. Ibid., p. 123. 33. Gibbs M. Smith to Robert V. Hine, Harvard University Press, 1978), 10. Ibid., p. 156. February 11, 1986; Kenneth Johnson, pp. 139-41. 11. Ibid., p. 175. Journal of the West, X (October 1971), 62. Royce, California, p. 311. John 12. Ibid., p. 201. 751; Zamarano 80 [catalogue of an ex- Caughey, Gold Is the Cornerstone 13. Ibid., p. 217. hibition] (San Marino, Calif.: Hunt- (Berkeley: University of California 14. Ibid., p. 255. ington Library, 1986), no. 66. Press, 1948), pp. 272-74; Starr, 15. Ibid., p. 283. 34. Royce, California, pp. 59, 61, 40-50. Americans, pp. 69-86. 16. Ibid., pp. 369, 380. 35. Ibid., p. 228. 63. Royce, California, pp. 225, 227, 244, 17. Ibid., p. 394. 36. Ibid., p. xvii. 245. 18. Royce, Letters, pp. 202, 178. 37. Royce, Letters, p. 181. 64. Royce was wrong in assessing the 19. Berkeleyan, I (April 1874), 10-11. 38. Ibid., p. 174; Royce, California, pp. Southern forces at the convention; 20. Thomas F. Powell, Josiah Royce (New 324-25. Walton Bean and James Rawls, Cali- York: Twayne, 1967), p. 188. John 39. Royce, Letters, p. 178. fornia: An Interpretive History (New Clendenning in his introduction to 40. Royce to John W. Buckham, June 15, York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 102; it The Feud of Oakfield Creek (p. xvii) 1915, Clifford L. Barrett Collection is interesting to note, however, how finds Escott at the philosophical (Box 1); Huntington Library. closely in other connections, Bean heart of the novel. John O. King III, 41. Royce, California, p. 79. and Rawls follow Royce: e.g., pp. The Iron of Melancholy (Middletown, 42. Ibid., p. 371. 77-78. Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 43. Ibid., p. 110; see also the comparison 65. Royce, California, p. 386; Royce, 1983) emphasizes the character of of vigilantes to coyote packs, p. 267. Feud, pp. 357-58. Margaret (pp. 210-12). 44. Ibid., p. 369. 66. Royce, Philosophy of Loyalty, p. 248. 21. Royce, "The Squatter Riot of '50 in 45. Ibid., pp. 164, 171. 67. Robert Whittemore, Makers of the Sacramento: Its Causes and Its Sig- 46. Ibid., pp. 8, 242, 333. American Mind (New York: William nificance," Overland Monthly, VI 47. Ibid., p. 130. Morrow, 1964), p. 380. (September 1885), pp. 225-46. 48. Ibid., pp. 41-42, 62, 216, 267; Vincent 68. Royce, California, p. 394. Royce, Letters, p. 204. Buranelli, Josiah Royce (New York, 22. Overland Monthly, VIII (August 1964), p. 24. 1886), pp. 222-23. 49. Royce, California, p. xvii. 23. I (1886), 492; the Oak reply, Overland Raftery, Progressivism 50. Royce, Basic Writings, I, 182, 195-97; Monthly, VIII (September 1886), p. Royce, Race Questions, Provincialism, in the schools, pp. 94-103 330. and Other American Problems (New 1. Los Angeles Board of Education, 24. Overland Monthly, VIII (August York: Macmillan, 1908), p. 170. Minutes of the Board, 18:399. 1886), p. 216. Appleton's Cyclopaedia 51. Kevin Starr, Americans and the Cali- 2. The background material on the (New York 1887-89), articles on Al- fornia Dream (New York: Oxford Uni- Molokans and their settlement in varado, Arce, Bryant, Brannan [?], versity Press, 1973), pp. 143-45. Los Angeles comes from the fol- Coleman [?]. Century, XVIII (1890), 52. Royce, California, p. 25. lowing sources: Pauline V. Young, 775-94; XXI (1891-92), 133-150, 296- 53. Mercedes M. Randall, ed., Beyond The Pilgrims of Russian-Town (Chi- 309; XIX (1891), 780-83, 928-29. Na- Nationalism: The Social Thought of cago: University of Chicago Press, tion XLII (March 11, 1886), 220-22; Emily Greene Balch (New York: 1932); Willard Burgess Moore, XLIII (July 29, 1886), 99-101; XLIV Twayne, 1972), p. 51; Martha Win- Molokan Oral Tradition (Berkeley: JUNE 1987 153 This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Thu, 20 Feb 2020 17:41:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms HOLLIS FULL CATALOG - Full View of Record Page 1 of 2 Tab then Royer federal OFFICE ACED, to 7/71/04 Dair Your Account Start Over Help Comments TAS Full Catalog I Journals Reserves E-Resources HOLLIS CATALOG Previous Searches | Results List I Display Options Harvard University Search I Expanded Search I Command Search Harvard Libraries Full View of Record : FULL CATALOG Save/Mail Add to List I View List Last Browse Choose format: Full view I Short view MARC Record 135 out of 140 Previous Record Next Record Author : Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Title : Papers of Josiah Royce, 1855-1944 (inclusive) Locations/Orders : Availability Location : Harvard Archives i HUG 1755 [General folder (1 folder)] Holdings Availability Location : Harvard Archives i Vault HUG 1755.3.11 p [Family photographs (daguerreotypes)] Holdings Availability Description : 33 linear ft. of mss. History notes : Josiah