Acadia Maritime Cultural Resources Inventory Final Report Funded by an LL Bean Acadia Research Fellowship Submitted January 2009 By Franklin H. Price, Joshua Daniel, Kristen Chasse, and John Stallings ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv INTRODUCTION 1 METHODOLOGY 2 GIS Methodology 3 Research Methodology 3 Archival Research 4 Historical Sources 5 Online Sources 6 Previous Archeological Research 7 Interviews 8 Shoreline Survey 8 LIMITATIONS 8 RESULTS 9 SENSITIVITY AREAS 10 Sand Beach 11 Baker Island 11 Long Ledge 13 Bar Island 15 Schoodic Point and Schoodic Island 15 Otter Point 16 Isle au Haut 16 Bald Porcupine Island 17 Bear Island 17 Eagle Lake 17 Prehistoric Areas 18 FURTHER RECOMMENDED HISTORICAL RESEARCH 18 RECOMMENDED PROJECTS 20 CONCLUSION 22 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 23 APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 24 APPENDIX B: HISTORICAL DATA 36 APPENDIX C: INTERVIEW DATA 44 APPENDIX D: ARCHEOLOGICALLY CORROBORATED SITES 2006-2008 45 APPENDIX E: LIST OF INVESTIGATED STORMS 46 APPENDIX F: KEYWORDS SEARCHED ON NEWSPAPERARCHIVES.COM 47 APPENDIX G: FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ON PARK LANDS 48 Lobster Trap at Otter Cliff 48 Wreckage at Radio Cove 48 APPENDIX H: TOWNSHIPS INVESTIGATED 50 APPENDIX I: 2008 DOWNEAST MARITIME INTERVIEW PROJECT 51 Introduction 51 Methods 51 Results 53 iii Interview of Charlene Allen 54 Interview of Prescott Briggs 56 Interview of Sheldon Goldthwait 57 Interview of "Brud" Lawson 59 Interview of Tony Menzietti 60 Interview of Janet Patten 62 Interview of Mike Pinkham 63 Interview of P.J. Presnell 65 Interview of Dana Rice 67 Interview of Ralph Stanley 71 Interview of "Buddy" Trundy 73 Interview of Phil Whitney 75 PRIMARY AUTHOR BIO 76 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2008 an LL Bean Acadia research Fellowship funded the Acadia Maritime Cultural Resources Inventory, a brief overview and assessment project reviewing instances of maritime disaster and vessel abandonment near Acadia National Park. This report provides a synopsis of known wrecks, a GIS database with geospatial information, and a sensitivity model of likely areas where maritime cultural resources might be found. It also includes the results of modest field interviews of local informants, as well as known wreck sites corroborated by the authors. This report highlights geographic areas of potential sensitivity and suggests what further work could be undertaken to enhance our knowledge of the subject. Although of limited scope, it opens a window into the possibilities for study that these shipwrecks provide. The wealth of material, the diversity of the sources, and the centuries of history involved illustrate the great potential that this resource has for education, archeology, and research. INTRODUCTION The Acadia Maritime Cultural Resources Inventory was funded by the LL Bean Acadia Research Fellowship Program. The primary research objective of the project was to use the historic record to determine what vessels wrecked near or in Acadia National Park (hereafter referred to as the Park) and to provide a brief overview and assessment of these resources. The project also incorporates modest archeological and interview work to present a picture of potential maritime cultural resources in the subject area. The historical and archeological information synthesized in this report may act as a sensitivity model for management by providing areas where the historical record indicates the potential presence of maritime cultural resources. The maritime information is interpreted geospatially through the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS), incorporating geographical and historical data. This work is the first stage in what could be a far more comprehensive study, a modest glimpse into a rich resource. It highlights geographic areas of potential sensitivity and suggests what further work could be undertaken to enhance our knowledge of the subject. Although of limited scope, it opens a window into the possibilities for study that these shipwrecks provide. This topic has great potential for sparking public interest, and could be an excellent educational tool to teach about history, the maritime world, seafaring, links between climate change and sea level rise, and a host of other topics in science and the humanities. The report's subject matter are any vessels known to have been lost in the area whether via discard or shipwreck. The vast preponderance of vessels listed in this report were lost in wrecking events, a notable difference from many other regions where a substantial number of vessels meet their demise as abandoned watercraft (Shomette and Eshelman 1998:332-333; Richards 2002). Geographically the study area is bound by Isle au Haut to the west and Prospect Harbor to the east, covering 21 townships and all of Acadia National Park (Figure 1). Any wrecking events that apparently lead to the loss of a vessel were reported in this work, including vessels outside of Park lands but within the study area. In this respect the report is actually an inventory of known wrecks within a specific geographic area. Many of the wrecks included in this report were researched during the primary author's Bar Harbor Schoodic Peninsula Bass Harbor Southwest Harbor N 5 2.5 0 5 Kilometers Isle au Haut Legend Park Boundaries Figure 1. Study Area (Image Joshua Daniel). 2 previous historical work. Information regarding wrecks near or on Mount Desert Rock is also included. METHODOLOGY The data is divided into three types, all of which contributed to the synthesis of the report. The historical record provided the first category, the archeological record another, and as yet un-corroborated information from local interviewees constitutes a third. Each of the three groups was given its own geo-referenced GIS file, and each is submitted with the report. Historical research was the primary focus of the project, the interview and field sections were additions meant to complement this material. Secondary historical sources included wreck lists, local and regional histories, and other works. Newspapers were the most productive of the primary source materials, but Captain's Protests and US Lifesaving Station correspondence also furnished first-hand accounts. Historical sources provided data on 155 vessels. This information is provided as Appendix B: Historical Data. Plotted geographically, the information shows shipwrecks scattered throughout the study area (Figure 2). The sources used in the historical database are included in the References Cited section for the entire report (Appendix A: References Cited). As a supplement to the historical research, investigators interviewed local informants during the summer of 2008. Taken as a whole, a local population in a coastal area often possesses a vast knowledge of its maritime cultural resources (Price 2008a; Westerdahl 2006, 2008). The team gathered information regarding area wrecks, focusing upon an area under-reported during previous survey work, the east side of Frenchman Bay and Schoodic Peninsula (Figure 3; Appendix C: Interview Data). Archeological research regarding nautical material within or near the park is scanty. Surveys by Crane and Morrison documented some debris, but overall little work has been done regarding maritime cultural resources (Crane and Morrison 2001:34, 42- 43; Crane and Morrison 2003:18-19; Wright et al 2004:283). During summer 2008 the author visited the site of reported wreckage, potentially of a maritime nature, at Seawall, and also visited intertidal wrecks outside Park boundaries at Great Cranberry Island, and in Hancock. These visits had the sole purpose of corroborating the presence of archeological material. All corroborated sites or material revealed during the course of N 9 4.5 0 9 Kilometers Legend Park Boundaries Historic Wreck Sites Figure 2. Wreck Sites from Historical Sources (Image Joshua Daniel). N 4 2 0 4 Kilometers Legend Park Boundaries 2008 Interview Sites Figure 3. Sites as Reported by Informants, 2008 (Image Joshua Daniel). 