Royce (1855-1916) was the foremost American idealist philosopher. He was Professor of History of Philosophy at Harvard from 1892 to 1914. Born in California, Royce graduated from the University of California in 1873. After studying in Germany and at Johns Hopkins, he returned to California to teach from 1878-1882. From 1882 until his death he taught at Harvard. Royce received an honorary degree from Harvard in 1911. Notes : Access may be restricted. Details available at repository. Lists for some call numbers are available in the repository. Subject : Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916. Keyword Subject : Harvard University -- Philosophy. Harvard University -- Faculty member. Form/Genre : Lectures. Daguerreotypes. Photoprints. Diaries. HOLLIS Number : 000604366 ./PNAQP7629SUNXSVEVN4641KRNEY72LIJSCBGBCLMRNYVS28MNG-00900?func=7/30/2004 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02138 PUSEY LIBRARY PHONE: (617) 495-2461 E-MAIL: archives-ref@hulmail.harvard.edu TAS FAX: (617) 495-8011 WEB SITE: http://hul.harvard.edu/huarc/ July 26, 2004 Ronald Epp 47 Pond View Drive Merrimack, NH 03054 Dear Mr. Epp, Enclosed please find the photocopies of pages from Emerson Hall Subscription Papers (UAI 15.1380) and Royce Papers (HUG 1755.12) that you ordered during your recent Archives' visit. The copy of the Class Book page will be sent to you directly from the Library's Imaging Services department. Please don't hesitate to contact me if you have any questions. Sincerely, Orbanaskelom Barbara S. Meloni Reference Archivist BSM-re Enclosures last Harvard U. Archives. 7/14/2004 Notes copy 3/ Jorah Royce HUG 1755.12 Letter to llos C H. Dorr & G.B.Dorr 1887-1910 copied 8/12/87 5/2/91 JR letter is deliberation a form of dedication for book. Very concerned @ her to word dedicals is Mary word Dorr US Mrs Charls Dorr 1/6/93 Sent GBD "programme for 92-93" Act to all & instructor T graduate alike for theresteeber, of conference "next Mondy copied Gapred 8/12/87 Invite h Dorr's to OH Form. Roae wife coil come ever n though see " loves Moutaus / water even None than I do." Dorr had proposed Porpertry riding a bigele His cerf water her to feg it. For with I could lear town it she wold have More respect for the My reputation to desterity co nothigh Dorr offers oun hike ?leveled thigh one will be slipped to Royer Than Dorr of pants for 1a few charming days" SLULL they light got his mind off "some tampare New time" 4. Progee describe Mrs. Dorr a a "minister of comfort, pure and simple." 2/26/95. Re GBD's offer at course [for two of then? in "brain embryology 5/1/04 Invite to GBD to "philosompharal "at Rapai home (5/2/04) on Religious Conciousness. copied 10/23/98 5/21/04 Gitt of Spinozan book from GBD a "reminder of old times when first we met. Many are the gifts and good hours that I have owed to you. to yours." He regrets buy "unable to help pract call in this Matter of Emerson Hall caped 7/31/04 feller to Berry I Wheeler, President re GBD as bearer its letter uh GBD emonta to California M Sieve visit encoute to Befoley 12/17/05 lette to GBD inerity he t other in philate passed comme to dine on 12/29 (he at Howard VAIV HOW 5 4/28/04. " Re possible get tegth GRD this And May 5,1904 TO Mary Dorr ) 1/9/99 on synholism and the reality of late carly "that slays Faith and Love / helpless - mourns in the darkness. That is the tale of this Irama, and tab is the whole of it, copied 9/20/96 Lellerie recent visit. 11/5/96 " re "our dear LeContes," He is an grologist & he daughter 4 a "thoughtful dreamer of any vestons." They are "anion the very four people in the world when & Counter really worth to meet you, " 11/8/96 he Darr's ever tation to he Contes, Now apporat stay c Royce's HOLLIS Le Care lectured are them evaluation 11/14/96 Coyce beard from he Carte in letter form bar Habor regard your proposes an to adores lane came her all "her book. 3pp 6 12/19/97 Accepts invile to dinner 12/23 E Mr llason and lls. Mason. 2/28/98 Hope to see her 3/12 for My Chemetra accept your kindness are so few and My returns so porr. My love copied 8/7/98 to GBD to Grory n 10/23/98 " GBD 7 / 11 / 99 " llrs Dorn accept ineste to copes last week of buglesting 8/30/99 Regular Mater coning last year escounting us, Olivia D. Cashing to lens Dorr when shein "still beset by wearness" H copy but to other your presence is "field of cheers and of straight than 5/1/04 to 6BD Invite to paper to be read DUP. from 5/21/04 to 630 is Spinoza Nokes. from 7/31/04 to Pass Wheeler from 12/17/05 for 12/29/05 dinner. 4/28/10 Meet 5/5/10 ? 