3 maritime interviews 2006-2008, including previous work undertaken by the primary author, is included as Appendix D: Archeologically Corroborated Sites 2006-2008 (Figure 4). GIS Methodology With information collected in the field, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to aid in the organization and visual interpretation of the data. The first objective was to create the geo-referenced base map that would be the foundation of the Acadia National Park GIS. To simplify field research and maintain compatibility between coordinate systems, the decision was made to use geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) for the base map projection and subsequent site location identification. Latitude and longitude coordinates in this report are in WGS 1984 datum. All digital data is referenced to UTM Zone 19, NAD 83. Vector base map data depicting political borders (state, county, parks, and reserves), open water, lakes, and streams were obtained from the Maine Office of GIS (http://megis.maine.gov/) and the National Park Service Data Store (http://science.nature.nps.gov/nrdata/index.cfm) These features were supplied in the form of georeferenced shapefiles. Maps and coordinates from historic data and personal interviews were used to supply the geographic coordinates for the database. The information for each wreck or cultural feature is entered into a shapefile and is represented on the map by a symbol. By selecting these symbols, the user can access database information including home ports, informant names, site periods, a brief description of the site/artifact, latitude and longitude, and the accuracy of the information. Metadata for each shapefile is also included with the final copy of the report. Research Methodology The research methodology was primarily to employ the historic record to find evidence of shipwrecks, but archeological evidence and local interviews assisted in providing a picture of what vessels have been lost in the vicinity of the Park. Despite the contributions of lines of inquiry using interviews and modest archeological reconnaissance, historical sources, both archival and online, supplied the vast preponderance of the information submitted in this report. N 5 2.5 0 5 Kilometers Legend Archeologically Corroborated Sites and Artifacts Park Boundaries Figure 4. Archeologically Corroborated Sites 2006-2008 (Image Joshua Daniel). 4 Archival Research Researchers visited the historical societies of Bar Harbor, Ellsworth, Stonington, and Great Cranberry Island to gather information. As part of previous research investigators visited historical societies of Tremont, Southwest Harbor, Mount Desert Island, and Blue Hill. The historical societies of Sorrento/Sullivan and Islesford were also contacted and may hold valuable information. Acadia National Park's William Otis Sawtelle Collections and Research Center furnished several primary source documents documenting local wrecking events. Research in public libraries at Southwest Harbor, Northeast Harbor, Ellsworth, and Sorrento, as well as Bar Harbor's Jesup Memorial Library produced material on numerous wrecks. During the previous summer the primary author visited the Blue Hill and Winter Harbor Public Libraries. Jesup Memorial Library in Bar Harbor kindly provided the project with several useful historic images from their collections. Maritime material from the Fogler Library at the University of Maine at Orono, including its Special Collections, also added to this report. Investigators contacted numerous organizations, most notably museums, historical societies, the Maine Bureau of Parks and Lands, and the United States Coast Guard (USCG). The USCG Southwest Harbor and the USCG Historian's Office in Washington, DC, did not have shipwreck lists available. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Automated Wreck and Obstruction Information System (AWOIS) is a list of "reported wrecks and obstructions" that includes information within the Park area (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2006:3). This compilation contains the location of a very limited amount of wrecks near the coast of Downeast Maine, none of them on park lands. Investigators contacted the historian for the Maine Bureau of Parks and Lands and discussed potential avenues for wreck research. Historian Tom Desjardins provided information on area wrecks and lore. This information is likely the extent of the Bureau's holdings on the Park region regarding submerged cultural resources. Contact with the National Archives and Records Administration, Northeast Region at Boston revealed a collection of primary source documents regarding the 5 activities of the Life Saving Stations at Frenchman Bay and Little Cranberry Island in the research area. Time did not allow a research field trip to Boston, where these documents are housed. Local, state and regional museums did not have special compendiums or lists of shipwreck information that could assist in identifying or locating potential sites. The Great Harbor Maritime Museum in Northeast Harbor did not respond to our inquiries. Staff at the Maine Maritime Museum in Bath was of the opinion that a day trip was not necessary unless its purpose was to gather information on specific Maine vessels. The Searsport, Maine, Penobscot Marine Museum has information regarding specific vessels, but does not have a wreck list of vessels from the area in question. The Mystic Seaport Museum in Mystic, Connecticut, has shipping registries post-1900, but these are not available online like its nineteenth century registries. It also has an extensive maritime collection, and might merit a visit as part of future research. The latter three museums would be prime locations for research involving specific vessels. Historical Sources Secondary sources such as historic maps, shipwreck compilations and histories yielded numerous wreck names and locations. Most of these were corroborated through consulting shipping lists and newspaper reports. The publication Merchant Vessels of the United States, 1908-1978, and 1981 contained a wealth of information regarding wrecks in the subject area. Primary sources included Captain's Protests, receipts, and correspondence, but contemporary newspapers were the most fruitful source of information on maritime disasters. Investigators reviewed microfilm versions of the Ellsworth American, Ellsworth Easterner, and Ellsworth Herald newspapers from the 1850s through 1869 in their Marine Journal, Marine List, and similar sections. These headings list maritime disasters on the local, national, and international levels. One weakness to using these sections is that local wrecks are sometimes reported as paragraphs in state, county, or town happenings, and unless each newspaper were read in its entirety, certain nautical accidents are bound to be missed. Microfilmed copies of the Bar Harbor Record, Bar Harbor Times, and Mount Desert Herald have been searched in marine news sections 6 from the 1880s to January 24, 1907. Other newspapers were accessed digitally using keywords and search engines. They are covered in the online sources section below. Within the microfilm records of the Bar Harbor Record, Bar Harbor Times, and Bar Harbor Herald at Jesup Memorial Library investigators searched for specific vessels and dates with some success. The following vessels with year of loss, however, were absent from the newspaper records: Agnes May 1907, Ara 1927, Arizona 1912, Avis 1905, Bonetta 1871, Greta 1911, North Star 1951, Oriole 1914, and Thomas 1913. These vessels were compiled from a wreck list, the Northern Research Database, known to have some inconsistencies in the reliability of its dating and referencing information (Northern Maritime Research 2002). The wrecks of Ara and North Star were corroborated with another source (Berman 1972). The absence of the above wrecks does not mean that the information is necessarily erroneous, but that more research may be necessary to extricate the facts from the historical record. Using the dates of significant storms that struck the Maine coast provided the identities of several shipwrecks. Reports of six wrecks were found in this manner by obtaining storm dates from historic records or accounts of other wrecks and scouring the newspapers from the same week as the reported storm. The wrecking events found in this manner were as follows: Moby Dick and Constitution 1869, Ellson 1888, Vanelia, and two un-named craft 1898. Investigators searched the Ellsworth American newspaper for events surrounding 24 storms. For a complete list of storms searched see Appendix E. Online Sources Online, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has an Automated Wreck and Obstruction Information System (AWOIS) available to the public. This system has few wrecks and obstructions listed in the survey area. It is not comprehensive, its focus is on obstructions to navigation and "wrecks which may be a hazard to navigation" (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2006:3). It is recommended that this information be integrated into the data base. NOAA also has online information regarding historic storms that would be valuable to shipwreck researchers at the following website: www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW@/english/history.shtml Some of the information listed on their website provided this report with the storm dates researched in local newspapers. 7 The Mystic Seaport Museum has a digitized collection of vessel registries, American Lloyds to 1900 and the American Bureau of Shipping to 1900 that proved valuable in providing information regarding nineteenth century vessels, especially dimensions, rig, and other particulars. Each of the vessels found in newspaper records but not in other vessels lists can be checked against these registries. Researchers searched for, but did not find, Union, Turk, Alice B. Dyer, Cygnet, Ava, JA Hines, Constitution, and Moby Dick. Information regarding at least 33 area shipwrecks came from this source. Newspaperarchives.com allowed researchers to search by time periods, geographic locations and keywords. Investigators took advantage of the service at the University of Maine's Fogler Library and searched geographic areas near the Park. Specific wrecks from questionable sources were also searched for in an attempt to corroborate their existence. Searches and key words are listed in Appendix F. On the surface, this type of research appears spotty. Occasionally the exact same keywords will produce different results. However, despite its limitations this approach located or substantiated 10 wrecks within the survey area. Previous Archeological Research Very little previous archeological maritime research regarding shipwrecks has been conducted in the vicinity of the Park. Park officials are aware of the remains of the schooner Tay at Sand Beach, that Wauwinnet was scuttled in Eagle Lake, and that Grand Design ran aground at Long Ledge, but concerted surveys at these three locations to examine potential wreckage have not been conducted. A walkover of the Ship Harbor area mentions "stone features" of interest, possibly connected with Grand Design, either as shipwreck camp remains or graves (Wright 2004:48; citing Hornsby et al. 199:29). Outside Park boundaries an archeological field school, run by Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) John and Marlene Daley, mapped a shipwreck identified as Mabel E. Goss in Taunton Bay (Daley and Daley 2003). At Sorrento a survey discovered likely wreckage on the shoreline (Crane and Morrison 2001:42). A field survey corroborated the locations of vessel remains in Bass Harbor (Price 2008b). The paucity of data suggests that substantial work is yet to be completed in the field. 8 Interviews While modest in scope and number, interviews played an important role in this project's ability to acquire archeological information. The team interviewed members of the local populace, especially those engaged in commercial fishing, regarding the location of submerged prehistoric artifact recovery areas and shipwreck sites. Ten interviewees offered information on 20 potential shipwreck or abandonment sites, anchors, and historic dump sites. An ongoing survey project interviewing fishermen and divers in the Mount Desert Island area gathered information regarding the location of maritime historic sites and inundated prehistoric sites (Price and Spiess 2007; Price 2007; Price 2008b). The methodology attempted to broaden the research base from projects completed in 2006 and 2007 by interviewing people outside of the immediate Mount Desert Island area. For this reason, investigators interviewed individuals to the east of the island, meeting with limited success. However, notable interviews at Prospect Harbor and Sorrento provided useful information. For a list of 2008 interviews and their results, see Appendix I. Shoreline Survey During June and July of 2008 researchers visited a few sites to corroborate the existence of reported wreckage. Within the park itself, Seawall was the only area that contained what may have been part of a vessel, although this is unlikely. A brief visit revealed a section of debris over 18 feet in length and under two feet in width, deposited to the landward side of the cobble beach. The primary author investigated this debris on 5 July 2008 (Figure 5). Large wire nails limited its potential age. For further information see Appendix G. Investigators also observed vessel remains in June 2008 on the north of Great Cranberry Island and on the Taunton River in Hancock, both outside of the Park (Figures 6 and 7). LIMITATIONS The greatest limitations to the project were imposed by time and scope. As a brief overview and assessment, the project was limited by its nature and purpose. Another limitation was an occasional lack of available evidence to corroborate the historic and archeological records. Some instances in the historic record were vague, some informant reports were hearsay, and some archeological evidence is difficult to identify. It is often Figure 5. Potential Wreckage at Radio Cove. Facing Northeast. 5 July 2008. Figure 6. Abandoned Vessel, Great Cranberry Island. Facing East. June 2008. Figure 7. Vessel at Hancock. Facing Northeast. June 2008. 9 difficult to match historical sources, informant reports, and the archeological record. At times these three types of information will work in concert to produce a clear picture of the history of maritime disaster in the area, but often the various sources do not corroborate one another neatly. As an example, David Farley of Bass Harbor reported finding a large anchor off the southwest side of Long Island, Frenchboro, while scuba diving in sixty feet of water (Price 2008b:13). In 1846 the steamer North America used her anchors while disabled in a vain attempt to keep from stranding on the island during a strong South-Southwesterly gale, although a terse report from Nova Scotia claims that she was lost at Isle au Haut (Fond Du Lac Journal 1846; Nova Scotian 1846:3). The placement of the anchor reported by Farley could be consisted with the story in the Fond Du Lac paper, although it is at half the distance from shore. It could also have been an anchor from other reported wrecks in the vicinity such as Ricochet or Union, or from another vessel entirely. An example of this is the complexity the data surrounding the loss of Union. According to local lore at Frenchboro, Union was lost on the southwestern shore of Long Island (Price 2008b:27). A poem in the Acadia National Park's William Otis Sawtelle Collection reports her as a brig and the place of loss as " three leagues from Mount Desert's Rock" (Anonymous n.d.:1) Long Island fits this description. The poem unfortunately was undated, and a date is absent in the local lore also. A beach on the island bears the name of the vessel, and island residents attest that the wrecking event took place well before they were born (Price 2008b:37). Several clues emerge from the text of the poem. The first is that Union was lost on 9 February, three leagues, or eighteen miles, from Mount Desert Rock, and that she was a brig from St. Johns, and that one Atkinson "...lash'd himself unto the pump... " (Anonymous n.d.:1). If all of these facts are true then there may be a way to find the year of loss using these clues. Shipping records may provide answers, although American merchant vessel lists from the period have thus far shed little light on the brig's identification Canadian sources might be more helpful. RESULTS The wealth of material, the diversity of the sources, and the centuries of history involved illustrate the great potential that this resource has for education, archeology, and 10 research. The survey uncovered substantial material from historical sources, archeology and oral history. One hundred fifty vessels are included in the historical sources file, 40 of which were added to the database this summer. Twenty-one vessels are listed in the archeologically corroborated file, 20 in the 2008 interview survey file. There is some overlap with this material; future work should include an attempt to reconcile these sources. Of the 21 townships either wholly or partially covered in the survey area, the Maine State Historic Preservation Commission (MHPC) has 204 files regarding wrecks, a few of them apparently repeats of the same event (for a list of Townships see Appendix H). The card file includes information from historical and archeological sources, as well as data from local informants. The MHPC sites were not incorporated into the findings of the project, but it is recommended that this step becomes an integral part of any further research. Eighty-five vessels were not in the state's database, and of these 32 wrecks previously unknown to the state were added during archival research. SENSITIVITY AREAS Given the wide range of maritime activities undertaken around the Park for centuries, wreckage could potentially be found almost anywhere that the park bounds the sea. However, a few specific areas merit special significance due to evidence from the historic record. High sensitivity areas within or abutting park boundaries include Sand Beach, Baker Island, Long Ledge, Schoodic Island, and Bar Island (Figure 8). Otter Point, Isle au Haut, Schoodic Peninsula, Bald Porcupine Island, and Bear Island should be considered medium sensitivity areas (Figure 9). High sensitivity areas are Park lands abutting the ocean that have either known archeological material, or that have a high numerical incidence of reported wrecks within a relatively small area. Medium sensitivity areas are Park shores with reported wrecks, but in lesser frequency per area than in the high sensitivity areas. Despite classification, all park shorelines could contain maritime cultural resources either currently or after storms. It also should be noted that numerous wrecks have very broad areas given for their loss, opening up the possibility that many of these vessels could have left remains within park boundaries. Site formation processes need to be considered when assessing the likelihood of any vessel remains at the sensitivity areas. The wildly destructive nature of the ocean Bar Island Sand Beach Schoodic Island N Baker Island 2.5 1.25 0 2.5 Kilometers Legend Long Ledge Park Boundaries High Sensitivity Figure 8. High Sensitivity Areas (Image Joshua Daniel). Bald Porcupine Island Schoodic Peninsula Otter Point Bear Island N 5 2.5 0 5 Kilometers Isle au Haut Legend Park Boundaries Moderate Sensitivity Figure 9. Moderate Sensitivity Areas (Image Joshua Daniel). 