9/12/92 To the. Dover. Accepts inster to Stay long weeked, 6/21/89 Re State 10/31/89 Plan for lectures. X copy 12/19/89 To lrrs. Dorr. 1890 (summer) Refers her to Prof Tay's book & "Judaim + Clues hanf copy 8/11/90 Mrs D u different Condocopa 2/21/91 Proposed tiller For lecture to lers. D. trans 5/2/21 B D ne direction 1/8/92 this D. Beautiful picture now on my library Mental I shall alever prize it 9/21/92 TO ure D: "Sad to leave you so shrupty." That he in for third days that were very water precious for me ... the walk helend & for the fenast Love 4 George 21 alls Don - refer to I an "captain in may well e playered and ursely directed work(s), to whenler "My current friend 'to "whom sombon I C on never express how much I hour x evj of his have 1/6/93 CBD. Pionan 8/1/94 Mrs D. Expects to each you by train ad (04 8 8/11/94: Tills. D. H Dense Njtc Next time HUC 6921 : Genel Info@ Howard Comment t Class request Day in 1923 Is group on list for HON. MASTERS? Chah HUD 274.505 Clan of 1874 Request Security this finance # 147 t #148. FROM: simes UAV 161.201.10 admission golder GSAS UAV 161. 200 admission book, 1886-1898 University of California: In Memoriam, 1935-1936 Cornelius Beach Bradley, English: Berkeley 1843-1936 Cornelius Beach Bradley was born in Bangkok, Siam, November 18, 1843. His father, the Reverend Daniel Beach Bradley, was descended from a family which had been resident in Connecticut since 1644. He was prepared by his mother for admission to Oberlin College, in Ohio, where he obtained the bachelor's degree in 1868. He remained at Oberlin as tutor for two years, pursuing at the same time, the course in Theology. This he continued in the Divinity School at Yale University, 1870 to 1871. In the latter year, he married Mary S. Comings, who died many years ago. They had two children. From 1871 until 1874 he was a missionary to the Siamese. He returned to America at the end of that period and in 1875 was appointed teacher of English and Vice-Principal of the High School in Oakland, California. In 1882 he was appointed Instructor in English in the University of California, where he continued, as Assistant Professor, and as Associate Professor, of the English Language and Literature, then as Professor of Rhetoric, in active service until his retirement in 1911. He was honored by Oberlin College with the M.A. degree in 1886, and by the University of California with that of LL.D. in 1926. He died on March 17, 1936. Edward Rowland Sill and Josiah Rovce were members of the English Department at Berkeley while Bradley was teaching in Oakland. His transfer to Berkeley coincided with their departure and with the appointment of Albert S. Cook. who was succeeded as chairman of the Department in 1889 by Charles Mills Gayley. Bradley's connection with the University. before and after retirement. continued under eight of its Presidents. His interests covered the whole field of English: he gave courses in the language. the history of the literature, grammar Bradley was a lover of the mountains of California, delighting not so much in the adventurous conquest of difficult peaks as in a wide and intimate acquintance with the whole region of the Sierra. He was an admirable pathfinder and an accomplished camper, and his wide learning and variety of interest together with his deep and genuine kindliness, made him a delightful companion on rambles in the hills and mountains. He was a charter member of the Sierra Club, and from 1895 to 1898, editor of its Bulletin. He wrote articles concerning Routes up Shasta, Knapsack Tours of the Sierra, Harrison's Pass, The Naming of Mountains. Both in Siam and in California, trees were always to him an object of special interest. Evidence of this preoccupation is found in articles on The Blind Eyes of the Cocoanut, Giant Trees, The Age of the Sequoias, Junipers of Lake Valley, The Twist of Wood-Fiber in the Tamrac Pine. About this text Courtesy of University Archives, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720- 6000; hhttp://bancroft.berkeley.edu/info http://content.cdlib.org/view?docld=hb9q2nb5z2&brand=calisphere Title: 1935-36, University of California: In Memoriam By: University of California (System) Academic Senate, Author Date: 1937 Contributing Institution: University Archives, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-6000; http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/info Copyright Note: Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commericially exploited without permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user University of California Regents De Groot, Jean. (ed.) Na ure in American Philosophy D.C. Catholic U.P., 2004. 2 The World Beyond Our Nature in the Philosophy of Josiah Mountains: Royce JOHN CLENDENNING autobiography, A few months before he died in 1916, Josiah Royce theme of his and in these remarks, as he searched sketched a brief When philosophy, he wrote the following insightful for observation: the central and problems I review have this. centered whole process, I strongly feel that my idea has only come to about the Idea of the Community, deepest motives Valley, and wondered days when my sisters and I looked the what Sacramento I was tensely feeling in the gradually my clear consciousness. This was although this in- fore a in Projection GBD about the great world beyond our mountains across The onates meaning at several of levels. Royce's mountains and the world tained the the Sierra Nevada, the great mountain was certainly thinking of a physical reality, At the literal level, he beyond them res- Range, and Central Valley, he could see was the born. To the west, across California's very limited world into which he system that con- of cities and beyond, he imagined, the Pacific Ocean. peaks of the Coast of imagination cultures, and of languages and customs, of books It was and also a world tainty, he hoped to overcome-shyness, mountains were the personal limits speculation. Psychologically, the learning, ism-theories doctrines of mechanism, materialism, "moun- tains" denote provinciality. the As a metaphor for Royce's philosophy, loneliness, the uncer- American thought, of nature that dominated late necessitarian- nently reject. which he would first briefly nineteenth-century Note: See also Robert Hine. "The American West as Hetaplyacs: A Perspective seek beyond is real is our whole purposive Eventually Royce would insist that what reality that transcends materialism. longing to know an ideal The world beyond these mountains espouse, expresses then his perma Josiah Royce. PacificHistorical Review on in nature, but ourselves, that an Absolute Meaning that is meaning that we consciousness. we never fully know in any flickering abundantly moment present of 58 (1989): 267-291. Josiah Royce, The Hope of the Great Community (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 129. 19 go JOHN GLENDENNINO Nature in the Philosophy of Royce In these pages I will explore several versions of Royce's philosophy The following year, while teaching English at the University of Califor- of nature. I will consider three distinct phases of the theory, each one nia, Royce revised and expanded these lectures to include the English an idealistic construction, opposed to materialistic reductionism and Romantics, Although he wrote his doctoral dissertation on the episte- mechanistic necessitarianism. mological foundations of science, Royce might have pursued a career as a literary scholar. Indeed, throughout his life, he never renounced these poets or their vision. He knew them by heart and quoted them ef- BACKGROUND fortlessly. Of the later Romantics, he was especially drawn to Tennyson, Two persistent influences on Royce's mind must, at the outset, be Browning, Rossetti, and Swinburne, and among the American Roman- recognized. The first of these, evangelical Christianity, was a family in- tics, he was influenced chiefly by Emerson. "Nature," Emerson pro- heritance. Both parents were Protestant fundamentalists. The Bible, claimed, "always wears the colors of the spirit."4 The spirit resides in na- they believed, was the literal and indisputable record of cosmic history. ture's core, it speaks in symbols, and a kindred human spirit may learn Josiah Royce Sr. and Sarah Eleanor Bayliss were intensely devout, and its message: they tried to indoctrinate their only son with their religious zeal. They The moral law lies at the centre of nature and radiates to the circumference. It had spent their early adult years in Rochester, New York, the heart of is the pith and marrow of every substance, every relation, and every process. All the famous "burnt-over district," where they were exposed to a number things with which we deal, preach to us. What is a farm but a mute gospel? of rather bizarre religious cults. The elder Royce was a bit more than Nor can it be doubted that this moral sentiment which thus scents the air, and eccentric. A fruit peddler in San Francisco, he ruined his business by grows in the grain, and impregnates the waters of the world, is caught by man delivering extemporaneous sermons on street corners. City urchins, be- and sinks into his soul. lieving him insane, constantly harassed him. Mrs. Royce's faith was more rational. She was a school teacher and gifted writer, but she too Royce did not quarrel with this transcendental vision, but he did note, was firm in her beliefs, a mystic who believed that every event in nature somewhat ruefully, its failure to prevail. It lacked the intellectual and is directed by divine providence. It is not surprising, therefore, that theoretical strength to face the challenge of materialism. The pop- Royce's introduction