11 along this rocky coast could easily batter a wreck and sweep away the pieces. In the face of these forces some larger artifacts are less likely than others to move very far, for example iron or steel machinery, anchors, and other large heavy objects. Artifacts may also find their way into pockets either within cracks in rock or between rocks, and be trapped there for long periods of time. Irish maritime archeologists have noted that rocky areas can "provide protective niches for artifacts protecting them from the elements" (Calahan et al. 2007:37). The submerged lands around the park abound in such topography. As an example, the rocky parts of the coast may still hold small enclaves of maritime debris. Even if a wreck or parts thereof were to survive there are other cultural processes potentially at work. Salvage on various levels could remove valuable timber or machinery while souvenir hunting by beachcombers or divers could take the smaller remains. The sea holds a nearly unlimited power to surprise and astonish. During the summer of 2008, investigators stumbled upon a lobster trap at Otter Cliff that was within a cave 107.4 feet from water, 53 feet of it inside the cave, and smashed flat into a wall at the far end by a boulder. The forces that brought the trap off of the seafloor and across the ledge to be smashed into the back of the cave must have been awesome. This illustrates that the cultural material from a vessel could be found far from the wreck site itself or deposited in a manner that is difficult to fathom. Before investigators undertake to search for material culture from the wrecks below it is necessary to ponder that the sea- land interface is an especially complex system, and any attempt to reconstruct site formation processes must bear this fact in mind. Sand Beach This site contains a wooden wreck on Park property (Wright et al. 2004:248). Structure from the schooner Tay remains buried at Sand Beach, as a result Sand Beach is a high sensitivity area for cultural resources. Tay was sailing from St. John, New Brunswick, for Boston with a load of lumber, and wrecked in "a heavy Southeast gale" (Bar Harbor Record 1911:1,8). The wreckage brought scores of onlookers. Baker Island The area around Baker Island acted as a ship trap. Historic sources record nine wrecks on the island itself or the bar to its immediate north. This makes it the most highly 12 sensitive area within the park. Its situation, jutting out into the sea, makes it a potential hazard to mariners attempting to make for Frenchman Bay, Southwest Harbor, or the Cranberries, as well as for vessels passing the Maine coast that strayed too far to landward. In 1869 the half bark Aerolite went ashore on Baker Island Bar. The vessel was pushed ashore "about 8 o'clock in the evening, the wind East and blowing fresh" (Ellsworth American 1869:2). This would indicate that she ran aground on the east side of the bar. Some of the rigging and sails were saved, but the newspaper reported the half bark a "total loss" (Ellsworth American 1869:2). A combination of wind and snow led to her demise. The Captain's Protest detailed a fierce snowstorm and their stranding on the bar (Thomas 1869:1). The British registered hermaphrodite brig Shamrock, of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, reportedly ran aground on the west side of Baker Island in 1882, although primary source material indicates the location to be Baker Island Bar (Mount Desert Herald 1882:3; Richardson 1882:1-5; American Lloyd's 1882:99). According to correspondence from J. M. Richardson, Superintendent of Life-Saving Stations, First District, to Gilbert Hadlock at the Little Cranberry Island Station, this wrecking event was an act of fraud with the complicity of the entire crew. All of them received money, between $30 and $70, to remain quiet about the scheme (Richardson 1882:1-2). Forced upon Baker Island in a gale, the Nova Scotia schooner Water Lily totally wrecked on the night of 30 November 1886. The 73' schooner was attempting to bring a cargo of "dry pine lumber" back to Parrsboro when driven ashore by high wind (Mount Desert Herald 1886:3; American Shipmaster's Association 1887:875). Another British registered vessel from the Maritime Provinces, Afton, wrecked on Baker Island Bar in January of 1887. As with many of the other wrecks in the vicinity of Baker Island and the Cranberries, the Life-Saving station played an integral role in the survival of the crew, saving all four of them during a snowstorm (Mount Desert Herald 1887a:3; American Shipmaster's Association 1887:117). In 1892 the schooner Byrtle, from Saint John, New Brunswick, ran aground on 5 April, on the south side of the island. At last report lime in the cargo was ablaze 13 apparently leading to the vessel's demise (Bar Harbor Record 1892a:4; Maine Historic Archaeological Sites Inventory ME 107 - 020). An unmanned schooner, also hailing from St. John's New Brunswick, was discovered wrecked on Baker Island on 1 December 1893. This mysterious vessel was found to be Lucerne, built in 1890 and over 95 feet in length (Bar Harbor Record 1893:5; American Shipmaster's Association 1894:627; Maine Historic Archaeological Sites Inventory ME 107 - 027). Although no less tragic to the owner than the loss of a larger vessel, a man named Clifford Robbins lost his boat and "froze one side of his face trying to save her," at Baker Island during a particularly troublesome winter storm (Ellsworth American 1898:8). The same tempest caused the loss of other vessels in the study area. On 8 August 1908, the 124 foot schooner Three Sisters, of American registry, ran aground at Baker Island. The sources give little in the way of particulars, but she was removed from the US Merchant Vessel List (United States Department of Commerce 1909: 390; United States Department of Commerce 1910a; Berman 1972:91). On 5 October 1921, the American schooner Seth Nyman wrecked on Baker Island while on a passage to Blue Hill from Machias. A ship register for 1922 has her listed as gas powered, while the newspaper article reports the vessel as a schooner (United States Department of Commerce 1922:450). The installation of an auxiliary engine may account for this discrepancy, or it may be a clerical error. According to newspaper reports fog caused the incident (Bangor News 1921). This litany of disaster is in some measure corroborated by interviews of the maritime community. Local informants reported dragging up artifacts off of Baker Island that included an anchor, an old hauling block, propellers, and a prehistoric artifact (Price 2008b:15,19,46,62). In a 2008 interview, Ralph Stanley reported a fishing vessel sunk off Baker Island (see Appendix I). Long Ledge Several vessels are reported to have wrecked on Long Ledge, also referred to as late as 1910 as "The Nubble" (US Department of Commerce and Labor 1910b:1). This is another high sensitivity area for potential maritime cultural resources. Six vessels are reported to have wrecked there, five remaining on site, one re-floated only to be capsized 14 and lost at Cranberry Island. Maritime material may remain, although a significant amount of salvage may have occurred on one of the wrecks (Bar Harbor Record 1892b). Three local informants reported finding or seeing artifacts in the vicinity of the ledge and at the entrance to Ship Harbor (Price 2007). As a tale passed through the years, the legendary wreck of Grand Design is long a staple of island lore. The vessel wrecked in 1740, stranding a number of Irish immigrants on their way to Pennsylvania (Bar Harbor Times 1988:C1-C3; Wright et al. 2004:48 citing Thornton 1938:301-309). The earliest information regarding the wreck is an 1851 work Annals of the Town of Warren by Cyrus Eaton. In it, the author describes the hardships of starvation and exposure that killed most of the survivors after the wrecking event (Eaton 1851:58-60). He describes the area of the loss as Mount Desert. The graves of the victims, the remains of a camp, or some parts of the vessel itself may be within park boundaries; interesting stone features have been noted in previous fieldwork (Wright at al. 2004:48, 119-120). More research needs to be completed, as there is some debate among local historical societies as to whether the disaster even occurred in the area. A snowstorm forced Ava ashore on the ledge on 24 March 1860. The brig is described as "totally lost," and while the crew were saved "they lost everything" (Ellsworth American 1860:2). Such a catastrophic event may have left maritime debris behind. She was from Newcastle, but further research is necessary to determine whether from England or Delaware. In 1868 the Protest of Captain McNealy details how the schooner Amaranth, of Digby Nova Scotia, grounded on Long Ledge. The disaster occurred 25 October 1868 (McNealy 1868:1). As with several of the incidents uncovered during this research, her ultimate disposition is