to the philosophy of nature was through the book ularity of evolutionary thought, with its seemingly superior reasoning, of Revelation, which in childhood he read in the family Bible. His early caused Romantic earnestness to lapse and decay.6 Royce lamented the acquaintance with Scripture and the teaching he received at home spiritual void left by this decay, and it may be argued that his philoso- were deeply rooted influences. phy of nature was an attempt to restore some remnant of Romantic Second in time, but perhaps equal in importance, was the influence faith to nature, not alone by faith, however, or by writing diatribes of Romanticism. As an undergraduate at the University of California, against science, but by rigorous thought. (The task he set for himself was Royce soaked up the poetry of the English Romantics, especially Blake, to devise new philosophical paradigms that could answer materialism Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, and Shelley, and as soon as he learned to and breathe life back into nature. read German, he made extensive researches into the works of Herder, Science and the theory of evolution that dominated thought in the Goethe, Schiller, Novalis, Tieck, and Heinrich von Kleist. In fact, one of late nineteenth century reduced young Josiah's world to doubt. Evolu- the first university courses that Royce taught at Johns Hopkins in 1878, tion not only challenged his Romantic tendencies, it also unsettled his when he was twenty-two years old, was a series of lectures on "The Poetry religious beliefs. The Biblical cosmology that underpinned his family's of the German Romantic School." To the Romantics, he explained, na- credo was rocked by the new thought that Josiah met when he enrolled ture was not a system of universal laws, but an intense experience: as a freshman at the University of California in 1871 He wrote a few years later: Not what the world is to another, or to himself at another time, but what it is to him now and here, this the poet seeks to give you. The condition of his mind at the time is to be made the measure of all things.3 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 1, ed. Alfred R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), 10. 5. Ibid., 26. 2. Royce Papers, Harvard University Archives, vols. 56-57. 6. Josiah Royce, Fugitive Essays, ed. Jacob Loewenberg (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard 3. Ibid., vol. 56. University Press, 1920), 319-20. JOHN GLENDENNING Nature in the Philosophy of Royce 28 I remember the failing at heart when I first had to throw overboard my little For Royce, the task of addressing Spencerian issues and overturning old creed, and felt that I must for example accept the modern theory of evolu- Spencer's system continued throughout the years of his early adult- tion as the real truth of nature, against which a poor mortal with his blind hope hood, the 1880s and 1890s. He finally settled his scores with Spencer of immortality might struggle in vain. The individual withered, and natural se- in 1904 with an extended essay on the subject, included in a short lection was more and more.7 book, Herbert Spencer. Early in the 188os, as a young instructor in Royce was fortunate in receiving his introduction to evolutionary Berkeley, we find him challenging a few of Spencer's fundamental thought from the great naturalist Joseph Le Conte. During his final principles, but at Harvard the dispute was earnest and persistent. From three undergraduate years, Royce regularly attended Le Conte's lec- 1885 to 1896, Royce taught a popular undergraduate course on tures in botany, zoology, and geology. For Le Conte, evolution was "Philosophy of Nature" or "Cosmology." Spencer's First Principles was more than a hypothesis, it was a proven and indispensable law of na- the central text, and according to the Harvard University Catalogue, the ture. He saw evolution documented in the observable facts in the solar "modern doctrine of evolution" was always a central topic in the system, in the earth, in the organic kingdom, in man and human socie- course. 11 ty. Nature, as taught by Le Conte, was truly a Heraclitean world of flux. And yet Le Conte was not a religious skeptic or agnostic. Exhaustive- PHASE ONE: 1892-1898 ly scientific in his observations of nature, Le Conte still remained em- phatically theistic. The world, he maintained, is God's plan gradually The construction of Royce's philosophy of nature principally be- unfolding. Le Conte rejected the old design argument, with its deity as longs to a period of approximately ten years, from The Spirit of Modern the architect of a static universe; instead, his dynamic new God of evo- Philosophy (1892) to the second volume of The World and the Individual lution is rational, benevolent, futuristic, and resident in nature (1901). The progress was slow and the work, painstaking. Indeed, Aside from Le Conte, the principal evolutionist to influence Royce Royce twice missed self-imposed deadlines. An article promised to the in his youth was Herbert Spencer. Like William James, Royce was at first Philosophical Review was delayed for more than three years. 12 an enthusiastic disciple of Spencer's bold speculative system. To the col- Fundamental to Royce's theory is the claim that nature may be lege junior in 1874, Spencer was "the greatest thinker now living known by either of two distinct modes of thought: appreciation or de- [the] expounder of Evolution, the far-reaching grasper of scientific scription. 13 Appreciations are inherently subjective, affective, and pri- truth under every form.' "8 To Royce, even in the 1890s, Spencer was the vate. Say, I report a series of symptoms to my doctor: headache, malaise, Prometheus of his age, one who had undertaken the task of a Titan, to insomnia. These thoughts about my body belong, according to Royce, bring the fire of evolutionary truth into a splendid synthesis for all to the World of Appreciation. By contrast, the World of Description mankind, forever. His universal formula, his law of evolution, was to ex- consists of public knowledge, measurable entities-my blood pressure, plain everything in the knowable world: the solar system and the space for example. One can describe a hat by its certain size, weight, and mo- beyond, the history of the earth, its life, both plant and animal, includ- lecular composition. But when I find my hat by its "feel" in a dark ing human beings-their bodies, thoughts, cultures, politics, morals- cloakroom, it belongs to the World of Appreciation. Neither is more all mechanistically determined by strict necessity. And yet beyond this "real" than the other; the difference is in the degree to which a thought march of relentless materialism, Spencer insisted, there exists an ulti- can be shared, for the hallmark of description is universal, unambigu- mate mystery, the Unknowable, a real world that forever escapes scien- ous communicability. But appreciations, as such, are "essentially tific discovery. Thus Spencer hoped to reconcile religion and science. dumb. "14 A poet in love may declare: But what was it, this Unknowable? Spencer did not hesitate to name it the "First Cause," the "Infinite and Absolute."9 And yet, this mystery 10. Josiah Royce, Herbert Spencer: An Estimate and Review (New York: Fox, Duffield, could never be revealed and metaphysically expounded. 1904). 11. Harvard University Catalogue, 1885-86 through 1895-96, Harvard University 7. The Letters of Josiah Royce, ed. John Clendenning (Chicago: University of Chicago Archives. In 1893-94 and 1894-95, William James taught this course. 12. Letters of Josiah Royce, 264, 292-93. Press, 1970), 104. 8. "Mill and Spencer," Royce Papers, vol. 53. 13. Josiah Royce, The Spirit of Modern Philosophy: An Essay in the Form of Lectures (Boston: 9. Herbert Spencer, First Principles of a New System of Philosophy (New York: Appleton, Houghton, Mifflin, 1892), 381-434 1881), 38. 14. Ibid., 389. JOHN CLENDENNING Nature in the Philosophy of Royce 95 "My love is a red, red rose" Royce maintains that not only our knowledge of particular facts, but even the very idea of an external world, depends on social conscious- Or ask: ness. An infant playing with its fists or trying to grasp an object is, in a "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" sense, dealing with an external reality, but without a most important feature-the gradually evolving thought and ever-present assurance By expressing their feelings in tropes, the poets share their thoughts that our external world exists for other minds, minds with whom we with readers and other lovers; thus objectified, their appreciations are share a social relationship. In its very essence, a world of external fact is made to seem more like descriptions. The important point is that the a possible subject for description, that is, for social communication. In World of Description, unlike the inner, private World of Appreciation, the case, for instance, of an object in visible space, the conditio sine qua is a world of socially bonded minds. Individuals are entitled to their pri- non for its reality is localization. Unlike the vague aches and pains we all vate appreciations, but descriptions are public property. A description experience, external objects, such as the Galápagos Islands, must occu- of nature requires a validation from the community of beings whose py a specific space, have definite dimensions and boundaries. Localiza- perceptions