unknown. Apparently the schooner was lost, as it disappears from the ship registries after 1868 (American Lloyds 1868:458; American Lloyds 1869). The Burpee C wrecked there 10 November 1892. She was a 66.3 foot schooner out of Saint John, New Brunswick. There was some salvage that might have included rigging and perhaps part of her hull (Bar Harbor Record 1892b:1; American Shipmaster's Association 1893:305). On 12 January, 1907, the schooner Agnes, also of Saint John, went ashore at Long Ledge. After being refloated she capsized, wrecking again on Cranberry Isles (Bar 15 Harbor Record 1907a:1). It may be debated whether or not either Burpee C or Agnes left behind any debris on the ledge. As highlighted by the case of Agnes, in order to determine what material remains might be present each wreck needs to be investigated further to note if they remained broken in place, or were salvaged. The crew of Ida M, wrecked in September 1904, were also rescued safely. The schooner also ran aground on Long Ledge in what was described as "the most serious wreck on the Maine coast" (Daily Kennebec Journal 1904). The ultimate disposition of the schooner is not mentioned. Further research is suggested to determine her fate. Local informants have provided information regarding submerged cultural material near the ledge including a sunken anchor, and timbers with brass fasteners (Price 2007:26). An interviewee also reported recovering part of a keel in a scallop drag and another saw partially buried hull structure off of Ship Harbor while diving within less than a mile of the ledge (Price 2007:61,93). Bar Island Situated near Bar Harbor and, in some regards, a magnet for vessels torn from their moorings during storms, Bar Island is a high sensitivity area. A boat, a sloop, and a catboat wrecked on the island in the early twentieth-century. In 1908 a gasoline powered boat owned by George Young and L. Stewart, and Milton Rodick's sloop, both ran aground in a heavy gale. The former "went to pieces," the latter was lost right across from the Mitchell Cottage (Bar Harbor Record 1908:1). In 1911 the catboat Flirt was driven ashore on Bar Island, formerly known as Rodick Island, in the same July gale that forced the schooner Tay aground at Sand Beach (Bar Harbor Record 1911:8). Schoodic Point and Schoodic Island With four wrecks in a large geographic area, Schoodic Peninsula is moderately sensitive for maritime cultural resources. Given the large territory and the low number of wrecks, Schoodic Peninsula is not a high sensitivity area, but the potential presence of shipwreck debris should be kept in mind. On the point itself the British Brig Paragon, of Liverpool, was lost in December of 1851 (Ellsworth Herald 1852:3). Highland Queen, a schooner out of Ellsworth, grounded in 1887 (Mount Desert Herald 1887b:3). The schooner Yreka ran aground in a fog in 1903 (Bar Harbor Record 1903:1). Yreka was lost at the Southwest Gap, putting it on the east side of the peninsula. 16 At Schoodic Island the Nellie J Crocker of Calais "went ashore in a thick fog" (Daily Kennebec Journal 1900:1). Luckily there was no loss of life. Informant Dana Rice of Prospect Harbor reported finding a hawse-pipe ashore on the west side of the island when he was a young man decades ago. He also heard of some keel lead in the waters off the same side of the island. These may or may not be from Nellie J. Crocker. The west side of Schoodic Island, however, should be considered a high sensitivity area as the local informant above has provided information regarding cultural material on the foreshore. Otter Point Otter Point, specifically the south or southeast side, is a moderate sensitivity area for shipwrecks. It was the scene of at least one disaster, the loss of the schooner Maud Malloch on 19 January 1907. She was Maine-built, launched at Perry in 1868 (American Bureau of Shipping 1900:724). Maud Maloch "lost her bearings in the snow" and was tossed onto the rocks. In a desperate scramble for life, the crew managed to overcome substantial surf to reach safety. The contemporary Bar Harbor newspaper report paints a vivid scene: The Captain, Charles Forward of Boston, was saved by clinging to the mast and washed ashore, while the two other men, Alfred Smith of New York and Michael Moran of Wisconsin were washed overboard on the wreckage to find themselves in shallow water and by hard work succeeding in crawling ashore on the rocks. The mild weather prevented them from suffering seriously from exposure (Bar Harbor Record 1907b:3). The men walked to Otter Creek where they received help from townspeople. A clue to the location of the disaster is another newspaper report that called the storm involved in the incident a "wild southeast snowstorm" (Daily Kennebec Journal 1907). If the winds were southeasterly then the schooner would likely have run aground on the south or southeast part of the point. Isle au Haut At least four wrecks have been lost at Isle au Haut. Unfortunately the reports fail to pinpoint the exact locations of the disasters. Since the area involved is large compared 17 to the number of incidents, Park lands on Isle au Haut are moderately sensitive areas for shipwrecks. The steamer North America mentioned above ran aground in November 1846. Although one newspaper report places the incident at Isle au Haut, a longer in-depth report lists Long Island, Frenchboro, as the place of wrecking (Nova Scotian 1846:3; Fond Du Lac 1846:4). This vessel is more likely to have been lost at Long Island than at Isle au Haut. The schooner Ernest, a US government survey vessel, ran aground at Isle au Haut in 1876, after breaking her mooring (Trenton State Gazette 1876). The schooner Mabel, from Parrsboro Nova Scotia, was lost at the island in 1890 (US Navy Department 1893:1; Berman 1972:59). In 1912 two vessels ran aground on the island, the gasoline powered fishing boat Catherine D. Enos and the schooner New Boxer (United States Department of Commerce 1912:417, 1913:423; Berman 1972:69). Bald Porcupine Island On 8 August 1890 the schooner Castillian stranded on Bald Porcupine Island. Built and hailing from Ellsworth, the vessel was apparently a total loss (US Navy Department 1893:1; American Shipmaster's Association 1891:331; Berman 1972:17). As only one wreck is thus far known to have occurred on Bald Porcupine Island, it is classified as moderately sensitive for shipwrecks. Bear Island The schooner Saratoga ran aground on Bear Island on a trip from Boston to Milbridge, but the crew was saved. A contemporary newspaper reported: "It is supposed vessel and cargo will be a total loss" (Ellsworth Freeman 1853:4). As half of Bear Island is within the Park, that makes a 50% probability that the wreck occurred on Park shores, making Bear Island moderately sensitive for shipwrecks. Eagle Lake The steamer Wauwinnet, a ferry for the cog railroad up Cadillac Mountain, was scuttled in Eagle Lake (Wright et al. 2004:82-83; Matter 1981:10) (Figure 10). Divers have visited the wreck, in over 100' of water, and report that the steamer is still in place (Price 2007:62). The substantial depth of the wreckage would more than suggest that the shoreline surrounding the lake is not a sensitivity area for wrecks. The floor of the lake itself is not Park property. Bar Figure 10. Steamer Wauwinnet. (Photo Courtesy Jessup Memorial Library, Bar Harbor, Maine). 18 Prehistoric Areas This report deals with shipwrecks and abandoned watercraft, but when discussing submerged cultural resources one should keep prehistoric sites in mind. Although the potential exists for submerged prehistoric artifacts to be discovered anywhere in the vicinity of the park, the submerged prehistoric lands known to have produced prehistoric artifacts are well outside of park boundaries. These areas are off Black Island, the Green Islands, Baker Island, and Lazygut Island (Bourque and Cox 1985:1; Crock et al. 1993:179; Price and Spiess 2007:21,2008). Some of these might share characteristics that could help future researchers discover artifacts or sites in submerged contexts. One characteristic shared by some of the sites is a cobbled seafloor (Price and Spiess 2007:33). They may also share a south facing shoreline. Investigators could use this information in future research to pinpoint sensitivity areas. FURTHER RECOMMENDED HISTORICAL RESEARCH Archival and historical research needs to be continued as numerous resources have yet to be investigated. Although this project gathered a wealth of information, there are several gaps that might be filled and avenues that could be further explored. Chronologically, the major historical gaps include most of the Twentieth-century, especially since 1950, and the period before the 1850s. Fewer reports in years before 1850 may partially be a function of a lack of newspaper records from the period, a phenomenon observed in Sweden (Cederlund 1980:97). Geographically, the area of Isle au Haut may be under-represented in the record. Attempts to rectify this situation could include visits to newspaper repositories in the Stonington area or further to the west. The Deer Isle-Stonington Historical Society has an extensive indexed collection