resonate with one's own-including perceptions of red ros- tion is not, however, a condition in itself, but belongs instead to a vast es and summer days. If, in fact, one's descriptions differed radically network of interpersonal verifications. A rainbow fails to meet this crite- from the social norm, one might-or someone might-begin to ques- rion because when observers move about, the rainbow also changes its tion one's sanity. location; because its location is not the same for all percipients, a rain- In 1894 and 1895 Royce published two seminal and sequential es- bow cannot be an object in the external world. says in The Philosophical Review. Here we find his first truly original What holds for localization, holds also for number and motion. thoughts about nature. Something indeterminate, such as the loose change in my pocket, may In Romantic poetry, one's relation to nature is a direct, face-to-face be real, subjectively real, something to be appreciated. Say, two romantics encounter, whereas socially derived thoughts about nature are consid- stare at the heavens on a starlit night. We cannot say that the experience ered secondhand and therefore less real. To know nature truly, Emer- is the same for both of them. Each is awed by a separate enjoyment of son repeatedly preached, one must seek her in solitude, shed one's so- the beautiful uncounted flickerings. Compare this to the astronomer's cial skin, and "enjoy an original relation to the universe. "15 However, map. Whatever may be said to exist in the external world must be deter- Royce implicitly renounced this belief and concluded that one's knowl- minate, and this principle is based on the social consciousness. edge of nature is socially determined. Nature arises in and remains al- Self-consciousness, like the idea of nature, also has social origins. Be- ways a part of social consciousness. The keenest and most patient ob- fore the 1890s, the prevailing belief regarding the development of self- server of the external world, he observed, comes into contact with only consciousness was that a child learns first that he exists, then that there an infinitesimal part of a plethora of facts whose existence is rarely seri- are objects in the external world, and finally that other beings like him- ously doubted. If one actually believed only what he has exclusively ver- self exist. Influenced by the new social psychology of his friend, James ified, and doubted all socially revealed data, one could not read a daily Mark Baldwin, Royce challenged this view, maintaining that before the newspaper or step across one's threshold with confidence. Elections, child gets a sense of personal identity, he interacts with and imitates the obituaries, market prices, theater openings-who would claim that fascinating beings who constitute his primal social consciousness. these are less real than the toast and coffee we ate at breakfast today? Through imitation, Royce maintained, self-consciousness slowly takes Having never visited the Galápagos Islands, I cannot personally validate shape: their existence, but I am certain that these islands exist, for I have seen maps and photographs and I have read about them in the writings of In brief, a child is taught to be self-conscious just as he is taught everything Charles Darwin, Herman Melville, and others whom I trust and admire. else, by the social order that brings him up. Could he grow up alone with life- My certainty about the Galápagos Islands is based on my assurance that less nature, there is nothing to indicate that he would become as self-conscious they are real for countless others, and are in fact part of that broad as is now a fairly educated cat. 16 world we call the social consciousness. 16. Josiah Royce, Studies of Good and Evil: A Series of Essays upon the Problems of Philosophy 15. Emerson, Collected Works, vol. 1, 3. (New York: Appleton, 1898), 208. Hereafter cited in text as SGE. JOHN GLENDENNING Nature in the Philosophy of Royce 87 Parents and other caretakers introduce the child to the world of exter- cerebral and to general physiological processes, and to the ancestry and evolu- nal objects and teach him what they mean. He learns that these objects tion of the human race, NO that the highest in expressive human nature is now are exclusively neither mine or theirs, but ours. phenomenally linked by the most intimate ties to the simplest of physical However, nature as social order is not a seamless harmony. Over processes. If, then, one's fellow is real, the whole of the phenomenal nature time, we inevitably learn that the objects in our experience cannot be from which his phenomenal presence is continuous must be real in the same general fashion. (SGE 228) identical to the objects in the experience of others. Furthermore, as members of the social consciousness, we imitate, but the objects them- Though conceding the limitations of this argument from continuity, selves never respond. They remain "silent partners," imitable beings Royce nevertheless pressed forward with his thesis: "nature's inner real- that do not imitate. 17 Royce thus arrives at a dualism: seen one way, na- ity is, like our own experience, conscious, organic, full of clear con- ture is brimming with social life; seen another way, nature is the "oth- trasts, rational, definite" (SGE 230). er," mute, unknowable, and presumably lifeless. As a philosophical ide- Royce was much encouraged and influenced by three articles that alist, Royce challenged dualism, and the result was a bold, strange, but Charles Peirce published in the Monist in 1891-92: "The Architecture striking type of panpsychism. of Theories," "The Doctrine of Necessity Examined," and "The Law of As previous noted, Royce observed that of that vastness we call na- Mind. "18 The second of these was aimed especially at Spencer's deter- ture, only an infinitesimal amount is actually presented to personal ex- minism. Siding with Epicurus against Democritus, Peirce argued that perience. He further observed that of these presentations, we are aware "the inexhaustible multitudinous variety of the world" cannot be attrib- of only an equally infinitesimal portion of their contents. As I scan this uted to mechanical law, that the variety and diversity in nature could room, I see this and that, a friendly face here and a color patch there; "spring only from spontaneity."IS He did not, however, adopt the ex- there are random sounds, pleasant odors, an agreeable temperature in treme position of claiming that chance alone produces anything; in- the room, but I do not especially attend to these phenomena. In fact, stead he claimed that the world is due to an interaction between an immensity escapes my grasp. I do not see the atoms with their chance and regularity. In evolutionary terms, habit formation is an whirling electrons, nor do I sense the slow yet steady flow of geological adaptation to the environment. Peirce held that in some such fashion, time. like gradually acquired habits, the laws of nature had evolved. This he And yet, as rational beings, despite our severely limited experience, called the doctrine of tychism and synechism. 20 we intuitively posit a broader context, a realm of experience that ex- Without wholly agreeing with Peirce's cosmology, Royce adopted his tends, through space and time, endlessly. Say, for instance, that some- hypothesis as a useful analogy between habits in human beings and the one is writing notes in a room where I am speaking. As she records my regularities in physical phenomena. A man with an inveterate habit will thoughts, I infer, by observing her expressive movements, that she and scarcely be conscious of his repetitive behavior. Novelty, on the other I share a common realm of social consciousness. The pencil and paper hand, produces nervous excitement; in fact, Royce insisted, novelty, not in her hand, the chair where she sits, the bones and blood in her body, habit, is sign of the conscious mind. So nature, set in its habits, seems the air she breathes, her whole biological ancestry, everything, in short, to slumber. The tides flow, the earth orbits, the seasons change without links this being by continuity to the whole cosmos. Royce wrote, sum- showing a trace of consciousness. And yet, considering the billions of marizing his central thesis: years in the life of the universe, we know that such regularities are rela- In short, you cannot separate your phenomenal fellows from the order of phe- tively new, and that in the billions of years to come, nature will contin- nomenal nature. The continuity between man and nature, known to us first as ue to adapt to phenomenal novelties and every natural rhythm will the absolute inseparability of the expressive movements of our fellows from the change. The difference between the constantly altered habits of nature nature-process in which these movements appear to be imbedded, and of and those of our socially expressive fellows is time-that is, the tremen- which they are phenomenally a part, has now become, in the light of our whole experience of natural phenomena, an all-embracing continuity, extending to 18. Charles Sanders Peirce, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, ed. Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss, vol. 6 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), 11-27, 28-45, 86-113. Josiah Royce, "The External World and the Social Consciousness," Philosophical Re- 19. Ibid., 41. view 3 (1894): 543. 20. Ibid., 86.