of newspaper reports. The Maine State Historic Preservation Commission's files on historic sites in Maine need to be incorporated into the database. This is the first recommended course of action for further work. As mentioned above, the files contain 204 wrecks within the study area, many of them already included in this report. A synthesis of information on lost vessels in the area will be essential before further steps are taken. The government records of the highest priority are the national archive records in Boston, Massachusetts, that house United States Coast Guard (USCG) records from the 19 lifesaving stations at Frenchman Bay and Little Cranberry Island. Lifesaving station records may hold a treasure trove of information on maritime disaster, as they dealt with shipwrecks on a regular basis. A visit to the Mystic Seaport Museum is recommended. They likely have material in their holdings that would augment shipwreck research around the Park, especially some of the early twentieth-century vessels. The Penobscot Marine Museum, the Great Harbor Maritime Museum, and the Maine Maritime Museum likely have useful information in the context of specific wrecks. Remaining gaps in the newspaper research should be rectified, as well as volumes of the Merchant Vessels of the United States that were unavailable at research venues visited as a part of this work. Addressing the latter part of the twentieth-century, or even the early twenty-first century, might involve a large and intensive newspaper research project. Perhaps the most cost-effective solution would be to employ an internet newspaper search engine such as those available at the University of Maine's Library system. Unfortunately, the United States Coast Guard does not have a specific national database of recent shipwrecks to reference, this would greatly aid in cataloging recent wrecks. Some of the wrecks compiled as a part of this project were found as a result of the principal investigator's personal knowledge of recent local history and his contacts within the fishing community. Although they are not archeological sites per se, a working knowledge of the locations of recently wrecked vessels is important because it may prevent the misidentification of sites. More research into known storms is recommended. Any mention of severe Maine storms not addressed during this project could be followed up with an investigation of newspaper archives from relevant time spans. As demonstrated above, this method of inquiry can be very beneficial. Some useful information might be found further afield. Canadian government archives could be researched. The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Nova Scotia may have relevant materials, as may Archives Canada. The Yarmouth Historical Society in Nova Scotia, as well as the Saint John Historical Society, New Brunswick, may have relevant information. Historical societies of the maritime provinces of Canada in particular may hold relevant information about some of the numerous Canadian vessels 20 lost in the vicinity of the Park. Baker Island was especially dangerous for Canadian craft hailing from the Maritime Provinces. British records also may hold information about British and Canadian vessels lost in the research area during the Colonial era. Further use of local informants is suggested. Although numerous area individuals have been interviewed in the last few years, there is likely a wealth of information out there that could be explored with continued effort. As part of this modest project ten individuals produced the likely locations of ten wrecks. This avenue of research could also cut research time on specific disasters in the recent past, as informants may be able to provide researchers with wreck names, dates, and other information. Interviews within the local maritime community conducted by the author in 2006 and 2007 uncovered a wealth of data, most of it waiting to be substantiated (Price 2007; Price 2008a). The intertidal material is much easier to corroborate than its submerged counterparts, but gives hope that much of the rest of the information is correct (Price 2008b). As of the time of this report writing, every intertidal wreck supplied by an informant has been corroborated. These include vessel remains in Bass Harbor, Seal Cove, Pretty Marsh, Great Cranberry Island, and Hancock. None of these known wreckage assemblies are on the property of Acadia National Park, but they are all within the vicinity, and one is located on park easement land in Seal Cove. If the submerged resource information is as accurate as the intertidal data, then this could be a very valuable line of inquiry. RECOMMENDED PROJECTS Archeological field research is recommended in order to corroborate some of the information reported either historically or through interviewees. Highest on the list of recommended projects are intertidal surveys of Park property in the sensitive areas listed above. Underwater investigations and field schools are also recommended. A maritime archeological survey of all coastal park lands is likely to prove beneficial, but would be time intensive. Surveys of potentially sensitive areas for cultural material would be a good place to begin. Although submerged lands below the low-water mark belong to the State of Maine and not the Park, areas above this delineation are park property and at least two of them, Baker Island Bar and Long Ledge, are the site of several wrecking events. Wright et al. also mention Baker Island as potentially sensitive regarding shipwrecks, and this report agrees with their assessment (2004:86). A low 21 water survey of the intertidal bar north of Baker Island may be the easiest place to explore for maritime archeological material, especially considering the number of vessels (Aerolite, Afton, Shamrock) known to have wrecked there, and the fact that some of the others reported lost at Baker Island might also be found on or near the hazardous bar. Other highly suggested walking survey areas would be Long Ledge and Schoodic Island. As discussed above, at least six vessels wrecked at Long Ledge, four or five of them apparently remaining to go to pieces in place. As a result there should be some cautious optimism regarding the likelihood of material culture remaining on site for archeologists to discover. Of course, it is recommended that any research design for these projects include the proper conservation of any archeological material recovered. Many materials, when exposed to a marine environment for decades, even centuries, are exceedingly difficult to conserve and require special considerations. The west side of Schoodic Island should be investigated for the hawse pipe reported by Dana Rice, and any other potentially associated cultural material. This hawse pipe may have been a part of one of the wrecks reported in the historic record. The most likely candidate is Nellie J. Crocker lost in 1900 (Daily Kennebec Journal 1900:1). Underwater investigations, although not in Acadia proper, may turn up useful archeological information at any of the high sensitivity areas. For greater effectiveness, these should be undertaken using historical, archeological, and informant sources in concert. Areas where divers have reported cultural material are good candidates for investigations. Researchers should either bring informants with them to sites, or at the very least interview them again to pinpoint locations before diving. Remote sensing with sonar and/or magnetometer is recommended, if possible. Near the park, the high sensitivity areas at Long Ledge and Baker Island would be logical locations to begin such work. Diving survey could also be undertaken at high tide on submerged lands, although a walkover at low tide might be more cost-effective. An investigation conducted with both terrestrial and submerged researchers may prove to be the best way to explore each of the above areas as there may be a scatter of artifacts and vessel debris across both exposed and submerged areas. Such a situation could lead to a cooperative effort between the Park and the Maine State Historic Preservation Commission. 22 Field schools could be a cost-effective method of site recording while serving as a means to educate students in maritime archeology and history. Several sites may provide excellent choices for this purpose. The most promising is a vessel within the intertidal zone on National Park easement land in Seal Cove, owned by the town of Tremont (Figure 11; ME 436-028). This site is easily reached by land and spends a significant portion of the tidal fluctuation out of water. Town officials have already expressed interest in having the vessel investigated and mapped. Sites at Pretty Marsh, Great Cranberry Island, and Bass Harbor may also be useful for teaching archeology. These projects could involve students ranging from high school to the graduate level. Engaging students in archeological projects might reach objectives in education, outreach, and research simultaneously. Numerous educational projects could synthesize the data already acquired about this resource into products geared toward students or the general public. Details about wrecks near the Park could aid in interpretive tours, heightening a visitor's experience to Acadia. An inclusion of the history of maritime disaster along this rocky coast can provide visitors with a cultural as well as natural appreciation for the Park. The potential for education is quite high as shipwrecks have the power to captivate the imagination. An educational program integrated into state or local curriculum could be a very beneficial learning tool. It is recommended that the State of Maine invest in teaching future generations of Maine residents about their maritime heritage, as well as the important roles of conservation and stewardship. Beyond the humanities, the investigations of shipwrecks could spawn modules that explain oceanography, physics, and other sciences. CONCLUSION The maritime cultural resources in the Acadia National Park area are rich and varied. The overall assemblage of shipwrecks, whether examined historically or archeologically, could make contributions to scholarship relating to Maine and beyond. For example, the archeological record relating to shipwrecks can answer numerous questions relating to shipping, risk taking, economics, trade routes, fishing practices, abandonment behaviors and numerous other anthropological lines of inquiry (Lenihan and Murphy 1983; Duncan 2000, 2004; Richards 2002, 2004). Figure 11. Seal Cove Wreck. Facing Southwest. July 2006. 23 The most exciting aspect about the fact that SO many vessels were lost in the Acadia National Park area is the potential that this information has to raise public awareness not only of the history of wrecking events in general but of the rich maritime history of this part of the Maine coast. It is often overlooked that today's fishing towns represent a continuation in a chain of seafaring that is centuries, or in the case of Maine's pre-Columbian inhabitants, millennia old. A greater appreciation and understanding of this history would greatly enrich a visitor's experience to Acadia National Park. This brief overview and assessment is a modest look into what is likely a vast resource, one that the authors hope will, at some point in the future, be investigated in the depth that it deserves. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the Maine Bureau of Parks and Lands, the historical societies of Southwest Harbor, Tremont, Bar Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Deer Isle- Stonington, Blue Hill, Ellsworth, the Maine Maritime Museum, the Penobscot Marine Museum, the libraries of Blue Hill, Ellsworth, Northeast Harbor, Sorrento, Southwest Harbor, Winter Harbor, the University of Maine at Orono's Fogler Library, and especially the Jesup Memorial Library in Bar Harbor. We would also like to thank the staff at Acadia National Park, and the interviewees who generously provided us with their time and shared their knowledge. 24 APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING 1900 1900 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. E.C. Root, Anthony and Company, New York, NY. AMERICAN LLOYD'S 1867 American Lloyd's Register of American and Foreign Shipping. Hartshorne and King, New York, NY. 1869 American Lloyd's Register of American and Foreign Shipping. Hartshorne and King, New York, NY. 1882 The Original American Lloyd's Register of American and Foreign Shipping. Meyers and Salter, New York, NY. AMERICAN SHIPMASTER'S ASSOCIATION 1871 1871 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. E.C. Root, Anthony and Company, New York, NY. 1876 1876 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. E.C. Root, Anthony and Company, New York, NY. 1879 1879 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1883 1883 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1887 1887 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1888 1888 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1889 1889 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1890 1890 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1891 1891 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1892 1892 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1893 1893 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1894 1894 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1895 1895 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1897 1897 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 1900 1900 Record of American and Foreign Shipping. John Polhemus Printing Company, New York, NY. 25 ANONYMOUS n.d. Brig Union. Acadia National Park, Cranberry Isles, Maine Collection, Box 32, Folder 009 "Union." ANONYMOUS 1882 Correspondence, 25 February. Acadia National Park, Cranberry Isles Collection, Box 2. Bar Harbor, ME. BANGOR COMMERCIAL 1923 N.E. Hit Hard By Another Snow Storm. Bangor Commercial. 13 January. Bangor, ME. Acadia National Park, William Otis Sawtelle Collection, Box 34, Folder 2. Bar Harbor, ME. BANGOR DAILY NEWS 1921 Sch. Seth Nyman Wrecked in Fog. Bangor Daily News. 13 October. Bangor, ME. Acadia National Park, William Otis Sawtelle Collection, Box 34, Folder 2. Bar Harbor, ME. BAR HARBOR RECORD 1891 No Title. Bar Harbor Record. 10 December. Bar Harbor, ME. 1892a Southwest Harbor. Bar Harbor Record. 14 April. Bar Harbor, ME. 1892b Schooner Lost. Bar Harbor Record. 17 November. Bar Harbor, ME. 1893 Of Local Interest. Bar Harbor Record. 31 August. Bar Harbor, ME. 1893 No Title. Bar Harbor Record. 7 December. Bar Harbor, ME. 1894 Ashore on Egg Rock. Bar Harbor Record. 24 October. Bar Harbor, ME. 1898 The Boat Capsized. Bar Harbor Record. 2 November. Bar Harbor, ME. 1898 Atlantic. Bar Harbor Record. 7 December. 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Bar Harbor, ME. 1911 Schooner Wrecked. Bar Harbor Record. 2 August. Bar Harbor, ME. 26 1914 Schr. Rodney Parker a Total Wreck: New London Three Master Disabled in Squall, Ashore on Cranberry Island Saturday Night. Bar Harbor Record. 11 November. Bar Harbor, ME. 1914 Wreck at Southwest Harbor: Rodney Parker on Deadman's Point, Cranberry Isles. The Bar Harbor Times. 14 November. Bar Harbor, ME. THE BAR HARBOR TIMES AND THE BAR HARBOR RECORD 1916 Wreck at Suttons: Two Schooners Run Ashore on Island in Sunday's Gale. The Bar Harbor Times and the Bar Harbor Record. 15 April. Bar Harbor, ME. 1920 Schooner Lost in Bay Thursday. The Bar Harbor Times and the Bar Harbor Record. 28 July. Bar Harbor, ME. 1923 Two Schooners Wrecked Friday. The Bar Harbor Times and the Bar Harbor Record. 17 January. Bar Harbor, ME. THE BAR HARBOR TIMES 1926 Schooner Northam taken off Rocks at Islesford. Bar Harbor Times. 8 December. Bar Harbor, ME. 1988 Wreck of the Grand Design. Bar Harbor Times. 5 May. 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Daily Kennebec Journal. 27 February. Augusta, ME. 1904 Our Coast the Center of Very Severe Storm. Daily Kennebec Journal. 16 September. Augusta, ME. 1907 A Total Wreck: Schooner Maud Maloch Goes Down Off Otter Creek Point. Daily Kennebec Journal. 22 January. Augusta, ME. 1908 Wreck Near Cranberry Island. Daily Kennebec Journal. 31 January. Augusta, ME. 1908 Both Crews Saved. Daily Kennebec Journal. 1 February. Augusta, ME. DALEY, JOHN AND MARLENE DALEY 2003 Schooner Mabel E. Goss Shipwreck Survey: Summer 2003 Field School University of Maine at Machias. Report submitted to the Main Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, ME. EASTERN FREEMAN 1853 Marine List: Disasters. Eastern Freeman. 12 August. Ellsworth, ME. EATON, CYRUS 1851 Annals of the Town of Warren. Masters, Smith, and Company, Hallowell, ME. ELLSWORTH AMERICAN 1860 Marine Journal: Disasters. Ellsworth American. 30 March. Ellsworth, ME. 28 1860 Marine Journal: Disasters. Ellsworth American. 21 December. Ellsworth, ME. 1861 Marine Journal: Disasters. Ellsworth American. 9 August. Ellsworth, ME. 1862 Marine Journal: Disasters. Ellsworth American. 16 May. Ellsworth, ME. 1862 No Title. Ellsworth American. 10 October. Ellsworth, ME. 1868 A Wreck. Ellsworth American. 17 December. Ellsworth, ME. 1869 Marine List: Disasters. Ellsworth American. 21 January. Ellsworth, ME. 1869 Local and Other Items. Ellsworth American. 16 September. Ellsworth, ME. 1869 Marine List: Disasters. Ellsworth American. 23 September. Ellsworth, ME. 1888 Mount Desert Ferry. Ellsworth American. 6 December. Ellsworth, ME. 1888 Untitled. Ellsworth American. 6 December. Ellsworth, ME. 1898 County News: Southwest Harbor. Ellsworth American. 7 December. Ellsworth, ME. 1898 Flotsam. Ellsworth American. 7 December. Ellsworth, ME. ELLSWORTH HERALD 1852 Marine Intelligence: Memoranda. Ellsworth Herald. 9 January. Ellsworth, ME. FOND DU LAC JOURNAL 1846 Loss of the British Steamship North America. 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U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. 46 APPENDIX E: LIST OF INVESTIGATED STORMS List of Storms Investigated in Ellsworth American. 8 September 1869 21 September 1938 (also checked Bar 23-24 October 1878 Harbor Times) 18-19 August 1879 14-15 September 1944 26-27 November 1888 11-12 September 1950 24 August 1893 31 August 1954 29 August 1893 11 September 1954 12-13 October 1896 17-19 August 1955 26 November 1898 21 August 1956 12 June 1902 12 September 1960 21 July 1916 9 February 1978 26 August 1924 October 1980 17-18 September 1933 27 September 1985 18-19 September 1936 47 APPENDIX F: KEYWORDS SEARCHED ON NEWSPAPERARCHIVES.COM Almeda Wiley Ara (Ara and yacht; ara and yacht 1923 to 1930 in Maine papers) Bonetta (Bonetta) Quetay (Quetay) North Star Shipwreck* and: Agnes May Avis Helen and Mary Almeda Wiley Bar Harbor Janet Marjorie Amaretto Greta John Clark Wreck* and: Agnes May Bass Harbor Janet Marjorie Almeda Wiley Cranberry John Clark Amaretto Cranberry Island Mount Desert Ara Frenchmans Bay Sutton Avis Greta Sutton Island Baker's Island Helen and Mary Swans Island Bar Harbor Islesford Yeoman 48 APPENDIX G: FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ON PARK LANDS Lobster Trap at Otter Cliff 4 July 2008 At the base of Otter Cliff there is a very interesting illustration of the site formation process as it relates to the power of the ocean. A lobster trap is at the back of a cave, 53' from its opening and 107.4' from the sea. It is pressed flat against the back, upright against a rock wall, 1.4' vertically and 4.35' across horizontally SO that it touches floor to ceiling at the rear of the cave (Figure 12). It has been compressed to only a few inches wide. The cave is 38' wide at its mouth, and over 13' wide in the area where the trap is now wedged (Figure 13). The narrowest portion, several feet forward of the trap, is 7' wide. The cave itself grows shorter as well as narrower as one enters it. At 53' from the trap it is 12' to 15' high, at 42' from the trap it is 6.6', at 36' it is 5.3', at 27' it is 3.6', at 24' it is 3.5', at 18' it is 4.7', at 12' it is 3.6', narrowing to 1.4' at the trap itself. The trap is of green plastic coated wire, was probably a four-footer, with one brick still inside. It has two plastic mesh bait bags, one orange and one green. It has three plastic trap tags, one pink from 2001, one orange from 2000, and one blue from 1999. A loose boulder sits to the right of the trap. Its dimensions are over 1' thick, 2' long, and 1.6' wide. An amazing amount of power must have thrown the trap up over the ledge at the base of the cave and then into its current predicament. This illustrates how improbable the forces of the ocean can operate, and should be kept in mind when assessing the site formation process. Sometimes very unlikely events can occur. Wreckage at Radio Cove 5 July 2008 The wreckage at Radio Cove has a noticeable curve and has collapsed along the line of the bend, cracking under its own weight (Figure 14). It is fastened together with wire nails and threaded bolts, both of ferrous material. The planks that comprise it are 61/4" wide, and 15/8" thick. The bolts are 1/2" in diameter. It sits to the landward side of a rounded cobble beach, apparently deposited at its current location by the ocean. The wreckage is in an area littered with other cultural and natural debris including branches, 49 pilings, polypro line, wood, lobster trap parts, and other items, suggesting an active, if infrequent, wash zone. Its position by GPS is 44° 14.222 N, 068° 18.474 W. It in some ways resembles a rail or other potentially maritime structure but is just as likely to be terrestrial wreckage swept to sea and deposited at its current location in a storm. Figure 12. Lobster Trap at Otter Cliff (John Stallings Photo) Figure 13. Location of Trap (John Stallings Photo) Figure 14. Wreckage at Radio Cove. Bearing 90 degrees. 5 July 2008. 50 APPENDIX H: TOWNSHIPS INVESTIGATED Bar Harbor Hancock Stueben Blue Hill Gouldsboro Sullivan Brooklin Isle au Haut Surry Cranberry Isles Lamoine Swans Island Deer Isle Sorrento Tremont Ellsworth Southwest Harbor Trenton Frenchboro Stonington Winter Harbor 51 APPENDIX I: 2008 DOWNEAST MARITIME INTERVIEW PROJECT Introduction The 2008 Downeast Maritime Interview Project consisted of interviews with members of the fishing community in order to locate submerged cultural resources such as prehistoric sites, shipwrecks, and historic maritime infrastructure. Specifically, the goal of this project was to acquire data regarding the locations of submerged or intertidal cultural resources and to incorporate the information into a Geographic Information System (GIS) database. The project, undertaken as part of an LL Bean Acadia Research Fellowship, was the continuation of work initiated with a grant from the Fund for the Preservation of Maine's Maritime Heritage, administered by the Institute for Maritime History (IMH) in 2006 and funded as part of the NOAA Ocean Exploration-funded Blue Hill Bay Prehistoric Landscapes Survey in 2007. The maritime community is an invaluable resource to learn the locations of archeological sites and recovery areas. Scallop draggers in particular, including some in Blue Hill Bay, have recovered projectile points and stone tools in their drags (Bourque and Cox 1985; Crock et. al 1993; Price and Spiess 2007, 2008; Price 2007). Previous work interviewing informants in the area of Blue Hill Bay and Frenchman Bay revealed the location of over 100 sites of maritime debris, wreckage, or recovery areas (Price 2007, Price 2008a, 2008b). This shed light on a wide array of cultural resources including wrecks and abandoned vessels, historic dump sites, areas where historic or prehistoric artifacts were recovered, shell middens, and historic maritime infrastructure such as weirs, wharves, and piers. Methods In June and July of 2008, Franklin H. Price, Kristen Chasse, and John Stallings interviewed ten local informants and compiled information related to the location of wrecks and artifact recovery locations. Summaries of the interviews are found below, a database of the information in an excel file will accompany the report as the file "Database 2: Interview Data 2008." This contains geographical information. In an attempt to address some a gap in methodology from prior interview projects conducted in 2006 and 2007, the researchers sought out information in the area of the Schoodic 52 Peninsula (Price 2007; Price 2008). Informants in Sorrento and Prospect Harbor contributed to the knowledge base. The primary purpose of the interviews was to gather information regarding the known or suspected location of: 1) submerged prehistoric sites, 2) shipwrecks and abandoned watercraft, and 3) historic maritime infrastructure. Investigators asked the following questions: Have you found prehistoric artifacts? Where and when were they discovered? Have you found historic artifacts? Do you know the location of any shipwrecks or abandoned watercraft? Do you know the location of any historic maritime infrastructure? The vernacular language was recorded into the interview summaries to retain a truer representation of the information than if it were paraphrased into different terms. If artifacts were previously recovered, permission was sought to record them with digital photographs. The digital camera also proved useful in recording site locations on nautical charts. The site reports were categorized according to the probability of their existence at the locations described. Those sites that informants claimed to have seen with their own eyes were listed as Level 1, those which informants heard about the wreck through an eyewitness were given Level 2, those that had a substantial degree of separation from the informant, including those that might be categorized as tales or folklore, were placed within Level 3, and those locations known from historical sources were assigned Level 4. These levels are listed under the heading of accuracy in the database. For precision, the certainty of an informant in the geographical information they provided, three levels were assigned from highest to lowest: Specific, General, and Area. The questions asked and the levels of accuracy and precision are a direct continuation of work completed in 2006 and 2007 (Price 2007, 2008a, 2008b). All of the survey data was compiled into a Microsoft Excel database, and the known and probable archeological site locations were mapped. As the fields are a 53 continuation of those used in 2006 and 2007, the survey data from all three years can be easily incorporated into one file. Results Ten informants provided the known locations of ten wrecks (Level 1), and supplied three other highly likely locations (Level 2). The name of only one of the vessels is known, the sardine carrier Edward M. Both shipwrecks and abandoned watercraft are represented. Local informants also provided the locations of two anchors and one example of archeologically corroborated cultural material in addition to wreck sites. For a geographical representation of the findings, see Figure 3. 76 PRIMARY AUTHOR BIO Franklin H. Price has a BA in History from Earlham College and an MA in Maritime Studies from East Carolina University. His research interests include shipwreck patterning, submerged prehistoric landscapes, and micro-artifact recovery. He currently works for the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources and is a Visiting Adjunct Instructor at East Carolina University's History Department. Franklin H. Price P.O. Box 202 Bernard ME 04612 (207) 664-9857 franklinhprice@hotmail.com